如何使用 JPA 和 Hibernate 删除带有 JOIN 的实体

Posted 2023-02-24

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【中文标题】如何使用 JPA 和 Hibernate 删除带有 JOIN 的实体【英文标题】：How to delete entity with JOINs using JPA and Hibernate 【发布时间】：2017-11-15 19:29:30 【问题描述】：

我有以下实体：

我想通过使用 JPA 的用户的 id 和用户名来删除 WordSet。

这里是实体声明：

用户

@Entity
@Data
@ToString(callSuper = true)
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = true)
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
public class User extends AbstractModelClass 

    private String name;
    private String username;
    private String password;
    private String email;

    @ManyToMany(fetch = FetchType.EAGER)
    private Set<Role> roles;

用户词典

@Entity
@Data
@ToString(callSuper = true)
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = true)
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
public class UserDictionary extends AbstractModelClass 

    @OneToMany(fetch = FetchType.EAGER, cascade = CascadeType.ALL, mappedBy = "userDictionary")
    private Set<WordSet> wordSets;

    @OneToOne(cascade = CascadeType.ALL)
    private User user;

    @PrePersist
    private void addDictionaryToWordSets() 
        wordSets.forEach(wordSet -> wordSet.setUserDictionary(this));

词集

@Entity
@Data
@AllArgsConstructor
@NoArgsConstructor
@EqualsAndHashCode(callSuper = true, exclude = "studiedWords", "userDictionary")
@ToString(callSuper = true, exclude = "studiedWords", "userDictionary")
public class WordSet extends AbstractModelClass 

    @NotBlank
    private String name;

    @NotBlank
    private String description;

    @ManyToMany(fetch = FetchType.EAGER, cascade = CascadeType.PERSIST, CascadeType.MERGE, CascadeType.REMOVE)
    private List<StudiedWord> studiedWords;

    @ManyToOne(fetch = FetchType.EAGER)
    private UserDictionary userDictionary;

    public WordSet(String name, String description, List<StudiedWord> studiedWords) 
        this.name = name;
        this.description = description;
        this.studiedWords = studiedWords;
    

    public WordSet(Long id, String name, String description, List<StudiedWord> studiedWords) 
        super(id);
        this.name = name;
        this.description = description;
        this.studiedWords = studiedWords;
    

    @PreRemove
    private void removeFromUserDictionary() 
        userDictionary.getWordSets().removeIf(this::equals);

这是我的 WordSetDao 的一部分：

@Override
public Optional<WordSet> findByIdAndUsername(long id, String username) 
    return findOrEmpty(() -> entityManager.createQuery(
            "SELECT w FROM WordSet w " +
                    "WHERE w.userDictionary.user.username = :username AND w.id = :id", WordSet.class)
                                          .setParameter("id", id)
                                          .setParameter("username", username)
                                          .getSingleResult());


@Override
public void deleteByIdAndUsername(long id, String username) 
    entityManager.createQuery(
            "DELETE FROM WordSet w WHERE w.userDictionary.user.username = :username AND w.id = :id")
                 .setParameter("id", id)
                 .setParameter("username", username)
                 .executeUpdate();

findByIdAndUsername 工作正常，但删除会引发以下异常：

org.springframework.web.util.NestedServletException: Request processing failed; nested exception is org.springframework.dao.InvalidDataAccessResourceUsageException: could not prepare statement; SQL [/* delete FKs in join table */ delete from word_set_studied_words where (word_set_id) in (select id from word_set where username=? and id=?)]; nested exception is org.hibernate.exception.SQLGrammarException: could not prepare statement

