使用 OpenGL C++ 渲染到纹理

Posted 2023-02-22

【中文标题】使用 OpenGL C++ 渲染到纹理

【英文标题】：Rendering to texture with OpenGL C++

【发布时间】：2020-08-16 13:43:34

【问题描述】：

我正在尝试将一些多边形渲染到纹理，然后将纹理渲染到屏幕。 我不知道如何调试我的代码，因为这需要探测 OpenGL 的内部状态，所以我会很感激有关如何调试自己的提示，而不是指出我所做的错误。 不管怎样，我评论了我写的代码，解释了我希望每一行做什么。

这里是对代码应该做什么的描述。 基本上，我制作了一个顶点着色器，为片段着色器提供位置、UV 和颜色。片段着色器有一个统一的激活纹理采样，否则它只会输出输入颜色。在这两种情况下，颜色都乘以统一颜色。首先，我创建了一个纹理，并用红色和绿色的原始像素数据填充它以进行测试。这个纹理被正确地渲染到屏幕上（我在初始化时正确地看到了红色和绿色部分）。然后我尝试对纹理进行实际渲染。我尝试在它的中间渲染一个蓝色的小方块（片段着色器上禁用了采样器，颜色统一设置为蓝色）但我无法让这个蓝色方块出现在渲染的纹理上。

#include <GL/glew.h>
#include <GLFW/glfw3.h>
#include "utils.h"

#include <glm/glm.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/type_ptr.hpp>
#include <glm/gtc/matrix_transform.hpp>

#include <iostream>

using namespace std;
#define numVAOs 1
#define numVBOs 1

GLuint shaderProgram;
GLuint unifUseTexture, unifInTexture, unifTMat, unifDrawColor;
GLuint texture;
GLuint textureFrameBuffer;
GLuint vao[numVAOs];
GLuint vbo[numVBOs];

void drawRectangle() 


void init() 
    // Compile the shaderProgram
    shaderProgram = createShaderProgram("vertex.glsl","fragment.glsl");
    // Retrieve the uniform location
    unifUseTexture = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram,"useTexture");
    unifInTexture = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram,"inTexture");
    unifTMat = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram,"tMat");
    unifDrawColor = glGetUniformLocation(shaderProgram,"drawColor");
    // Create vertex array object and vertex buffer object
    glGenVertexArrays(numVAOs,vao);
    glBindVertexArray(vao[0]);
    float xyzuvrgbaSquare[54] = 
        /* C */ 1.0,-1.0,0.0, 1.0,0.0, 1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,
        /* A */ -1.0,1.0,0.0, 0.0,1.0, 1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,
        /* B */  1.0,1.0,0.0, 1.0,1.0, 1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,
        /* A */ -1.0,1.0,0.0, 0.0,1.0, 1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,
        /* C */ 1.0,-1.0,0.0, 1.0,0.0, 1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0,
        /* D */-1.0,-1.0,0.0, 0.0,0.0, 1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0
    ;
    glGenBuffers(numVBOs,vbo);
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,vbo[0]);
    glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 4*54,xyzuvrgbaSquare,GL_STATIC_DRAW);
    // Associate vbo with the correct vertex attribute to display the rectangle
    glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER,vbo[0]);
    glVertexAttribPointer(0,3,GL_FLOAT,GL_FALSE,36,0); // inPosition
    glVertexAttribPointer(1,4,GL_FLOAT,GL_FALSE,36,(void*)20); // inColor
    glVertexAttribPointer(2,2,GL_FLOAT,GL_FALSE,36,(void*)12); // inUV
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(0); // location=0 in the shader
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
    glEnableVertexAttribArray(2);

    // Generate a small 128x128 texture. I followed the tutorial
    // over http://www.opengl-tutorial.org/intermediate-tutorials/tutorial-14-render-to-texture/

    // generate a frameBuffer to contain the texture
    glGenFramebuffers(1,&textureFrameBuffer);
    // Bind it, so when I will generate the texture it will be associated with it
    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, textureFrameBuffer);
    glGenTextures(1,&texture);
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D,texture);
    // Put some raw data inside of it for testing purposes. I will fill it
    // half with green, half with red
    unsigned char* imageRaw = new unsigned char[4*128*128];
    for(int i=0; i<4*128*64; i+=4) 
        imageRaw[i] = 255;
        imageRaw[i+1] = 0;
        imageRaw[i+2] = 0;
        imageRaw[i+3] = 255;
        imageRaw[4*128*64+i] = 0;
        imageRaw[4*128*64+i+1] = 255;
        imageRaw[4*128*64+i+2] = 0;
        imageRaw[4*128*64+i+3] = 255;
    
    glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D,0,GL_RGBA,128,128,0,GL_RGBA,GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE,imageRaw);
    // Setup some required parameters
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MAG_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);
    glTexParameteri(GL_TEXTURE_2D, GL_TEXTURE_MIN_FILTER, GL_NEAREST);

