python之路第二篇
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| python语言介绍 |
编译型和解释型
静态语言和动态语言
强类型定义语言和弱类型语言
| python数据类型介绍 |
python数据类型分：数字、布尔型、字符串、列表、元组、字典
1、整数
例如：1，2，33，44等
整数的功能如下：
1 class int(object): 2 """ 3 int(x=0) -> int or long 4 int(x, base=10) -> int or long 5 6 Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments 7 are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero. 8 If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead. 9 10 If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or 11 Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The 12 literal can be preceded by ‘+‘ or ‘-‘ and be surrounded by whitespace. 13 The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to 14 interpret the base from the string as an integer literal. 15 >>> int(‘0b100‘, base=0) 16 """ 17 def bit_length(self): 18 """ 返回表示该数字的时占用的最少位数 """ 19 """ 20 int.bit_length() -> int 21 22 Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary. 23 >>> bin(37) 24 ‘0b100101‘ 25 >>> (37).bit_length() 26 """ 27 return 0 28 29 def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 30 """ 返回该复数的共轭复数 """ 31 """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any int. """ 32 pass 33 34 def __abs__(self): 35 """ 返回绝对值 """ 36 """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """ 37 pass 38 39 def __add__(self, y): 40 """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ 41 pass 42 43 def __and__(self, y): 44 """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """ 45 pass 46 47 def __cmp__(self, y): 48 """ 比较两个数大小 """ 49 """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """ 50 pass 51 52 def __coerce__(self, y): 53 """ 强制生成一个元组 """ 54 """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """ 55 pass 56 57 def __divmod__(self, y): 58 """ 相除，得到商和余数组成的元组 """ 59 """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """ 60 pass 61 62 def __div__(self, y): 63 """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """ 64 pass 65 66 def __float__(self): 67 """ 转换为浮点类型 """ 68 """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """ 69 pass 70 71 def __floordiv__(self, y): 72 """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """ 73 pass 74 75 def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 76 pass 77 78 def __getattribute__(self, name): 79 """ x.__getattribute__(‘name‘) <==> x.name """ 80 pass 81 82 def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 83 """ 内部调用 __new__方法或创建对象时传入参数使用 """ 84 pass 85 86 def __hash__(self): 87 """如果对象object为哈希表类型，返回对象object的哈希值。哈希值为整数。在字典查找中，哈希值用于快速比较字典的键。两个数值如果相等，则哈希值也相等。""" 88 """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """ 89 pass 90 91 def __hex__(self): 92 """ 返回当前数的 十六进制 表示 """ 93 """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """ 94 pass 95 96 def __index__(self): 97 """ 用于切片，数字无意义 """ 98 """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """ 99 pass 100 101 def __init__(self, x, base=10): # known special case of int.__init__ 102 """ 构造方法，执行 x = 123 或 x = int(10) 时，自动调用，暂时忽略 """ 103 """ 104 int(x=0) -> int or long 105 int(x, base=10) -> int or long 106 107 Convert a number or string to an integer, or return 0 if no arguments 108 are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero. 109 If x is outside the integer range, the function returns a long instead. 110 111 If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or 112 Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The 113 literal can be preceded by ‘+‘ or ‘-‘ and be surrounded by whitespace. 114 The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to 115 interpret the base from the string as an integer literal. 116 >>> int(‘0b100‘, base=0) 117 # (copied from class doc) 118 """ 119 pass 120 121 def __int__(self): 122 """ 转换为整数 """ 123 """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """ 124 pass 125 126 def __invert__(self): 127 """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """ 128 pass 129 130 def __long__(self): 131 """ 转换为长整数 """ 132 """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """ 133 pass 134 135 def __lshift__(self, y): 136 """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """ 137 pass 138 139 def __mod__(self, y): 140 """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """ 141 pass 142 143 def __mul__(self, y): 144 """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """ 145 pass 146 147 def __neg__(self): 148 """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """ 149 pass 150 151 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 152 def __new__(S, *more): 153 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ 154 pass 155 156 def __nonzero__(self): 157 """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """ 158 pass 159 160 def __oct__(self): 161 """ 返回改值的 八进制 表示 """ 162 """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """ 163 pass 164 165 def __or__(self, y): 166 """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """ 167 pass 168 169 def __pos__(self): 170 """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """ 171 pass 172 173 def __pow__(self, y, z=None): 174 """ 幂，次方 """ 175 """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ 176 pass 177 178 def __radd__(self, y): 179 """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """ 180 pass 181 182 def __rand__(self, y): 183 """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """ 184 pass 185 186 def __rdivmod__(self, y): 187 """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """ 188 pass 189 190 def __rdiv__(self, y): 191 """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """ 192 pass 193 194 def __repr__(self): 195 """转化为解释器可读取的形式 """ 196 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ 197 pass 198 199 def __str__(self): 200 """转换为人阅读的形式，如果没有适于人阅读的解释形式的话，则返回解释器课阅读的形式""" 201 """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """ 202 pass 203 204 def __rfloordiv__(self, y): 205 """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """ 206 pass 207 208 def __rlshift__(self, y): 209 """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """ 210 pass 211 212 def __rmod__(self, y): 213 """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """ 214 pass 215 216 def __rmul__(self, y): 217 """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """ 218 pass 219 220 def __ror__(self, y): 221 """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """ 222 pass 223 224 def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): 225 """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ 226 pass 227 228 def __rrshift__(self, y): 229 """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """ 230 pass 231 232 def __rshift__(self, y): 233 """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """ 234 pass 235 236 def __rsub__(self, y): 237 """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """ 238 pass 239 240 def __rtruediv__(self, y): 241 """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """ 242 pass 243 244 def __rxor__(self, y): 245 """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """ 246 pass 247 248 def __sub__(self, y): 249 """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """ 250 pass 251 252 def __truediv__(self, y): 253 """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """ 254 pass 255 256 def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): 257 """ 返回数值被截取为整形的值，在整形中无意义 """ 258 pass 259 260 def __xor__(self, y): 261 """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """ 262 pass 263 264 denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default 265 """ 分母 = 1 """ 266 """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms""" 267 268 imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default 269 """ 虚数，无意义 """ 270 """the imaginary part of a complex number""" 271 272 numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default 273 """ 分子 = 数字大小 """ 274 """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms""" 275 276 real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default 277 """ 实属，无意义 """ 278 """the real part of a complex number"""
2、长整型
例如：21474836938、9223372036854863086
每个长整型都具备如下功能：