    at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:982)
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.doDelete(FrameworkServlet.java:894)
    at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:654)
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.service(FrameworkServlet.java:846)
    at org.springframework.test.web.servlet.TestDispatcherServlet.service(TestDispatcherServlet.java:65)
    at javax.servlet.http.HttpServlet.service(HttpServlet.java:729)
    at org.springframework.mock.web.MockFilterChain$ServletFilterProxy.doFilter(MockFilterChain.java:167)
    at org.springframework.mock.web.MockFilterChain.doFilter(MockFilterChain.java:134)
    at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:317)
    at org.springframework.security.web.access.intercept.FilterSecurityInterceptor.invoke(FilterSecurityInterceptor.java:127)
    at org.springframework.security.web.access.intercept.FilterSecurityInterceptor.doFilter(FilterSecurityInterceptor.java:91)
    at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:331)
    at org.springframework.security.web.access.ExceptionTranslationFilter.doFilter(ExceptionTranslationFilter.java:115)
    at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:331)
    at org.springframework.security.web.session.SessionManagementFilter.doFilter(SessionManagementFilter.java:137)
    at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:331)
    at org.springframework.security.web.authentication.AnonymousAuthenticationFilter.doFilter(AnonymousAuthenticationFilter.java:111)
    at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:331)
    at org.springframework.security.web.servletapi.SecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter.doFilter(SecurityContextHolderAwareRequestFilter.java:169)
    at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:331)
    at org.springframework.security.web.savedrequest.RequestCacheAwareFilter.doFilter(RequestCacheAwareFilter.java:63)
    at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:331)
    at io.github.solomkinmv.glossary.web.security.auth.JwtTokenAuthenticationProcessingFilter.successfulAuthentication(JwtTokenAuthenticationProcessingFilter.java:58)
    at org.springframework.security.web.authentication.AbstractAuthenticationProcessingFilter.doFilter(AbstractAuthenticationProcessingFilter.java:240)
    at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:331)
    at org.springframework.security.web.authentication.logout.LogoutFilter.doFilter(LogoutFilter.java:121)
    at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:331)
    at org.springframework.security.web.header.HeaderWriterFilter.doFilterInternal(HeaderWriterFilter.java:66)
    at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107)
    at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:331)
    at org.springframework.security.web.context.SecurityContextPersistenceFilter.doFilter(SecurityContextPersistenceFilter.java:105)
    at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:331)
    at org.springframework.security.web.context.request.async.WebAsyncManagerIntegrationFilter.doFilterInternal(WebAsyncManagerIntegrationFilter.java:56)
    at org.springframework.web.filter.OncePerRequestFilter.doFilter(OncePerRequestFilter.java:107)
    at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy$VirtualFilterChain.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:331)
    at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy.doFilterInternal(FilterChainProxy.java:214)
    at org.springframework.security.web.FilterChainProxy.doFilter(FilterChainProxy.java:177)
    at org.springframework.mock.web.MockFilterChain.doFilter(MockFilterChain.java:134)
    at org.springframework.test.web.servlet.MockMvc.perform(MockMvc.java:155)
    at io.github.solomkinmv.glossary.web.controller.WordSetControllerTest.deleteWordSet(WordSetControllerTest.java:236)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
    at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod$1.runReflectiveCall(FrameworkMethod.java:50)
    at org.junit.internal.runners.model.ReflectiveCallable.run(ReflectiveCallable.java:12)
    at org.junit.runners.model.FrameworkMethod.invokeExplosively(FrameworkMethod.java:47)
    at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.InvokeMethod.evaluate(InvokeMethod.java:17)
    at org.junit.internal.runners.statements.RunBefores.evaluate(RunBefores.java:26)
    at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.statements.RunBeforeTestMethodCallbacks.evaluate(RunBeforeTestMethodCallbacks.java:75)
    at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.statements.RunAfterTestMethodCallbacks.evaluate(RunAfterTestMethodCallbacks.java:86)
    at org.springframework.restdocs.JUnitRestDocumentation$1.evaluate(JUnitRestDocumentation.java:55)
    at org.junit.rules.RunRules.evaluate(RunRules.java:20)
    at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.statements.SpringRepeat.evaluate(SpringRepeat.java:84)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runLeaf(ParentRunner.java:325)
