MySQL查询数据操作(DQL)
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查询记录
单表查询SELECT语句完整形式:
SELECT select_expr [ , select_expr ... ]
[
FROM tbl_references
[WHERE 条件]
[GROUP BY {col_name | position} [ASC | DESC], ... 分组]
[HAVING 条件 对分组结果进行二次筛选]
[ORDER BY {col_name | position} [ASC | DESC], ...排序]
[LIMIT 限制显示条数]
]
查询表达式(select_expr)
1. 每一个表达式表示想要查询的一列,至少有一列,多个列之间以逗号分隔
2. *表示所有列,tbl_name.*可以表示命名的所有列
3. [AS] alias_name 为其赋予别名
SELECT id, username, role FROM cms.cms_admin;
给字段起别名
例如:SELECT id AS ‘编号‘,username AS ‘用户名‘,email AS ‘邮箱‘ FROM 表名; 查询完后别名代替原名显示。
WHERE条件
1. 比较 = < <= > >= != <> !
2. BETWEEN AND 、NOT BETEEN AND 指定范围
IN、NOT IN 指定集合
3. 模糊查询 LIKE
% :代表0个 1个 或多个任意字符
_ :代表1个任意字符
例如查询姓王的用户:
SELECT * FROM user WHERE username LIKE ‘王%‘;
查询名字中含有in的用户:
SELECT * FROM user WHERE username LIKE ‘%in%‘;
查询名字长度为4的用户:
SELECT * FROM user WHERE username LIKE ‘_ _ _ _‘;
查询名字第二位是i的用户:
SELECT* FROM user WHERE username LIKE ‘_i%‘;
当没有使用%或_时 LIKE相当于等号,精准查询。
4. 是否为空值IS NULL、IS NOT NULL
5. 多个查询条件 AND OR
例如查询用户名为jack,密码为123456的用户:
SELECT * FROM user WHERE username=‘jack‘ AND password=‘123456‘;
查询id大于等于3且年龄不为NULL的用户:
SELECT * FROM user WHERE id>=3 AND age IS NOT NULL;
查询id大于等于3,年龄不为NULL,proId等于3的用户:
SELECT * FROM user WHERE id>=3 AND age IS NOT NULL AND proId=3;
查询编号在5~10之间的,用户名为4位的用户:
SELECT * FROM user WHERE id BETWEEN 5 AND 10 AND username LIKE ‘____‘;
查询用户名以张开头或者id为2或4的用户
SELECT * FROM user WHERE username LIKE ‘张%‘ OR id IN(2, 4);
分组查询GROUP BY
只会显示各个组中的第一条记录。
按照用户所在省份分组proId:
SELECT * FROM user GROUP BY proId;
按照性别分组:
SELECT * FROM user GROUP BY sex;
按照字段位置分组:
SELECT * FROM user GROUP BY 7;(按照第7个位置的字段分组)
按照多个字段分组:
SELECT * FROM user GROUP BY sex,proId;(先按照sex分组,在sex中又以proId来分组。 )
通过WHERE条件筛选,再把结果分组
例如查询id大于等于5的用户按照sex分组:
SELECT * FROM user WHERE id>=5 GROUP BY sex;
GROUP_CONCAT(字段名称) 得到某个字段详情
GROUP BY配合GROUP_CONCAT()函数得到分组详情
查询id,sex,用户详情,按照sex分组
SELECT id,sex,GROUP_CONCAT(username) FROM user GROUP BY sex;
查询proId、sex、regTime、username详情,按proId分组、
SELECT proId,GROUP_CONCAT(username),GROUP_CONCAT(username),GROUP_CONCAT(sex),GROUP_CANCAT(regTime) FROM user GROUP BY proId;
聚合函数
COUNT() 统计某个字段的总数
MAX() 最大值
MIN() 最小值
AVG() 平均值
SUM() 和
注意:COUNT(字段)不统计NULL值。
例如查询id、sex、username详情、组中总人数,并按sex分组:
SELECT id,sex,GROUP_CONCAT(username) AS users,COUNT(*) AS COUNT(*) AS totalUsers FROM user GROUP BY sex;
统计表中所有记录总和:
SELECT COUNT(*) AS totalUsers FROM user;
查询编号、性别、用户名详情,组中总人数,组中最大年龄,最小年龄,平均年龄,年龄总和,按性别分组:
SELECT id,sex,GROUP_CONCAT(username),
COUNT(*) AS total_users,
MAX(age) AS max_age,
MIN(age) AS min_age,
AVG(age) AS avg_age,
SUM(age) AS sum_age
FROM user
GROUP BY sex;
WITH ROLLUP聚合统计上面所有记录
使用HAVING子句对分组结果进行二次筛选
WHERE是对记录第一次筛选,HAVING子句是对分组结果的二次筛选
注意:HAVING子句只能配合分组使用才有意义,放在分组之后
例如查询id>=2、sex、用户名详情、组中总人数、最大年龄、年龄总和:
SELECT id,sex,GROUP_CONCAT(username) AS users,
COUNT(*) AS totalUsers,
MAX(age) AS max_age,
SUM(age) AS sum_age
FROM user
--id大于等于2
WHERE id >=2
GROUP BY sex
-- 继续筛选人数大于2的组并且最大年龄大于60
HAVING COUNT(*)>2 AND MAX(age)>60;
对查询结果进行排序 ORDER BY
例如:按照id升序排序
SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY id ASC;
按照id降序排序
SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY id DESC;
按多字段排序
例如:按年龄升序,id降序排列
SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY age ASC,id DESC;
对结果随机排序
SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY RAND();
限制查询结果显示条数 LIMIT
1.LIMIT 显示条数
2.LIMIT 偏移量,显示条数
查询结果集 前三条记录:
SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 3;
SELECT * FROM user ORDER BY id DESC LIMIT 3;
查询表中前一条记录:
SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 1;
实现分页,偏移量+每页显示记录数
SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 0,5;
SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 5,5;
SELECT * FROM user LIMIT 10,5;
总结:
SELECT id,sex,age,GROUP_CONCAT(username),
COUNT(*) AS totalUsers,
MAX(age) AS max_age,
MIN(age) AS min_age,
AVG(age) AS avg_age,
SUM(age) AS sum_age
FROM user
WHERE id>=1 根据条件第一次筛选
GROUP BY sex 对筛选结果分组
HAVING COUNT(*)>=2 对查询结果二次筛选
ORDER BY age DESC 筛选结果按照age字段排序
LIMIT 0,2; 限制显示条数
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