1 class long(object): 2 """ 3 long(x=0) -> long 4 long(x, base=10) -> long 5 6 Convert a number or string to a long integer, or return 0L if no arguments 7 are given. If x is floating point, the conversion truncates towards zero. 8 9 If x is not a number or if base is given, then x must be a string or 10 Unicode object representing an integer literal in the given base. The 11 literal can be preceded by ‘+‘ or ‘-‘ and be surrounded by whitespace. 12 The base defaults to 10. Valid bases are 0 and 2-36. Base 0 means to 13 interpret the base from the string as an integer literal. 14 >>> int(‘0b100‘, base=0) 15 4L 16 """ 17 def bit_length(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 18 """ 19 long.bit_length() -> int or long 20 21 Number of bits necessary to represent self in binary. 22 >>> bin(37L) 23 ‘0b100101‘ 24 >>> (37L).bit_length() 25 """ 26 return 0 27 28 def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 29 """ Returns self, the complex conjugate of any long. """ 30 pass 31 32 def __abs__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 33 """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """ 34 pass 35 36 def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 37 """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ 38 pass 39 40 def __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 41 """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """ 42 pass 43 44 def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 45 """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """ 46 pass 47 48 def __coerce__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 49 """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """ 50 pass 51 52 def __divmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 53 """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """ 54 pass 55 56 def __div__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 57 """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """ 58 pass 59 60 def __float__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 61 """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """ 62 pass 63 64 def __floordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 65 """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """ 66 pass 67 68 def __format__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 69 pass 70 71 def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 72 """ x.__getattribute__(‘name‘) <==> x.name """ 73 pass 74 75 def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 76 pass 77 78 def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 79 """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """ 80 pass 81 82 def __hex__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 83 """ x.__hex__() <==> hex(x) """ 84 pass 85 86 def __index__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 87 """ x[y:z] <==> x[y.__index__():z.__index__()] """ 88 pass 89 90 def __init__(self, x=0): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 91 pass 92 93 def __int__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 94 """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """ 95 pass 96 97 def __invert__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 98 """ x.__invert__() <==> ~x """ 99 pass 100 101 def __long__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 102 """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """ 103 pass 104 105 def __lshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 106 """ x.__lshift__(y) <==> x<<y """ 107 pass 108 109 def __mod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 110 """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """ 111 pass 112 113 def __mul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 114 """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """ 115 pass 116 117 def __neg__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 118 """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """ 119 pass 120 121 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 122 def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 123 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ 124 pass 125 126 def __nonzero__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 127 """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """ 128 pass 129 130 def __oct__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 131 """ x.__oct__() <==> oct(x) """ 132 pass 133 134 def __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 135 """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """ 136 pass 137 138 def __pos__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 139 """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """ 140 pass 141 142 def __pow__(self, y, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 143 """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ 144 pass 145 146 def __radd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 147 """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """ 148 pass 149 150 def __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 151 """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """ 152 pass 153 154 def __rdivmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 155 """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """ 156 pass 157 158 def __rdiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 159 """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """ 160 pass 161 162 def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 163 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ 164 pass 165 166 def __rfloordiv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 167 """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """ 168 pass 169 170 def __rlshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 171 """ x.__rlshift__(y) <==> y<<x """ 172 pass 173 174 def __rmod__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 175 """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """ 176 pass 177 178 def __rmul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 179 """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """ 180 pass 181 182 def __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 183 """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """ 184 pass 185 186 def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 187 """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ 188 pass 189 190 def __rrshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 191 """ x.__rrshift__(y) <==> y>>x """ 192 pass 193 194 def __rshift__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 195 """ x.__rshift__(y) <==> x>>y """ 196 pass 197 198 def __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 199 """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """ 200 pass 201 202 def __rtruediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 203 """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """ 204 pass 205 206 def __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 207 """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """ 208 pass 209 210 def __sizeof__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 211 """ Returns size in memory, in bytes """ 212 pass 213 214 def __str__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 215 """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """ 216 pass 217 218 def __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 219 """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """ 220 pass 221 222 def __truediv__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 223 """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """ 224 pass 225 226 def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 227 """ Truncating an Integral returns itself. """ 228 pass 229 230 def __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 231 """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """ 232 pass 233 234 denominator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default 235 """the denominator of a rational number in lowest terms""" 236 237 imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default 238 """the imaginary part of a complex number""" 239 240 numerator = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default 241 """the numerator of a rational number in lowest terms""" 242 243 real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default 244 """the real part of a complex number"""
3、浮点型
如：3.14、6.88
每个浮点型都具备如下功能：
1 class float(object): 2 """ 3 float(x) -> floating point number 4 5 Convert a string or number to a floating point number, if possible. 6 """ 7 def as_integer_ratio(self): 8 """ 获取改值的最简比 """ 9 """ 10 float.as_integer_ratio() -> (int, int) 11 12 Return a pair of integers, whose ratio is exactly equal to the original 13 float and with a positive denominator. 14 Raise OverflowError on infinities and a ValueError on NaNs. 15 16 >>> (10.0).as_integer_ratio() 17 (10, 1) 18 >>> (0.0).as_integer_ratio() 19 (0, 1) 20 >>> (-.25).as_integer_ratio() 21 (-1, 4) 22 """ 23 pass 24 25 def conjugate(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 26 """ Return self, the complex conjugate of any float. """ 27 pass 28 29 def fromhex(self, string): 30 """ 将十六进制字符串转换成浮点型 """ 31 """ 32 float.fromhex(string) -> float 33 34 Create a floating-point number from a hexadecimal string. 35 >>> float.fromhex(‘0x1.ffffp10‘) 36 2047.984375 37 >>> float.fromhex(‘-0x1p-1074‘) 38 -4.9406564584124654e-324 39 """ 40 return 0.0 41 42 def hex(self): 43 """ 返回当前值的 16 进制表示 """ 44 """ 45 float.hex() -> string 46 47 Return a hexadecimal representation of a floating-point number. 48 >>> (-0.1).hex() 49 ‘-0x1.999999999999ap-4‘ 50 >>> 3.14159.hex() 51 ‘0x1.921f9f01b866ep+1‘ 52 """ 53 return "" 54 55 def is_integer(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 56 """ Return True if the float is an integer. """ 57 pass 58 59 def __abs__(self): 60 """ x.__abs__() <==> abs(x) """ 61 pass 62 63 def __add__(self, y): 64 """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ 65 pass 66 67 def __coerce__(self, y): 68 """ x.__coerce__(y) <==> coerce(x, y) """ 69 pass 70 71 def __divmod__(self, y): 72 """ x.__divmod__(y) <==> divmod(x, y) """ 73 pass 74 75 def __div__(self, y): 76 """ x.__div__(y) <==> x/y """ 77 pass 78 79 def __eq__(self, y): 80 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ 81 pass 82 83 def __float__(self): 84 """ x.__float__() <==> float(x) """ 85 pass 86 87 def __floordiv__(self, y): 88 """ x.