    at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:252)
    at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.runChild(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:94)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$3.run(ParentRunner.java:290)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$1.schedule(ParentRunner.java:71)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.runChildren(ParentRunner.java:288)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.access$000(ParentRunner.java:58)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner$2.evaluate(ParentRunner.java:268)
    at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.statements.RunBeforeTestClassCallbacks.evaluate(RunBeforeTestClassCallbacks.java:61)
    at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.statements.RunAfterTestClassCallbacks.evaluate(RunAfterTestClassCallbacks.java:70)
    at org.junit.runners.ParentRunner.run(ParentRunner.java:363)
    at org.springframework.test.context.junit4.SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.run(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.java:191)
    at org.junit.runner.JUnitCore.run(JUnitCore.java:137)
    at com.intellij.junit4.JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.startRunnerWithArgs(JUnit4IdeaTestRunner.java:68)
    at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.IdeaTestRunner$Repeater.startRunnerWithArgs(IdeaTestRunner.java:51)
    at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.JUnitStarter.prepareStreamsAndStart(JUnitStarter.java:242)
    at com.intellij.rt.execution.junit.JUnitStarter.main(JUnitStarter.java:70)
Caused by: org.springframework.dao.InvalidDataAccessResourceUsageException: could not prepare statement; SQL [/* delete FKs in join table */ delete from word_set_studied_words where (word_set_id) in (select id from word_set where username=? and id=?)]; nested exception is org.hibernate.exception.SQLGrammarException: could not prepare statement
    at org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaDialect.convertHibernateAccessException(HibernateJpaDialect.java:261)
    at org.springframework.orm.jpa.vendor.HibernateJpaDialect.translateExceptionIfPossible(HibernateJpaDialect.java:244)
    at org.springframework.orm.jpa.AbstractEntityManagerFactoryBean.translateExceptionIfPossible(AbstractEntityManagerFactoryBean.java:491)
    at org.springframework.dao.support.ChainedPersistenceExceptionTranslator.translateExceptionIfPossible(ChainedPersistenceExceptionTranslator.java:59)
    at org.springframework.dao.support.DataAccessUtils.translateIfNecessary(DataAccessUtils.java:213)
    at org.springframework.dao.support.PersistenceExceptionTranslationInterceptor.invoke(PersistenceExceptionTranslationInterceptor.java:147)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:179)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$DynamicAdvisedInterceptor.intercept(CglibAopProxy.java:656)
    at io.github.solomkinmv.glossary.persistence.dao.impl.WordSetJpaDao$$EnhancerBySpringCGLIB$$48825a47.deleteByIdAndUsername(<generated>)
    at io.github.solomkinmv.glossary.service.domain.impl.WordSetServiceImpl.deleteByIdAndUsername(WordSetServiceImpl.java:128)
    at io.github.solomkinmv.glossary.service.domain.impl.WordSetServiceImpl$$FastClassBySpringCGLIB$$c3da160a.invoke(<generated>)
    at org.springframework.cglib.proxy.MethodProxy.invoke(MethodProxy.java:204)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.invokeJoinpoint(CglibAopProxy.java:721)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:157)
    at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor$1.proceedWithInvocation(TransactionInterceptor.java:99)
    at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionAspectSupport.invokeWithinTransaction(TransactionAspectSupport.java:282)
    at org.springframework.transaction.interceptor.TransactionInterceptor.invoke(TransactionInterceptor.java:96)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:179)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$DynamicAdvisedInterceptor.intercept(CglibAopProxy.java:656)
    at io.github.solomkinmv.glossary.service.domain.impl.WordSetServiceImpl$$EnhancerBySpringCGLIB$$4b4a0f55.deleteByIdAndUsername(<generated>)
    at io.github.solomkinmv.glossary.web.controller.WordSetController.deleteWordSet(WordSetController.java:79)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke0(Native Method)
    at sun.reflect.NativeMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(NativeMethodAccessorImpl.java:62)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
    at org.springframework.web.method.support.InvocableHandlerMethod.doInvoke(InvocableHandlerMethod.java:220)
    at org.springframework.web.method.support.InvocableHandlerMethod.invokeForRequest(InvocableHandlerMethod.java:134)
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.ServletInvocableHandlerMethod.invokeAndHandle(ServletInvocableHandlerMethod.java:116)
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.invokeHandlerMethod(RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.java:827)