    // Draw a small blue square on the texture
    // So, activate the previously compiled shader program and setup the uniforms
    glUseProgram(shaderProgram);
    // First, create a transform matrix to make the square smaller (20% of texture)
    glm::mat4 tMat = glm::scale(glm::mat4(1.0f),glm::vec3(0.2,0.2,0));
    glUniformMatrix4fv(unifTMat,1,GL_FALSE,glm::value_ptr(tMat));
    // do not use a texture (ignore sampler2D in fragment shader)
    glUniform1i(unifUseTexture,0);
    // use the color BLUE for the rectangle
    glUniform4f(unifDrawColor,0.0,0.0,1.0,1.0);
    // Bind the textureFrameBuffer to render on the texture instead of the screen
    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER,textureFrameBuffer);
    glFramebufferTexture(GL_FRAMEBUFFER,GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0,texture,0);
    GLenum drawBuffers[1] = GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0;
    glDrawBuffers(1, drawBuffers);
    GLenum status = glCheckFramebufferStatus(GL_DRAW_FRAMEBUFFER);
    if( status != GL_FRAMEBUFFER_COMPLETE ) 
        cout << "framebuffer status: " << status << endl;
    
    // the vertex framebuffer and vertex attribute pointer have already been
    // described, so I'll just do the draw call here
    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES,0,6);

    // Display the textore on screen
    // Bind the screen framebuffer (0) so the following rendering will occurr on screen
    glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER,0);
    // Put a white background color
    glClearColor(1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0);
    glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT);
    // Change properly the shader uniforms
    glUniform4f(unifDrawColor,1.0,1.0,1.0,1.0); // multiply by white, no changes
    glUniform1i(unifUseTexture,1); // set useTexture to True
    // Create a transform matrix to scale the rectangle so that it uses up only half screen
    tMat = glm::scale(glm::mat4(1.0f),glm::vec3(.5,.5,.0));
    glUniformMatrix4fv(unifTMat,1,GL_FALSE,glm::value_ptr(tMat));
    // Put the sampler2D 
    glActiveTexture(GL_TEXTURE0); // Work on texture0
    // 0 because of (binding = 0) on the fragment shader
    glBindTexture(GL_TEXTURE_2D,texture);
    

    glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES,0,6); // 6 vertices



int main(int argc, char** argv) 
    // Build the window
    if (!glfwInit()) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MAJOR,4);
    glfwWindowHint(GLFW_CONTEXT_VERSION_MINOR,3);
    GLFWwindow* window = glfwCreateWindow(600,600,"Dashboard",NULL,NULL);
    glfwMakeContextCurrent(window);
    if(glewInit() != GLEW_OK) exit(EXIT_FAILURE);
    glfwSwapInterval(1);
    init();
    while(!glfwWindowShouldClose(window)) 
        //display(window,glfwGetTime());
        glfwSwapBuffers(window);
        glfwPollEvents();
    
    glfwDestroyWindow(window);
    glfwTerminate();
    exit(EXIT_SUCCESS);

编辑：我忘了把着色器代码放在这里，虽然问题不在着色器内，因为它在用于将纹理渲染到屏幕时确实有效。

vertex.glsl:

#version 430
layout (location=0) in vec3 inPosition;
layout (location=1) in vec4 inColor;
layout (location=2) in vec2 inUV;

uniform mat4 tMat;
uniform vec4 drawColor;

out vec4 varyingColor;
out vec2 varyingUV;

void main(void) 
    gl_Position = tMat * vec4(inPosition,1.0);
    varyingColor = inColor*drawColor;
    varyingUV = inUV;

片段.glsl：

#version 430
in vec4 varyingColor;
in vec2 varyingUV;
layout(location = 0) out vec4 color;

layout (binding=0) uniform sampler2D inTexture;
uniform bool useTexture;

void main(void) 
    if( useTexture )
        color = vec4(texture(inTexture,varyingUV).rgb,1.0) * varyingColor;
    else
        color = varyingColor;

【问题讨论】：

调试使用 renderdoc。它将让您深入了解整个帧渲染过程，包括 OpenGL 内部状态。 – 它需要一个核心配置文件上下文，但您已经在使用它，所以使用它！

您是否在某处将您的纹理绑定到帧缓冲区？我错过了对glFramebufferTexture、glDrawBuffers（或类似）的电话。另请使用glCheckFramebufferStatus 检查您的帧缓冲区状态。

@BDL 我认为没有必要这样做，因为我如何生成绑定到渲染缓冲区的纹理，但现在我做到了（并编辑了帖子），现在它应该配置为绘制纹理上。不幸的是，结果还是一样。我也在检查完成的状态

@datenwolf 我正在检查，谢谢

【参考方案1】：

附加到帧缓冲区的纹理与窗口的大小不同。因此，在绘制几何图形之前，您必须将视口矩形 (glViewport) 调整为当前绑定帧缓冲区的大小：

glTexImage2D(GL_TEXTURE_2D, 0, GL_RGBA, 128, 128, 0, GL_RGBA, GL_UNSIGNED_BYTE, imageRaw);

// [...]

glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, textureFrameBuffer);
glFramebufferTexture(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, GL_COLOR_ATTACHMENT0, texture,0);
glViewport(0, 0, 128, 128);

// [...]

glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);

// [...]

glBindFramebuffer(GL_FRAMEBUFFER, 0);
glViewport(0, 0, WIDTH, HEIGHT);

// [...]

glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, 6);