__floordiv__(y) <==> x//y """ 89 pass 90 91 def __format__(self, format_spec): 92 """ 93 float.__format__(format_spec) -> string 94 95 Formats the float according to format_spec. 96 """ 97 return "" 98 99 def __getattribute__(self, name): 100 """ x.__getattribute__(‘name‘) <==> x.name """ 101 pass 102 103 def __getformat__(self, typestr): 104 """ 105 float.__getformat__(typestr) -> string 106 107 You probably don‘t want to use this function. It exists mainly to be 108 used in Python‘s test suite. 109 110 typestr must be ‘double‘ or ‘float‘. This function returns whichever of 111 ‘unknown‘, ‘IEEE, big-endian‘ or ‘IEEE, little-endian‘ best describes the 112 format of floating point numbers used by the C type named by typestr. 113 """ 114 return "" 115 116 def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 117 pass 118 119 def __ge__(self, y): 120 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ 121 pass 122 123 def __gt__(self, y): 124 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ 125 pass 126 127 def __hash__(self): 128 """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """ 129 pass 130 131 def __init__(self, x): 132 pass 133 134 def __int__(self): 135 """ x.__int__() <==> int(x) """ 136 pass 137 138 def __le__(self, y): 139 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ 140 pass 141 142 def __long__(self): 143 """ x.__long__() <==> long(x) """ 144 pass 145 146 def __lt__(self, y): 147 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ 148 pass 149 150 def __mod__(self, y): 151 """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """ 152 pass 153 154 def __mul__(self, y): 155 """ x.__mul__(y) <==> x*y """ 156 pass 157 158 def __neg__(self): 159 """ x.__neg__() <==> -x """ 160 pass 161 162 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 163 def __new__(S, *more): 164 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ 165 pass 166 167 def __ne__(self, y): 168 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ 169 pass 170 171 def __nonzero__(self): 172 """ x.__nonzero__() <==> x != 0 """ 173 pass 174 175 def __pos__(self): 176 """ x.__pos__() <==> +x """ 177 pass 178 179 def __pow__(self, y, z=None): 180 """ x.__pow__(y[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ 181 pass 182 183 def __radd__(self, y): 184 """ x.__radd__(y) <==> y+x """ 185 pass 186 187 def __rdivmod__(self, y): 188 """ x.__rdivmod__(y) <==> divmod(y, x) """ 189 pass 190 191 def __rdiv__(self, y): 192 """ x.__rdiv__(y) <==> y/x """ 193 pass 194 195 def __repr__(self): 196 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ 197 pass 198 199 def __rfloordiv__(self, y): 200 """ x.__rfloordiv__(y) <==> y//x """ 201 pass 202 203 def __rmod__(self, y): 204 """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """ 205 pass 206 207 def __rmul__(self, y): 208 """ x.__rmul__(y) <==> y*x """ 209 pass 210 211 def __rpow__(self, x, z=None): 212 """ y.__rpow__(x[, z]) <==> pow(x, y[, z]) """ 213 pass 214 215 def __rsub__(self, y): 216 """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """ 217 pass 218 219 def __rtruediv__(self, y): 220 """ x.__rtruediv__(y) <==> y/x """ 221 pass 222 223 def __setformat__(self, typestr, fmt): 224 """ 225 float.__setformat__(typestr, fmt) -> None 226 227 You probably don‘t want to use this function. It exists mainly to be 228 used in Python‘s test suite. 229 230 typestr must be ‘double‘ or ‘float‘. fmt must be one of ‘unknown‘, 231 ‘IEEE, big-endian‘ or ‘IEEE, little-endian‘, and in addition can only be 232 one of the latter two if it appears to match the underlying C reality. 233 234 Override the automatic determination of C-level floating point type. 235 This affects how floats are converted to and from binary strings. 236 """ 237 pass 238 239 def __str__(self): 240 """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """ 241 pass 242 243 def __sub__(self, y): 244 """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """ 245 pass 246 247 def __truediv__(self, y): 248 """ x.__truediv__(y) <==> x/y """ 249 pass 250 251 def __trunc__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 252 """ Return the Integral closest to x between 0 and x. """ 253 pass 254 255 imag = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default 256 """the imaginary part of a complex number""" 257 258 real = property(lambda self: object(), lambda self, v: None, lambda self: None) # default 259 """the real part of a complex number""" 260 261 float 262 263 float
4、字符串
如：‘jerry‘、‘good‘
每个字符串都具备如下功能：
1 class str(basestring): 2 """ 3 str(object=‘‘) -> string 4 5 Return a nice string representation of the object. 6 If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object. 7 """ 8 def capitalize(self): 9 """ 首字母变大写 """ 10 """ 11 S.capitalize() -> string 12 13 Return a copy of the string S with only its first character 14 capitalized. 15 """ 16 return "" 17 18 def center(self, width, fillchar=None): 19 """ 内容居中，width：总长度；fillchar：空白处填充内容，默认无 """ 20 """ 21 S.center(width[, fillchar]) -> string 22 23 Return S centered in a string of length width. Padding is 24 done using the specified fill character (default is a space) 25 """ 26 return "" 27 28 def count(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 29 """ 子序列个数 """ 30 """ 31 S.count(sub[, start[, end]]) -> int 32 33 Return the number of non-overlapping occurrences of substring sub in 34 string S[start:end]. Optional arguments start and end are interpreted 35 as in slice notation. 36 """ 37 return 0 38 39 def decode(self, encoding=None, errors=None): 40 """ 解码 """ 41 """ 42 S.decode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object 43 44 Decodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults 45 to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error 46 handling scheme. Default is ‘strict‘ meaning that encoding errors raise 47 a UnicodeDecodeError. Other possible values are ‘ignore‘ and ‘replace‘ 48 as well as any other name registered with codecs.register_error that is 49 able to handle UnicodeDecodeErrors. 50 """ 51 return object() 52 53 def encode(self, encoding=None, errors=None): 54 """ 编码，针对unicode """ 55 """ 56 S.encode([encoding[,errors]]) -> object 57 58 Encodes S using the codec registered for encoding. encoding defaults 59 to the default encoding. errors may be given to set a different error 60 handling scheme. Default is ‘strict‘ meaning that encoding errors raise 61 a UnicodeEncodeError. Other possible values are ‘ignore‘, ‘replace‘ and 62 ‘xmlcharrefreplace‘ as well as any other name registered with 63 codecs.register_error that is able to handle UnicodeEncodeErrors. 64 """ 65 return object() 66 67 def endswith(self, suffix, start=None, end=None): 68 """ 是否以 xxx 结束 """ 69 """ 70 S.endswith(suffix[, start[, end]]) -> bool 71 72 Return True if S ends with the specified suffix, False otherwise. 73 With optional start, test S beginning at that position. 74 With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. 75 suffix can also be a tuple of strings to try. 76 """ 77 return False 78 79 def expandtabs(self, tabsize=None): 80 """ 将tab转换成空格，默认一个tab转换成8个空格 """ 81 """ 82 S.expandtabs([tabsize]) -> string 83 84 Return a copy of S where all tab characters are expanded using spaces. 85 If tabsize is not given, a tab size of 8 characters is assumed. 86 """ 87 return "" 88 89 def find(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 90 """ 寻找子序列位置，如果没找到，则异常 """ 91 """ 92 S.find(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int 93 94 Return the lowest index in S where substring sub is found, 95 such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional 96 arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. 97 98 Return -1 on failure. 99 """ 100 return 0 101 102 def format(*args, **kwargs): # known special case of str.format 103 """ 字符串格式化，动态参数，将函数式编程时细说 """ 104 """ 105 S.format(*args, **kwargs) -> string 106 107 Return a formatted version of S, using substitutions from args and kwargs. 108 The substitutions are identified by braces (‘{‘ and ‘}‘). 109 """ 110 pass 111 112 def index(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 113 """ 子序列位置，如果没找到，则返回-1 """ 114 S.index(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int 115 116 Like S.find() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. 117 """ 118 return 0 119 120 def isalnum(self): 121 """ 是否是字母和数字 """ 122 """ 123 S.isalnum() -> bool 124 125 Return True if all characters in S are alphanumeric 126 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. 127 """ 128 return False 129 130 def isalpha(self): 131 """ 是否是字母 """ 132 """ 133 S.isalpha() -> bool 134 135 Return True if all characters in S are alphabetic 136 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. 137 """ 138 return False 139 140 def isdigit(self): 141 """ 是否是数字 """ 142 """ 143 S.isdigit() -> bool 144 145 Return True if all characters in S are digits 146 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. 147 """ 148 return False 149 150 def islower(self): 151 """ 是否小写 """ 152 """ 153 S.islower() -> bool 154 155 Return True if all cased characters in S are lowercase and there is 156 at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. 