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.annotation.RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.handleInternal(RequestMappingHandlerAdapter.java:738)
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.mvc.method.AbstractHandlerMethodAdapter.handle(AbstractHandlerMethodAdapter.java:85)
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doDispatch(DispatcherServlet.java:963)
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet.doService(DispatcherServlet.java:897)
    at org.springframework.web.servlet.FrameworkServlet.processRequest(FrameworkServlet.java:970)
    ... 70 more
Caused by: org.hibernate.exception.SQLGrammarException: could not prepare statement
    at org.hibernate.exception.internal.SQLStateConversionDelegate.convert(SQLStateConversionDelegate.java:106)
    at org.hibernate.exception.internal.StandardSQLExceptionConverter.convert(StandardSQLExceptionConverter.java:42)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.spi.SqlExceptionHelper.convert(SqlExceptionHelper.java:109)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.internal.StatementPreparerImpl$StatementPreparationTemplate.prepareStatement(StatementPreparerImpl.java:182)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.internal.StatementPreparerImpl.prepareStatement(StatementPreparerImpl.java:78)
    at org.hibernate.hql.internal.ast.exec.BasicExecutor.doExecute(BasicExecutor.java:78)
    at org.hibernate.hql.internal.ast.exec.DeleteExecutor.execute(DeleteExecutor.java:107)
    at org.hibernate.hql.internal.ast.QueryTranslatorImpl.executeUpdate(QueryTranslatorImpl.java:429)
    at org.hibernate.engine.query.spi.HQLQueryPlan.performExecuteUpdate(HQLQueryPlan.java:374)
    at org.hibernate.internal.SessionImpl.executeUpdate(SessionImpl.java:1348)
    at org.hibernate.internal.QueryImpl.executeUpdate(QueryImpl.java:102)
    at org.hibernate.jpa.internal.QueryImpl.internalExecuteUpdate(QueryImpl.java:405)
    at org.hibernate.jpa.spi.AbstractQueryImpl.executeUpdate(AbstractQueryImpl.java:61)
    at io.github.solomkinmv.glossary.persistence.dao.impl.WordSetJpaDao.deleteByIdAndUsername(WordSetJpaDao.java:50)
    at io.github.solomkinmv.glossary.persistence.dao.impl.WordSetJpaDao$$FastClassBySpringCGLIB$$3577673c.invoke(<generated>)
    at org.springframework.cglib.proxy.MethodProxy.invoke(MethodProxy.java:204)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.CglibAopProxy$CglibMethodInvocation.invokeJoinpoint(CglibAopProxy.java:721)
    at org.springframework.aop.framework.ReflectiveMethodInvocation.proceed(ReflectiveMethodInvocation.java:157)
    at org.springframework.dao.support.PersistenceExceptionTranslationInterceptor.invoke(PersistenceExceptionTranslationInterceptor.java:136)
    ... 98 more
Caused by: org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException: Column "USERNAME" not found; SQL statement:
/* delete FKs in join table */ delete from word_set_studied_words where (word_set_id) in (select id from word_set where username=? and id=?) [42122-193]
    at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:345)
    at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:179)
    at org.h2.message.DbException.get(DbException.java:155)
    at org.h2.expression.ExpressionColumn.optimize(ExpressionColumn.java:147)
    at org.h2.expression.Comparison.optimize(Comparison.java:178)
    at org.h2.expression.ConditionAndOr.optimize(ConditionAndOr.java:130)
    at org.h2.command.dml.Select.prepare(Select.java:856)
    at org.h2.engine.Session.optimizeQueryExpression(Session.java:233)
    at org.h2.expression.ConditionInSelect.optimize(ConditionInSelect.java:117)
    at org.h2.command.dml.Delete.prepare(Delete.java:131)
    at org.h2.command.Parser.prepareCommand(Parser.java:259)
    at org.h2.engine.Session.prepareLocal(Session.java:561)
    at org.h2.engine.Session.prepareCommand(Session.java:502)
    at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcConnection.prepareCommand(JdbcConnection.java:1203)
    at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcPreparedStatement.<init>(JdbcPreparedStatement.java:73)
    at org.h2.jdbc.JdbcConnection.prepareStatement(JdbcConnection.java:287)
    at sun.reflect.GeneratedMethodAccessor93.invoke(Unknown Source)
    at sun.reflect.DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.invoke(DelegatingMethodAccessorImpl.java:43)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:498)
    at org.apache.tomcat.jdbc.pool.ProxyConnection.invoke(ProxyConnection.java:126)
    at org.apache.tomcat.jdbc.pool.JdbcInterceptor.invoke(JdbcInterceptor.java:108)
    at org.apache.tomcat.jdbc.pool.DisposableConnectionFacade.invoke(DisposableConnectionFacade.java:81)
    at com.sun.proxy.$Proxy87.prepareStatement(Unknown Source)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.internal.StatementPreparerImpl$1.doPrepare(StatementPreparerImpl.java:87)
    at org.hibernate.engine.jdbc.internal.StatementPreparerImpl$StatementPreparationTemplate.prepareStatement(StatementPreparerImpl.java:172)
    ... 113 more