157 """ 158 return False 159 160 def isspace(self): 161 """ 162 S.isspace() -> bool 163 164 Return True if all characters in S are whitespace 165 and there is at least one character in S, False otherwise. 166 """ 167 return False 168 169 def istitle(self): 170 """ 171 S.istitle() -> bool 172 173 Return True if S is a titlecased string and there is at least one 174 character in S, i.e. uppercase characters may only follow uncased 175 characters and lowercase characters only cased ones. Return False 176 otherwise. 177 """ 178 return False 179 180 def isupper(self): 181 """ 182 S.isupper() -> bool 183 184 Return True if all cased characters in S are uppercase and there is 185 at least one cased character in S, False otherwise. 186 """ 187 return False 188 189 def join(self, iterable): 190 """ 连接 """ 191 """ 192 S.join(iterable) -> string 193 194 Return a string which is the concatenation of the strings in the 195 iterable. The separator between elements is S. 196 """ 197 return "" 198 199 def ljust(self, width, fillchar=None): 200 """ 内容左对齐，右侧填充 """ 201 """ 202 S.ljust(width[, fillchar]) -> string 203 204 Return S left-justified in a string of length width. Padding is 205 done using the specified fill character (default is a space). 206 """ 207 return "" 208 209 def lower(self): 210 """ 变小写 """ 211 """ 212 S.lower() -> string 213 214 Return a copy of the string S converted to lowercase. 215 """ 216 return "" 217 218 def lstrip(self, chars=None): 219 """ 移除左侧空白 """ 220 """ 221 S.lstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode 222 223 Return a copy of the string S with leading whitespace removed. 224 If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. 225 If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping 226 """ 227 return "" 228 229 def partition(self, sep): 230 """ 分割，前，中，后三部分 """ 231 """ 232 S.partition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) 233 234 Search for the separator sep in S, and return the part before it, 235 the separator itself, and the part after it. If the separator is not 236 found, return S and two empty strings. 237 """ 238 pass 239 240 def replace(self, old, new, count=None): 241 """ 替换 """ 242 """ 243 S.replace(old, new[, count]) -> string 244 245 Return a copy of string S with all occurrences of substring 246 old replaced by new. If the optional argument count is 247 given, only the first count occurrences are replaced. 248 """ 249 return "" 250 251 def rfind(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 252 """ 253 S.rfind(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int 254 255 Return the highest index in S where substring sub is found, 256 such that sub is contained within S[start:end]. Optional 257 arguments start and end are interpreted as in slice notation. 258 259 Return -1 on failure. 260 """ 261 return 0 262 263 def rindex(self, sub, start=None, end=None): 264 """ 265 S.rindex(sub [,start [,end]]) -> int 266 267 Like S.rfind() but raise ValueError when the substring is not found. 268 """ 269 return 0 270 271 def rjust(self, width, fillchar=None): 272 """ 273 S.rjust(width[, fillchar]) -> string 274 275 Return S right-justified in a string of length width. Padding is 276 done using the specified fill character (default is a space) 277 """ 278 return "" 279 280 def rpartition(self, sep): 281 """ 282 S.rpartition(sep) -> (head, sep, tail) 283 284 Search for the separator sep in S, starting at the end of S, and return 285 the part before it, the separator itself, and the part after it. If the 286 separator is not found, return two empty strings and S. 287 """ 288 pass 289 290 def rsplit(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None): 291 """ 292 S.rsplit([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings 293 294 Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the 295 delimiter string, starting at the end of the string and working 296 to the front. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit splits are 297 done. If sep is not specified or is None, any whitespace string 298 is a separator. 299 """ 300 return [] 301 302 def rstrip(self, chars=None): 303 """ 304 S.rstrip([chars]) -> string or unicode 305 306 Return a copy of the string S with trailing whitespace removed. 307 If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. 308 If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping 309 """ 310 return "" 311 312 def split(self, sep=None, maxsplit=None): 313 """ 分割， maxsplit最多分割几次 """ 314 """ 315 S.split([sep [,maxsplit]]) -> list of strings 316 317 Return a list of the words in the string S, using sep as the 318 delimiter string. If maxsplit is given, at most maxsplit 319 splits are done. If sep is not specified or is None, any 320 whitespace string is a separator and empty strings are removed 321 from the result. 322 """ 323 return [] 324 325 def splitlines(self, keepends=False): 326 """ 根据换行分割 """ 327 """ 328 S.splitlines(keepends=False) -> list of strings 329 330 Return a list of the lines in S, breaking at line boundaries. 331 Line breaks are not included in the resulting list unless keepends 332 is given and true. 333 """ 334 return [] 335 336 def startswith(self, prefix, start=None, end=None): 337 """ 是否起始 """ 338 """ 339 S.startswith(prefix[, start[, end]]) -> bool 340 341 Return True if S starts with the specified prefix, False otherwise. 342 With optional start, test S beginning at that position. 343 With optional end, stop comparing S at that position. 344 prefix can also be a tuple of strings to try. 345 """ 346 return False 347 348 def strip(self, chars=None): 349 """ 移除两段空白 """ 350 """ 351 S.strip([chars]) -> string or unicode 352 353 Return a copy of the string S with leading and trailing 354 whitespace removed. 355 If chars is given and not None, remove characters in chars instead. 356 If chars is unicode, S will be converted to unicode before stripping 357 """ 358 return "" 359 360 def swapcase(self): 361 """ 大写变小写，小写变大写 """ 362 """ 363 S.swapcase() -> string 364 365 Return a copy of the string S with uppercase characters 366 converted to lowercase and vice versa. 367 """ 368 return "" 369 370 def title(self): 371 """ 372 S.title() -> string 373 374 Return a titlecased version of S, i.e. words start with uppercase 375 characters, all remaining cased characters have lowercase. 376 """ 377 return "" 378 379 def translate(self, table, deletechars=None): 380 """ 381 转换，需要先做一个对应表，最后一个表示删除字符集合 382 intab = "aeiou" 383 outtab = "12345" 384 trantab = maketrans(intab, outtab) 385 str = "this is string example....wow!!!" 386 print str.translate(trantab, ‘xm‘) 387 """ 388 389 """ 390 S.translate(table [,deletechars]) -> string 391 392 Return a copy of the string S, where all characters occurring 393 in the optional argument deletechars are removed, and the 394 remaining characters have been mapped through the given 395 translation table, which must be a string of length 256 or None. 396 If the table argument is None, no translation is applied and 397 the operation simply removes the characters in deletechars. 398 """ 399 return "" 400 401 def upper(self): 402 """ 403 S.upper() -> string 404 405 Return a copy of the string S converted to uppercase. 406 """ 407 return "" 408 409 def zfill(self, width): 410 """方法返回指定长度的字符串，原字符串右对齐，前面填充0。""" 411 """ 412 S.zfill(width) -> string 413 414 Pad a numeric string S with zeros on the left, to fill a field 415 of the specified width. The string S is never truncated. 416 """ 417 return "" 418 419 def _formatter_field_name_split(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 420 pass 421 422 def _formatter_parser(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 423 pass 424 425 def __add__(self, y): 426 """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ 427 pass 428 429 def __contains__(self, y): 430 """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """ 431 pass 432 433 def __eq__(self, y): 434 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ 435 pass 436 437 def __format__(self, format_spec): 438 """ 439 S.__format__(format_spec) -> string 440 441 Return a formatted version of S as described by format_spec. 442 """ 443 return "" 444 445 def __getattribute__(self, name): 446 """ x.__getattribute__(‘name‘) <==> x.name """ 447 pass 448 449 def __getitem__(self, y): 450 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ 451 pass 452 453 def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 454 pass 455 456 def __getslice__(self, i, j): 457 """ 458 x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] 459 460 Use of negative indices is not supported. 461 """ 462 pass 463 464 def __ge__(self, y): 465 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ 466 pass 467 468 def __gt__(self, y): 469 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ 470 pass 471 472 def __hash__(self): 473 """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """ 474 pass 475 476 def __init__(self, string=‘‘): # known special case of str.__init__ 477 """ 478 str(object=‘‘) -> string 479 480 Return a nice string representation of the object. 481 If the argument is a string, the return value is the same object. 482 # (copied from class doc) 483 """ 484 pass 485 486 def __len__(self): 487 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """ 488 pass 489 490 def __le__(self, y): 491 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ 492 pass 493 494 def __lt__(self, y): 495 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ 496 pass 497 498 def __mod__(self, y): 499 """ x.__mod__(y) <==> x%y """ 500 pass 501 502 def __mul__(self, n): 503 """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """ 504 pass 505 506 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 507 def __new__(S, *more): 508 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ 509 pass 510 511 def __ne__(self, y): 512 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ 513 pass 514 515 def __repr__(self): 516 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ 517 pass 518 519 def __rmod__(self, y): 520 """ x.__rmod__(y) <==> y%x """ 521 pass 522 523 def __rmul__(self, n): 524 """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """ 525 pass 526 527 def __sizeof__(self): 528 """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """ 529 pass 530 531 def __str__(self): 532 """ x.__str__() <==> str(x) """ 533 pass
练习代码如下：
1 name = ‘alex‘ # str类的对象 2 1. capitalize 字符串首字母大写 3 自身不变，会生成一个新的值 4 v = name.capitalize() # 自动找到name关联的str类，执行其中的capitalize技能 5 print(name) 6 print(v) 7 8 2. 将所有大小变小写，casefold牛逼，德语... 9 name = ‘AleX‘ 10 v = name.casefold() # 跟牛逼，德语... 11 print(name) 12 print(v) 13 14 3. 将所有大小变小写 15 name = ‘AleX‘ 16 v = name.lower() 17 print(v) 18 19 4. 文本居中 20 参数1: 表示总长度 21 参数2：空白处填充的字符（长度为1） 22 name = ‘alex‘ 23 v = name.center(20) 24 print(v) 25 v = name.center(20,‘行‘) 26 print(v) 27 28 5. 表示传入之在字符串中出现的次数 29 参数1： 要查找的值（子序列） 30 参数2： 起始位置（索引） 31 参数3： 结束位置（索引） 32 name = "alexasdfdsafsdfasdfaaaaaaaa" 33 v = name.count(‘a‘) 34 print(v) 35 v = name.count(‘df‘) 36 print(v) 37 38 v = name.count(‘df‘,12) 39 print(v) 40 v = name.count(‘df‘,0,15) 41 print(v) 42 43 6. 是否以xx结尾 44 name = ‘alex‘ 45 v1 = name.endswith(‘ex‘) 46 print(v1) 47 48 7. 是否以xx开头 49 name = ‘alex‘ 50 v2 = name.startswith(‘al‘) 51 print(v2) 52 53 8. encode欠 54 55 9. 找到制表符\\t,进行替换（包含前面的值） 56 PS: \\n 57 name = "al\\te\\tx\\nalex\\tuu\\tkkk" 58 v = name.expandtabs(20) 59 print(v) 60 61 10. 找到指定子序列的索引位置：不存在返回-1 62 name = ‘alex‘ 63 v = name.find(‘o‘) 64 print(v) 65 v = name.index(‘o‘) 66 print(v) 67 68 11.字符串格式化 69 70 tpl = "我是:%s;年龄:%s;性别:%s" 71 72 tpl = "我是:{0};年龄:{1};性别:{2}" 73 v = tpl.format("李杰",19,‘都行‘) 74 print(v) 75 76 tpl = "我是:{name};年龄:{age};性别:{gender}" 77 v = tpl.format(name=‘李杰‘,age=19,gender=‘随意‘) 78 print(v) 79 80 tpl = "我是:{name};年龄:{age};性别:{gender}" 81 v = tpl.format_map({‘name‘:"李杰",‘age‘:19,‘gender‘:‘中‘}) 82 print(v) 83 84 85 12. 是否是数字、汉子. 86 name = ‘alex8汉子‘ 87 v = name.isalnum() # 字,数字 88 print(v) # True 89 v2 = name.isalpha()# 90 print(v2)# False 91 92 13. 判断是否是数字 93 num = ‘②‘ 94 v1 = num.isdecimal() # ‘123‘ 95 v2 = num.isdigit() # ‘123‘，‘②‘ 96 v3 = num.isnumeric() # ‘123‘，‘二‘，‘②‘ 97 print(v1,v2,v3) 98 99 100 14. 是否是表示符 101 n = ‘name‘ 102 v = n.isidentifier() 103 print(v) 104 105 15.是否全部是小写 106 name = "ALEX" 107 v = name.islower() 108 print(v) 109 v = name.isupper() 110 print(v) 111 112 16,.全部变大写， 113 name = ‘alex‘ 114 v = name.upper() # lower() 115 print(v) 116 117 17.是否包含隐含的xx 118 name = "钓鱼要钓刀鱼，\\n刀鱼要到岛上钓" 119 v = name.isprintable() 120 print(v) 121 122 123 18.是否全部是空格 124 name = ‘ ‘ 125 v = name.isspace() 126 print(v) 127 128 129 130 19.元素拼接（元素字符串） ***** 131 name = ‘alex‘ 132 133 v = "_".join(name) # 内部循环每个元素 134 print(v) 135 136 name_list = [‘海峰‘,‘杠娘‘,‘李杰‘,‘李泉‘] 137 v = "搞".join(name_list) 138 print(v) 139 140 20. 左右填充 141 center,rjust,ljust 142 name = ‘alex‘ 143 v = name.rjust(20,‘*‘) 144 print(v) 145 146 147 21. 对应关系 + 翻译 148 m = str.maketrans(‘aeiou‘,‘12345‘) # 对应关系 149 150 name = "akpsojfasdufasdlkfj8ausdfakjsdfl;kjer09asdf" 151 v = name.translate(m) 152 print(v) 153 154 22. 分割，保留分割的元素 155 content = "李泉SB刘康SB刘一" 156 v = content.partition(‘SB‘) # partition 157 print(v) 158 159 23. 替换 160 content = "李泉SB刘康SB刘浩SB刘一" 161 v = content.replace(‘SB‘,‘Love‘) 162 print(v) 163 v = content.replace(‘SB‘,‘Love‘,1) 164 print(v) 165 166 24，移除空白,\\n,\\t，自定义 167 name = ‘alex\\t‘ 168 v = name.strip() # 空白,\\n,\\t 169 print(v) 170 171 25. 大小写转换 172 name = "Alex" 173 v = name.swapcase() 174 print(v) 175 176 26. 填充0 177 name = "alex" 178 v = name.zfill(20) 179 print(v) 180 181 v1 = ‘alex‘ 182 v2 = ‘eric‘ 183 184 v = v1 + v2 # 执行v1的__add__功能 185 print(v)
1 ##### 字符串功能总结： 2 name = ‘alex‘ 3 name.upper() 4 name.lower() 5 name.split() 6 name.find() 7 name.strip() 8 name.startswith() 9 name.format() 10 name.replace() 11 "alex".join(["aa",‘bb‘]) 12 13 14 ##### 额外功能： 15 name = "alex" 16 name[0] 17 name[0:3] 18 name[0:3:2] 19 len(name) 20 for循环，每个元素是字符
5、列表
如：[‘good‘,‘ok‘]、[‘apple‘, ‘orange‘,11]
每个列表都具备如下功能：
1 class list(object): 2 """ 3 list() -> new empty list 4 list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable‘s items 5 """ 6 def append(self, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 7 """ L.append(object) -- append object to end """ 8 pass 9 10 def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 11 """ L.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """ 12 return 0 13 14 def extend(self, iterable): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 15 """ L.extend(iterable) -- extend list by appending elements from the iterable """ 16 pass 17 18 def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 19 """ 20 L.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value. 21 Raises ValueError if the value is not present. 22 """ 23 return 0 24 25 def insert(self, index, p_object): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 26 """ L.insert(index, object) -- insert object before index """ 27 pass 28 29 def pop(self, index=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 30 """ 31 L.pop([index]) -> item -- remove and return item at index (default last). 32 Raises IndexError if list is empty or index is out of range. 33 """ 34 pass 35 36 def remove(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 37 """ 38 L.remove(value) -- remove first occurrence of value. 39 Raises ValueError if the value is not present. 40 """ 41 pass 42 43 def reverse(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 44 """ L.reverse() -- reverse *IN PLACE* """ 45 pass 46 47 def sort(self, cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 48 """ 49 L.sort(cmp=None, key=None, reverse=False) -- stable sort *IN PLACE*; 50 cmp(x, y) -> -1, 0, 1 51 """ 52 pass 53 54 def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 55 """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ 56 pass 57 58 def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 59 """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """ 60 pass 61 62 def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 63 """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """ 64 pass 65 66 def __delslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 67 """ 68 x.__delslice__(i, j) <==> del x[i:j] 69 70 Use of negative indices is not supported. 71 """ 72 pass 73 74 def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 75 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ 76 pass 77 78 def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 79 """ x.__getattribute__(‘name‘) <==> x.name """ 80 pass 81 82 def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 83 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ 84 pass 85 86 def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 87 """ 88 x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] 89 90 Use of negative indices is not supported. 91 """ 92 pass 93 94 def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 95 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ 96 pass 97 98 def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 99 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ 100 pass 101 102 def __iadd__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 103 """ x.__iadd__(y) <==> x+=y """ 104 pass 105 106 def __imul__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 107 """ x.__imul__(y) <==> x*=y """ 108 pass 109 110 def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of list.__init__ 111 """ 112 list() -> new empty list 113 list(iterable) -> new list initialized from iterable‘s items 114 # (copied from class doc) 115 """ 116 pass 117 118 def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 119 """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """ 120 pass 121 122 def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 123 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """ 124 pass 125 126 def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 127 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ 128 pass 129 130 def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 131 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ 132 pass 133 134 def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 135 """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """ 136 pass 137 138 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 139 def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 140 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ 141 pass 142 143 def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 144 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ 145 pass 146 147 def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 148 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ 149 pass 150 151 def __reversed__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 152 """ L.__reversed__() -- return a reverse iterator over the list """ 153 pass 154 155 def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 156 """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """ 157 pass 158 159 def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 160 """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """ 161 pass 162 163 def __setslice__(self, i, j, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 164 """ 165 x.__setslice__(i, j, y) <==> x[i:j]=y 166 167 Use of negative indices is not supported. 168 """ 169 pass 170 171 def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 172 """ L.__sizeof__() -- size of L in memory, in bytes """ 173 pass 174 175 __hash__ = None 176 177 list