另外，代替

DELETE FROM WordSet w WHERE w.userDictionary.user.username = :username AND w.id = :id

我尝试了以下查询：

DELETE FROM WordSet w 
WHERE w IN 
    (SELECT ws FROM UserDictionary u 
     JOIN u.wordSets ws 
     WHERE u.user.username = :username AND ws.id = :id)

它在我的 H2 数据库上工作，但在 mysql 上失败，出现以下异常：

java.sql.SQLException: You can't specify target table 'word_set' for update in FROM clause
    at com.mysql.jdbc.SQLError.createSQLException(SQLError.java:964) ~[mysql-connector-java-5.1.40.jar!/:5.1.40]
    ...

我在 Google 上搜索过子查询和 MySQL（one、two），但不知道如何使用 JPA 实现这种技巧。

那么，如何删除单词集？我的实体映射有问题吗？

这是我的数据库架构，看起来正确：

【问题讨论】：

【参考方案1】：

这个映射有很多地方是错误的：

对每种集合类型使用 EAGER 获取比您当前的问题更严重。您实际上是在使用任何给定的查询获取整个数据库。切换到FetchType.LAZY 会更好。

你说它适用于 H2，但事实并非如此：

 Caused by: org.h2.jdbc.JdbcSQLException: Column "USERNAME" not found; SQL statement:
 /* delete FKs in join table */ delete from word_set_studied_words where (word_set_id) in (select id from word_set where username=? and id=?) [42122-193]
 at org.h2.message.DbException.getJdbcSQLException(DbException.java:345)

MySQL 不支持这种类型的查询：

 DELETE FROM WordSet w 
 WHERE w IN 
 (SELECT ws FROM UserDictionary u 
  JOIN u.wordSets ws 
  WHERE u.user.username = :username AND ws.id = :id)

如Hibernate User Guide 中所述，禁止在批量语句中加入。

现在，根据您要删除的条目数量，批量删除可能是更好的方法，因为您可以防止丢失更新异常。

您在此处有一个相互关联的实体图，因此批量删除可能对您没有帮助，因为您无法在不先删除子关联的情况下删除父记录。

【讨论】：

1.谢谢，这个我知道。这只是一个测试项目 :) 2. 当我说它适用于 H2 时，我的意思是第二个带有嵌套 select 的查询 3. 我认为可能有一些技巧可以用另一个 select 语句包装嵌套 select，但我JPQL 可以做到这一点。你说映射有很多问题。除了获取政策还有什么问题？【参考方案2】：

您是否尝试过定期加入删除？这里有一个类似的问题： Delete with Join in MySQL

...虽然不是通过 JPA，但有一个接受的答案显示了基于连接的删除的示例，但它似乎特定于 MySQL。

诀窍是在 delete 子句本身中指定实际的表，而不仅仅是当您通过 JOIN 引用其他表时的 from 子句。

目前我还没有准备好针对 mysql 测试 JPA。 JQL 可能无法适应这种情况，但您可以使用本机查询来做到这一点。

【讨论】：

【参考方案3】：

java.sql.SQLException: 你不能指定目标表'word_set' FROM 子句中的更新在 com.mysql.jdbc.SQLError.createSQLException(SQLError.java:964) ~[mysql-connector-java-5.1.40.jar!/:5.1.40]

这个异常是因为在 MySQL 中你不能修改/删除你在 SELECT 部分使用的同一个表。这里记录了这种行为https://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.6/en/update.html。解决方案 1) 将子查询更深地嵌套到 from 子句中或 2) 将表连接到自身

【讨论】：

是的，我见过。你能写一个例子如何使用JPQL（最好是第二个）做第一个或第二个案例吗？

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