1 ########################################## list 列表 ########################################## 2 ## int=xx; str=‘xxx‘ list=‘xx‘ 3 user_list = [‘李泉‘,‘刘一‘,‘刘康‘,‘豆豆‘,‘小龙‘] # 可变类型 4 PS: 5 name = ‘alex‘ 6 执行功能； 7 1.追加 8 user_list = [‘李泉‘,‘刘一‘,‘刘康‘,‘豆豆‘,‘小龙‘] # 可变类型 9 user_list.append(‘刘铭‘) 10 print(user_list) 11 2. 清空 12 user_list = [‘李泉‘,‘刘一‘,‘刘康‘,‘豆豆‘,‘小龙‘] # 可变类型 13 user_list.clear() 14 print(user_list) 15 16 3. 拷贝(浅拷贝) 17 user_list = [‘李泉‘,‘刘一‘,‘刘康‘,‘豆豆‘,‘小龙‘] # 可变类型 18 v = user_list.copy() 19 print(v) 20 print(user_list) 21 22 4. 计数 23 user_list = [‘李泉‘,‘刘一‘,‘李泉‘,‘刘康‘,‘豆豆‘,‘小龙‘] # 可变类型 24 v = user_list.count(‘李泉‘) 25 print(v) 26 27 5. 扩展原列表 28 user_list = [‘李泉‘,‘刘一‘,‘李泉‘,‘刘康‘,‘豆豆‘,‘小龙‘] # 可变类型 29 user_list.extend([‘郭少龙‘,‘郭少霞‘]) 30 print(user_list) 31 32 6. 查找元素索引，没有报错 33 user_list = [‘李泉‘,‘刘一‘,‘李泉‘,‘刘康‘,‘豆豆‘,‘小龙‘] # 可变类型 34 v = user_list.index(‘李海‘) 35 print(v) 36 37 7. 删除并且获取元素 - 索引 38 user_list = [‘李泉‘,‘刘一‘,‘李泉‘,‘刘康‘,‘豆豆‘,‘小龙‘] # 可变类型 39 v = user_list.pop(1) 40 print(v) 41 print(user_list) 42 43 8. 删除 - 值 44 user_list = [‘李泉‘,‘刘一‘,‘李泉‘,‘刘康‘,‘豆豆‘,‘小龙‘] # 可变类型 45 user_list.remove(‘刘一‘) 46 print(user_list) 47 48 9. 翻转 49 user_list = [‘李泉‘,‘刘一‘,‘李泉‘,‘刘康‘,‘豆豆‘,‘小龙‘] # 可变类型 50 user_list.reverse() 51 print(user_list) 52 53 10. 排序： 欠参数 54 nums = [11,22,3,3,9,88] 55 print(nums) 56 排序，从小到大 57 nums.sort() 58 print(nums) 59 从大到小 60 nums.sort(reverse=True) 61 print(nums) 62 63 ##### 额外： 64 user_list = [‘李泉‘,‘刘一‘,‘李泉‘,‘刘康‘,‘豆豆‘,‘小龙‘] 65 user_list[0] 66 user_list[1:5:2] 67 del user_list[3] 68 for i in user_list: 69 print(i) 70 user_list[1] = ‘姜日天‘ 71 user_list = [‘李泉‘,‘刘一‘,‘李泉‘,‘刘康‘,‘豆豆‘,[‘日天‘,‘日地‘,‘泰迪‘],‘小龙‘]
6、元组
元祖是不可被修改的。
如：(‘good‘,‘hello‘,123)、(‘ziwei‘, ‘qinger‘,‘xiaoyanzi‘)
每个元组都具备如下功能：
1 class tuple(object): 2 """ 3 tuple() -> empty tuple 4 tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable‘s items 5 6 If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object. 7 """ 8 def count(self, value): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 9 """ T.count(value) -> integer -- return number of occurrences of value """ 10 return 0 11 12 def index(self, value, start=None, stop=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 13 """ 14 T.index(value, [start, [stop]]) -> integer -- return first index of value. 15 Raises ValueError if the value is not present. 16 """ 17 return 0 18 19 def __add__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 20 """ x.__add__(y) <==> x+y """ 21 pass 22 23 def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 24 """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x """ 25 pass 26 27 def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 28 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ 29 pass 30 31 def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 32 """ x.__getattribute__(‘name‘) <==> x.name """ 33 pass 34 35 def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 36 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ 37 pass 38 39 def __getnewargs__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 40 pass 41 42 def __getslice__(self, i, j): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 43 """ 44 x.__getslice__(i, j) <==> x[i:j] 45 46 Use of negative indices is not supported. 47 """ 48 pass 49 50 def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 51 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ 52 pass 53 54 def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 55 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ 56 pass 57 58 def __hash__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 59 """ x.__hash__() <==> hash(x) """ 60 pass 61 62 def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of tuple.__init__ 63 """ 64 tuple() -> empty tuple 65 tuple(iterable) -> tuple initialized from iterable‘s items 66 67 If the argument is a tuple, the return value is the same object. 68 # (copied from class doc) 69 """ 70 pass 71 72 def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 73 """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """ 74 pass 75 76 def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 77 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """ 78 pass 79 80 def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 81 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ 82 pass 83 84 def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 85 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ 86 pass 87 88 def __mul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 89 """ x.__mul__(n) <==> x*n """ 90 pass 91 92 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 93 def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 94 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ 95 pass 96 97 def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 98 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ 99 pass 100 101 def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 102 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ 103 pass 104 105 def __rmul__(self, n): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 106 """ x.__rmul__(n) <==> n*x """ 107 pass 108 109 def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 110 """ T.__sizeof__() -- size of T in memory, in bytes """ 111 pass
常用语法如下：
1 user_tuple = (‘alex‘,‘eric‘,‘seven‘,‘alex‘) 2 1. 获取个数 3 v = user_tuple.count(‘alex‘) 4 print(v) 5 2.获取值的第一个索引位置 6 v = user_tuple.index(‘alex‘) 7 print(v) 8 9 ###### 额外： 10 user_tuple = (‘alex‘,‘eric‘,‘seven‘,‘alex‘) 11 for i in user_tuple: 12 print(i) 13 14 v = user_tuple[0] 15 16 v = user_tuple[0:2] 17 print(v) 18 19 user_tuple = (‘alex‘,‘eric‘,‘seven‘,[‘陈涛‘,‘刘浩‘,‘赵芬芬‘],‘alex‘) 20 user_tuple[0] = 123 x 21 user_tuple[3] = [11,22,33] x 22 user_tuple[3][1] = ‘刘一‘ 23 print(user_tuple) 24 25 li = [‘陈涛‘,‘刘浩‘,(‘alex‘,‘eric‘,‘seven‘),‘赵芬芬‘] 26 ****** 元组最后，加逗号 ****** 27 li = (‘alex‘,) 28 print(li)
7、字典
如：{‘name‘: ‘oliver‘, ‘age‘: 33,‘id‘:12345} 、{‘host‘: ‘1.1.1.1‘, ‘port‘: 21]}
ps：循环时，默认循环key
每个字典都具备如下功能：
1 class dict(object): 2 """ 3 dict() -> new empty dictionary 4 dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object‘s 5 (key, value) pairs 6 dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: 7 d = {} 8 for k, v in iterable: 9 d[k] = v 10 dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs 11 in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2) 12 """ 13 14 def clear(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 15 """ 清除内容 """ 16 """ D.clear() -> None. Remove all items from D. """ 17 pass 18 19 def copy(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 20 """ 浅拷贝 """ 21 """ D.copy() -> a shallow copy of D """ 22 pass 23 24 @staticmethod # known case 25 def fromkeys(S, v=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 26 """ 27 dict.fromkeys(S[,v]) -> New dict with keys from S and values equal to v. 28 v defaults to None. 29 """ 30 pass 31 32 def get(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 33 """ 根据key获取值，d是默认值 """ 34 """ D.get(k[,d]) -> D[k] if k in D, else d. d defaults to None. """ 35 pass 36 37 def has_key(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 38 """ 是否有key """ 39 """ D.has_key(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """ 40 return False 41 42 def items(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 43 """ 所有项的列表形式 """ 44 """ D.items() -> list of D‘s (key, value) pairs, as 2-tuples """ 45 return [] 46 47 def iteritems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 48 """ 项可迭代 """ 49 """ D.iteritems() -> an iterator over the (key, value) items of D """ 50 pass 51 52 def iterkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 53 """ key可迭代 """ 54 """ D.iterkeys() -> an iterator over the keys of D """ 55 pass 56 57 def itervalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 58 """ value可迭代 """ 59 """ D.itervalues() -> an iterator over the values of D """ 60 pass 61 62 def keys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 63 """ 所有的key列表 """ 64 """ D.keys() -> list of D‘s keys """ 65 return [] 66 67 def pop(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 68 """ 获取并在字典中移除 """ 69 """ 70 D.pop(k[,d]) -> v, remove specified key and return the corresponding value. 71 If key is not found, d is returned if given, otherwise KeyError is raised 72 """ 73 pass 74 75 def popitem(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 76 """ 获取并在字典中移除 """ 77 """ 78 D.popitem() -> (k, v), remove and return some (key, value) pair as a 79 2-tuple; but raise KeyError if D is empty. 80 """ 81 pass 82 83 def setdefault(self, k, d=None): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 84 """ 如果key不存在，则创建，如果存在，则返回已存在的值且不修改 """ 85 """ D.setdefault(k[,d]) -> D.get(k,d), also set D[k]=d if k not in D """ 86 pass 87 88 def update(self, E=None, **F): # known special case of dict.update 89 """ 更新 90 {‘name‘:‘alex‘, ‘age‘: 18000} 91 [(‘name‘,‘sbsbsb‘),] 92 """ 93 """ 94 D.update([E, ]**F) -> None. Update D from dict/iterable E and F. 95 If E present and has a .keys() method, does: for k in E: D[k] = E[k] 96 If E present and lacks .keys() method, does: for (k, v) in E: D[k] = v 97 In either case, this is followed by: for k in F: D[k] = F[k] 98 """ 99 pass 100 101 def values(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 102 """ 所有的值 """ 103 """ D.values() -> list of D‘s values """ 104 return [] 105 106 def viewitems(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 107 """ 所有项，只是将内容保存至view对象中 """ 108 """ D.viewitems() -> a set-like object providing a view on D‘s items """ 109 pass 110 111 def viewkeys(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 112 """ D.viewkeys() -> a set-like object providing a view on D‘s keys """ 113 pass 114 115 def viewvalues(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 116 """ D.viewvalues() -> an object providing a view on D‘s values """ 117 pass 118 119 def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 120 """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """ 121 pass 122 123 def __contains__(self, k): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 124 """ D.__contains__(k) -> True if D has a key k, else False """ 125 return False 126 127 def __delitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 128 """ x.__delitem__(y) <==> del x[y] """ 129 pass 130 131 def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 132 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ 133 pass 134 135 def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 136 """ x.__getattribute__(‘name‘) <==> x.name """ 137 pass 138 139 def __getitem__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 140 """ x.__getitem__(y) <==> x[y] """ 141 pass 142 143 def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 144 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ 145 pass 146 147 def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 148 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ 149 pass 150 151 def __init__(self, seq=None, **kwargs): # known special case of dict.__init__ 152 """ 153 dict() -> new empty dictionary 154 dict(mapping) -> new dictionary initialized from a mapping object‘s 155 (key, value) pairs 156 dict(iterable) -> new dictionary initialized as if via: 157 d = {} 158 for k, v in iterable: 159 d[k] = v 160 dict(**kwargs) -> new dictionary initialized with the name=value pairs 161 in the keyword argument list. For example: dict(one=1, two=2) 162 # (copied from class doc) 163 """ 164 pass 165 166 def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 167 """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """ 168 pass 169 170 def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 171 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """ 172 pass 173 174 def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 175 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ 176 pass 177 178 def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 179 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ 180 pass 181 182 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 183 def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 184 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ 185 pass 186 187 def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 188 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ 189 pass 190 191 def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 192 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ 193 pass 194 195 def __setitem__(self, i, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 196 """ x.__setitem__(i, y) <==> x[i]=y """ 197 pass 198 199 def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 200 """ D.__sizeof__() -> size of D in memory, in bytes """ 201 pass 202 203 __hash__ = None
字典常用语法如下：
1 1. 清空、 2 dic = {‘k1‘:‘v1‘,‘k2‘:‘v2‘} 3 dic.clear() 4 print(dic) 5 6 2. 浅拷贝 7 dic = {‘k1‘:‘v1‘,‘k2‘:‘v2‘} 8 v = dic.copy() 9 print(v) 10 11 3. 根据key获取指定的value；不存在不报错 12 dic = {‘k1‘:‘v1‘,‘k2‘:‘v2‘} 13 v = dic.get(‘k1111‘,1111) 14 print(v) 15 v = dic[‘k1111‘] 16 print(v) 17 18 4. 删除并获取对应的value值 19 dic = {‘k1‘:‘v1‘,‘k2‘:‘v2‘} 20 v = dic.pop(‘k1‘) 21 print(dic) 22 print(v) 23 24 5. 随机删除键值对，并获取到删除的键值 25 dic = {‘k1‘:‘v1‘,‘k2‘:‘v2‘} 26 v = dic.popitem() 27 print(dic) 28 print(v) 29 30 k,v = dic.popitem() # (‘k2‘, ‘v2‘) 31 print(dic) 32 print(k,v) 33 34 v = dic.popitem() # (‘k2‘, ‘v2‘) 35 print(dic) 36 print(v[0],v[1]) 37 38 6. 增加，如果存在则不做操作 39 dic = {‘k1‘:‘v1‘,‘k2‘:‘v2‘} 40 dic.setdefault(‘k3‘,‘v3‘) 41 print(dic) 42 dic.setdefault(‘k1‘,‘1111111‘) 43 print(dic) 44 7. 批量增加或修改 45 dic = {‘k1‘:‘v1‘,‘k2‘:‘v2‘} 46 dic.update({‘k3‘:‘v3‘,‘k1‘:‘v24‘}) 47 print(dic) 48 49 50 dic = dict.fromkeys([‘k1‘,‘k2‘,‘k3‘],123) 51 print(dic) 52 dic = dict.fromkeys([‘k1‘,‘k2‘,‘k3‘],123) 53 dic[‘k1‘] = ‘asdfjasldkf‘ 54 print(dic) 55 56 dic = dict.fromkeys([‘k1‘,‘k2‘,‘k3‘],[1,]) 57 { 58 k1: 123123213, # [1,2] 59 k2: 123123213, # [1,] 60 k3: 123123213, # [1,] 61 } 62 dic[‘k1‘].append(222) 63 print(dic) 64 ########## 额外： 65 - 字典可以嵌套 66 - 字典key: 必须是不可变类型 67 dic = { 68 ‘k1‘: ‘v1‘, 69 ‘k2‘: [1,2,3,], 70 (1,2): ‘lllll‘, 71 1: ‘fffffffff‘, 72 111: ‘asdf‘, 73 } 74 print(dic) 75 key: 76 - 不可变 77 - True,1 78 79 dic = {‘k1‘:‘v1‘} 80 del dic[‘k1‘] 81 82 布尔值： 83 1 True 84 0 False 85 86 bool(1111)
8、
set集合
set是一个无序且不重复的元素集合，是一个可变类型
1 class set(object): 2 """ 3 set() -> new empty set object 4 set(iterable) -> new set object 5 6 Build an unordered collection of unique elements. 7 """ 8 def add(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 9 """ 添加 """ 10 """ 11 Add an element to a set. 12 13 This has no effect if the element is already present. 14 """ 15 pass 16 17 def clear(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 18 """ Remove all elements from this set. """ 19 pass 20 21 def copy(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 22 """ Return a shallow copy of a set. """ 23 pass 24 25 def difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 26 """ 27 Return the difference of two or more sets as a new set. 28 29 (i.e. all elements that are in this set but not the others.) 30 """ 31 pass 32 33 def difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 34 """ 删除当前set中的所有包含在 new set 里的元素 """ 35 """ Remove all elements of another set from this set. """ 36 pass 37 38 def discard(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 39 """ 移除元素 """ 40 """ 41 Remove an element from a set if it is a member. 42 43 If the element is not a member, do nothing. 44 """ 45 pass 46 47 def intersection(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 48 """ 取交集，新创建一个set """ 49 """ 50 Return the intersection of two or more sets as a new set. 51 52 (i.e. elements that are common to all of the sets.) 53 """ 54 pass 55 56 def intersection_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 57 """ 取交集，修改原来set """ 58 """ Update a set with the intersection of itself and another. """ 59 pass 60 61 def isdisjoint(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 62 """ 如果没有交集，返回true """ 63 """ Return True if two sets have a null intersection. """ 64 pass 65 66 def issubset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 67 """ 是否是子集 """ 68 """ Report whether another set contains this set. """ 69 pass 70 71 def issuperset(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 72 """ 是否是父集 """ 73 """ Report whether this set contains another set. """ 74 pass 75 76 def pop(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 77 """ 移除 """ 78 """ 79 Remove and return an arbitrary set element. 80 Raises KeyError if the set is empty. 81 """ 82 pass 83 84 def remove(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 85 """ 移除 """ 86 """ 87 Remove an element from a set; it must be a member. 88 89 If the element is not a member, raise a KeyError. 90 """ 91 pass 92 93 def symmetric_difference(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 94 """ 差集，创建新对象""" 95 """ 96 Return the symmetric difference of two sets as a new set. 97 98 (i.e. all elements that are in exactly one of the sets.) 99 """ 100 pass 101 102 def symmetric_difference_update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 103 """ 差集，改变原来 """ 104 """ Update a set with the symmetric difference of itself and another. """ 105 pass 106 107 def union(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 108 """ 并集 """ 109 """ 110 Return the union of sets as a new set. 111 112 (i.e. all elements that are in either set.) 113 """ 114 pass 115 116 def update(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 117 """ 更新 """ 118 """ Update a set with the union of itself and others. """ 119 pass 120 121 def __and__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 122 """ x.__and__(y) <==> x&y """ 123 pass 124 125 def __cmp__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 126 """ x.__cmp__(y) <==> cmp(x,y) """ 127 pass 128 129 def __contains__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 130 """ x.__contains__(y) <==> y in x. """ 131 pass 132 133 def __eq__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 134 """ x.__eq__(y) <==> x==y """ 135 pass 136 137 def __getattribute__(self, name): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 138 """ x.__getattribute__(‘name‘) <==> x.name """ 139 pass 140 141 def __ge__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 142 """ x.__ge__(y) <==> x>=y """ 143 pass 144 145 def __gt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 146 """ x.__gt__(y) <==> x>y """ 147 pass 148 149 def __iand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 150 """ x.__iand__(y) <==> x&=y """ 151 pass 152 153 def __init__(self, seq=()): # known special case of set.__init__ 154 """ 155 set() -> new empty set object 156 set(iterable) -> new set object 157 158 Build an unordered collection of unique elements. 159 # (copied from class doc) 160 """ 161 pass 162 163 def __ior__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 164 """ x.__ior__(y) <==> x|=y """ 165 pass 166 167 def __isub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 168 """ x.__isub__(y) <==> x-=y """ 169 pass 170 171 def __iter__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 172 """ x.__iter__() <==> iter(x) """ 173 pass 174 175 def __ixor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 176 """ x.__ixor__(y) <==> x^=y """ 177 pass 178 179 def __len__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 180 """ x.__len__() <==> len(x) """ 181 pass 182 183 def __le__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 184 """ x.__le__(y) <==> x<=y """ 185 pass 186 187 def __lt__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 188 """ x.__lt__(y) <==> x<y """ 189 pass 190 191 @staticmethod # known case of __new__ 192 def __new__(S, *more): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 193 """ T.__new__(S, ...) -> a new object with type S, a subtype of T """ 194 pass 195 196 def __ne__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 197 """ x.__ne__(y) <==> x!=y """ 198 pass 199 200 def __or__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 201 """ x.__or__(y) <==> x|y """ 202 pass 203 204 def __rand__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 205 """ x.__rand__(y) <==> y&x """ 206 pass 207 208 def __reduce__(self, *args, **kwargs): # real signature unknown 209 """ Return state information for pickling. """ 210 pass 211 212 def __repr__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 213 """ x.__repr__() <==> repr(x) """ 214 pass 215 216 def __ror__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 217 """ x.__ror__(y) <==> y|x """ 218 pass 219 220 def __rsub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 221 """ x.__rsub__(y) <==> y-x """ 222 pass 223 224 def __rxor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 225 """ x.__rxor__(y) <==> y^x """ 226 pass 227 228 def __sizeof__(self): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 229 """ S.__sizeof__() -> size of S in memory, in bytes """ 230 pass 231 232 def __sub__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 233 """ x.__sub__(y) <==> x-y """ 234 pass 235 236 def __xor__(self, y): # real signature unknown; restored from __doc__ 237 """ x.__xor__(y) <==> x^y """ 238 pass 239 240 __hash__ = None 241 242 set
| 三元运算 |
如果条件成立，那么就把值1赋值给var，如果条件不成立，就把值2赋值给var
1 var = 值1 if 条件 else 值2
1 例子： 2 >>> var = "True" if 1==1 else "False" 3 >>> var 4 ‘True‘
1 ##################################### set，集合，不可重复的列表；可变类型 ##################################### 2 s1 = {"alex",‘eric‘,‘tony‘,‘李泉‘,‘李泉11‘} 3 s2 = {"alex",‘eric‘,‘tony‘,‘刘一‘} 4 5 1.s1中存在，s2中不存在 6 v = s1.difference(s2) 7 print(v) 8 #### s1中存在，s2中不存在，然后对s1清空，然后在重新复制 9 s1.difference_update(s2) 10 print(s1) 11 12 2.s2中存在，s1中不存在 13 v = s2.difference(s1) 14 print(v) 15 16 3.s2中存在，s1中不存在 17 s1中存在，s2中不存在 18 v = s1.symmetric_difference(s2) 19 print(v) 20 4. 交集 21 v = s1.intersection(s2) 22 print(v) 23 5. 并集 24 v = s1.union(s2) 25 print(v) 26 27 6. 移除 28 s1 = {"alex",‘eric‘,‘tony‘,‘李泉‘,‘李泉11‘} 29 s1.discard(‘alex‘) 30 print(s1) 31 32 s1 = {"alex",‘eric‘,‘tony‘,‘李泉‘,‘李泉11‘} 33 s1.update({‘alex‘,‘123123‘,‘fff‘}) 34 print(s1) 35 ##### 额外： 36 37 s1 = {"alex",‘eric‘,‘tony‘,‘李泉‘,‘李泉11‘} 38 for i in s1: 39 print(i) 40 41 s1 = {"alex",‘eric‘,‘tony‘,‘李泉‘,‘李泉11‘,(11,22,33)} 42 for i in s1: 43 print(i)
| 深拷贝和浅拷贝 |
对于数字和字符串而言，赋值、浅拷贝和深拷贝无意义，因为他们的值永远都会指向同一个内存地址。
对于字典、元祖、列表 而言，进行赋值、浅拷贝和深拷贝时，其内存地址的变化是不同的。
Python中，对象的赋值，拷贝（深/浅拷贝）之间是有差异的，如果使用的时候不注意，就可能产生意外的结果。
对象赋值
1 #-*-coding:utf-8-*- 2 #!/usr/bin/env python 3 __author__ = ‘mengxj‘ 4 5 will = ["Will", 28, ["Python", "C#", "JavaScript"]] 6 wilber = will 7 print (‘will的内存指向‘,id(will)) 8 print (‘will的数据‘,will) 9 print (‘每一个元素的地址‘,[id(ele) for ele in will]) 10 print (‘willer的内存指向‘,id(wilber)) 11 print (‘willer的数据‘,wilber) 12 print (‘每一个元素的地址‘,[id(ele) for ele in wilber]) 13 14 will[0] = "Wilber" 15 will[2].append("CSS") 16 print (‘数据更改后的will内存指向‘,id(will)) 17 print (‘数据更改后的will的数据‘,will) 18 print (‘数据更改后每一个元素的地址‘,[id(ele) for ele in will]) 19 print (‘数据更改后wilber的内存指向‘,id(wilber)) 20 print (‘数据更改后wilber的内容‘,wilber) 21 print (‘数据更改后wilber的内存地址‘,[id(ele) for ele in wilber])
代码运行结果如下：
1 C:\\Python35\\python.exe D:/OneDrive/python_code/python_s14/s14_day2/deep_copy_and_shadow_copy.py 2 will的内存指向 2427689548744 3 will的数据 [‘Will‘, 28, [‘Python‘, ‘C#‘, ‘JavaScript‘]] 4 每一个元素的地址 [2427689542464, 1516176688, 2427689571720] 5 willer的内存指向 2427689548744 6 willer的数据 [‘Will‘, 28, [‘Python‘, ‘C#‘, ‘JavaScript‘]] 7 每一个元素的地址 [2427689542464, 1516176688, 2427689571720] 8 数据更改后的will内存指向 2427689548744 9 数据更改后的will的数据 [‘Wilber‘, 28, [‘Python‘, ‘C#‘, ‘JavaScript‘, ‘CSS‘]] 10 数据更改后每一个元素的地址 [2427689578768, 1516176688, 2427689571720] 11 数据更改后wilber的内存指向 2427689548744 12 数据更改后wilber的内容 [‘Wilber‘, 28, [‘Python‘, ‘C#‘, ‘JavaScript‘, ‘CSS‘]] 13 数据更改后wilber的内存地址 [2427689578768, 1516176688, 2427689571720] 14 15 Process finished with exit code 0
如下图展示：
2、浅拷贝
1 #浅拷贝 2 import copy 3 4 will = ["Will", 28, ["Python", "C#", "JavaScript"]] 5 wilber = copy.copy(will) 6 print (‘will的内存指向‘,id(will)) 7 print (‘will的数据‘,will) 8 print (‘will每一个元素的地址‘,[id(ele) for ele in will]) 9 print (‘willer的内存指向‘,id(wilber)) 10 print (‘willer的数据‘,wilber) 11 print (‘willer每一个元素的地址‘,[id(ele) for ele in wilber]) 12 13 will[0] = "Wilber" 14 will[2].append("CSS") 15 print (‘数据更改后的will内存指向‘,id(will)) 16 print (‘数据更改后的will的数据‘,will) 17 print (‘数据更改后will每一个元素的地址‘,[id(ele) for ele in will]) 18 print (‘数据更改后wilber的内存指向‘,id(wilber)) 19 print (‘数据更改后wilber的内容‘,wilber) 20 print (‘数据更改后wilber的内存地址‘,[id(ele) for ele in wilber])
输出结果如下：
1 will的内存指向 2484908535112 2 will的数据 [‘Will‘, 28, [‘Python‘, ‘C#‘, ‘JavaScript‘]] 3 will每一个元素的地址 [2484907057984, 1392903472, 2484908643272] 4 willer的内存指向 2484907111560 5 willer的数据 [‘Will‘, 28, [‘Python‘, ‘C#‘, ‘JavaScript‘]] 6 willer每一个元素的地址 [2484907057984, 1392903472, 2484908643272] 7 数据更改后的will内存指向 2484908535112 8 数据更改后的will的数据 [‘Wilber‘, 28, [‘Python‘, ‘C#‘, ‘JavaScript‘, ‘CSS‘]] 9 数据更改后will每一个元素的地址 [2484907094232, 1392903472, 2484908643272] 10 数据更改后wilber的内存指向 2484907111560 11 数据更改后wilber的内容 [‘Will‘, 28, [‘Python‘, ‘C#‘, ‘JavaScript‘, ‘CSS‘]] 12 数据更改后wilber的内存地址 [2484907057984, 1392903472, 2484908643272]
由于list的第一个元素是不可变类型，所以will对应的list的第一个元素会使用一个新的对象
但是list的第三个元素是一个可变类型，修改操作不会产生新的对象，所以will的修改结果会相应的反应到wilber上
总结一下，当我们使用下面的操作的时候，会产生浅拷贝的效果：
- 使用切片[:]操作
- 使用工厂函数（如list/dir/set）
- 使用copy模块中的copy()函数
3、深拷贝
代码如下：
1 #深拷贝 2 import copy 3 4 will = ["Will", 28, ["Python", "C#", "JavaScript"]] 5 wilber = copy.deepcopy(will) 6 print (‘will的内存指向‘,id(will)) 7 print (‘will的数据‘,will) 8 print (‘will每一个元素的地址‘,[id(ele) for ele in will]) 9 print (‘willer的内存指向‘,id(wilber)) 10 print (‘willer的数据‘,wilber) 11 print (‘willer每一个元素的地址‘,[id(ele) for ele in wilber]) 12 13 will[0] = "Wilber" 14 will[2].append("CSS") 15 print (‘数据更改后的will内存指向‘,id(will)) 16 print (‘数据更改后的will的数据‘,will) 17 print (‘数据更改后will每一个元素的地址‘,[id(ele) for ele in will]) 18 print (‘数据更改后wilber的内存指向‘,id(wilber)) 19 print (‘数据更改后wilber的内容‘,wilber) 20 print (‘数据更改后wilber的内存地址‘,[id(ele) for ele in wilber])
运行结果如下：
1 will的内存指向 2941900762440 2 will的数据 [‘Will‘, 28, [‘Python‘, ‘C#‘, ‘JavaScript‘]] 3 will每一个元素的地址 [2941899285368, 1392903472, 2941900870984] 4 willer的内存指向 2941900762952 5 willer的数据 [‘Will‘, 28, [‘Python‘, ‘C#‘, ‘JavaScript‘]] 6 willer每一个元素的地址 [2941899285368, 1392903472, 2941900871048] 7 数据更改后的will内存指向 2941900762440 8 数据更改后的will的数据 [‘Wilber‘, 28, [‘Python‘, ‘C#‘, ‘JavaScript‘, ‘CSS‘]] 9 数据更改后will每一个元素的地址 [2941899321560, 1392903472, 2941900870984] 10 数据更改后wilber的内存指向 2941900762952 11 数据更改后wilber的内容 [‘Will‘, 28, [‘Python‘, ‘C#‘, ‘JavaScript‘]] 12 数据更改后wilber的内存地址 [2941899285368, 1392903472, 2941900871048]
由于list的第一个元素是不可变类型，所以will对应的list的第一个元素会使用一个新的对象39758496
但是list的第三个元素是一个可不类型，修改操作不会产生新的对象，但是由于”wilber[2] is not will[2]”，所以will的修改不会影响wilber
拷贝的特殊情况
其实，对于拷贝有一些特殊情况：
- 对于非容器类型（如数字、字符串、和其他’原子’类型的对象）没有拷贝这一说
也就是说，对于这些类型，”obj is copy.copy(obj)” 、”obj is copy.deepcopy(obj)”
总结
本文介绍了对象的赋值和拷贝，以及它们之间的差异：
- Python中对象的赋值都是进行对象引用（内存地址）传递
- 使用copy.copy()，可以进行对象的浅拷贝，它复制了对象，但对于对象中的元素，依然使用原始的引用.
- 如果需要复制一个容器对象，以及它里面的所有元素（包含元素的子元素），可以使用copy.deepcopy()进行深拷贝
- 对于非容器类型（如数字、字符串、和其他’原子’类型的对象）没有被拷贝一说
- 如果元祖变量只包含原子类型对象，则不能深拷贝，看下面的例子
关于赋值、浅拷贝和深拷贝的区别如下：
http://python.jobbole.com/82294/