Flask项目示例目录

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  Flask不同于Django,Django在创建程序时自动得到必要的目录文件,而Flask则只有一个空文件夹,所以关于Flask项目的目录我们需要自行配置。

  首先利用pycharm创建一个项目,在根目录下创建一个app文件夹(app文件)、一个utils文件夹(用于放数据库连接池)、一个manage.py文件和一个settings.py文件。这里我还创建了一个auth文件夹,写了一个验证登录的py文件

 

  首先,我们要在app文件夹下依次创建一下内容:

    •   static文件夹:用于放静态文件
    •   templates文件夹:用于放置html模板文件
    •         views文件夹:用于放置视图函数
    •         __init__.py文件:注册app到启动文件,一会儿我们会在这里大做文章
    •         models.py文件:用于放置创建表的类

  在__init__.py中,需要做的是引入Flask-SQLAlchemy、创建app、设置配置文件、注册蓝图和注册组件

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Flask

from auth.auth import Auth
from flask_session import Session

# 1. 引入Flask-SQLAlchemy
from flask_sqlalchemy import SQLAlchemy
db = SQLAlchemy()#实例化SQLAlchemy


from .views.account import account
from .views.main import main
from .views.user import user

# 3. 导入models中的表
from .models import *

#创建app
def create_app():
    app = Flask(__name__)
    app.debug = True
    app.secret_key = \'sdiusdfsdf\'#自定义的session秘钥
    # 设置配置文件
    app.config.from_object(\'settings.DevelopmentConfig\')

    # 注册蓝图
    app.register_blueprint(account)
    app.register_blueprint(user)
    app.register_blueprint(main)

    # 注册组件
    # Session(app)
    Auth(app)

    # 2. 注册 Flask-SQLAlchemy
    # 这个对象在其他地方想要使用
    # SQLAlchemy(app)
    db.init_app(app)

    return app
#得到了一个app
app文件夹下的_init__.py

 

  然后,在启动文件manage.py中导入创建的app,创建自定义命令后写下run

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
"""
被毙掉了
    # 5. 创建和删除表
    以后执行db.create_all()
    以后执行db.drop_all()
新第5步:
    安装 pip3 install Flask-Migrate
"""


import os
from flask_script import Manager, Server
# 5.1 导入
from flask_migrate import Migrate, MigrateCommand
from app import create_app, db

app = create_app()
manager = Manager(app)
# 5.2 创建migrate示例
migrate = Migrate(app, db)


@manager.command
def custom(arg):
    """
    自定义命令
    python manage.py custom 123
    :param arg:
    :return:
    """
    print(arg)


@manager.option(\'-n\', \'--name\', dest=\'name\')
@manager.option(\'-u\', \'--url\', dest=\'url\')
def cmd(name, url):
    """
    自定义命令
    执行: python manage.py  cmd -n wupeiqi -u http://www.oldboyedu.com
    :param name:
    :param url:
    :return:
    """
    print(name, url)


@manager.command
def import_news(path):
    """
    批量导入
    :param name:
    :param url:
    :return:
    """
    import xlrd
    from xlrd.book import Book
    from xlrd.sheet import Sheet
    from xlrd.sheet import Cell
    workbook = xlrd.open_workbook(path)
    sheet_names = workbook.sheet_names()
    # sheet = workbook.sheet_by_name(\'工作表1\')
    sheet = workbook.sheet_by_index(0)

    # 循环Excel文件的所有行
    for row in sheet.get_rows():
        # print(row)
        # 循环一行的所有列
        for col in row:
            # 获取一个单元格中的值
            print(col.value, end=\';\')
        print(\'\')



"""
# 数据库迁移命名
    python manage.py db init
    python manage.py db migrate
    python manage.py db upgrade
"""
# 5.3 创建db命令,以后在数据库操作的时候都可使用db
manager.add_command(\'db\', MigrateCommand)



"""
# 自定义命令
    python manage.py runserver 
"""
manager.add_command("runserver", Server())



"""
生成当前环境的所有依赖: requirements.txt
    pip3 freeze > requirements.txt
    
生成当前程序的所有依赖: requirements.txt
    pip3 install pipreqs
    pipreqs ./
    
"""




if __name__ == "__main__":
    manager.run()
manage.py

 

  接下来在settings.py文件中配置好相应的数据库信息,在utils文件夹下创建文件,写入数据库连接池的内容

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
import redis


class BaseConfig(object):
    SESSION_TYPE = \'redis\'  # session类型为redis
    SESSION_KEY_PREFIX = \'session:\'  # 保存到session中的值的前缀
    SESSION_PERMANENT = False  # 如果设置为True,则关闭浏览器session就失效。
    SESSION_USE_SIGNER = False  # 是否对发送到浏览器上 session:cookie值进行加密

    SQLALCHEMY_DATABASE_URI = "mysql+pymysql://root:123@127.0.0.1:3306/flask_cata?charset=utf8"
                                             #数据库用户名:密码@host:port/数据库名?编码
    SQLALCHEMY_POOL_SIZE = 2
    SQLALCHEMY_POOL_TIMEOUT = 30
    SQLALCHEMY_POOL_RECYCLE = -1

    # 追踪对象的修改并且发送信号
    SQLALCHEMY_TRACK_MODIFICATIONS = False


class ProductionConfig(BaseConfig):
    pass


class DevelopmentConfig(BaseConfig):
    pass


class TestingConfig(BaseConfig):
    pass
settings.py
import time
import pymysql
import threading
from DBUtils.PooledDB import PooledDB, SharedDBConnection
POOL = PooledDB(
    creator=pymysql,  # 使用链接数据库的模块
    maxconnections=6,  # 连接池允许的最大连接数,0和None表示不限制连接数
    mincached=2,  # 初始化时,链接池中至少创建的空闲的链接,0表示不创建
    maxcached=5,  # 链接池中最多闲置的链接,0和None不限制
    maxshared=3,  # 链接池中最多共享的链接数量,0和None表示全部共享。PS: 无用,因为pymysql和MySQLdb等模块的 threadsafety都为1,所有值无论设置为多少,_maxcached永远为0,所以永远是所有链接都共享。
    blocking=True,  # 连接池中如果没有可用连接后,是否阻塞等待。True,等待;False,不等待然后报错
    maxusage=None,  # 一个链接最多被重复使用的次数,None表示无限制
    setsession=[],  # 开始会话前执行的命令列表。如:["set datestyle to ...", "set time zone ..."]
    ping=0,
    # ping MySQL服务端,检查是否服务可用。# 如:0 = None = never, 1 = default = whenever it is requested, 2 = when a cursor is created, 4 = when a query is executed, 7 = always
    # host=\'47.93.4.198\',
    host=\'127.0.0.1\',#本机host
    port=3306,#数据库默认端口即3306
    user=\'root\',#数据库用户名
    password=\'123\',#数据库密码
    database=\'flask_cata\',#数据库名
    charset=\'utf8\'
)
utils\\pool\\db_pool.py
"""

# 方式一
# helper = SQLHelper()
# helper.open()
# result = helper.fetchone(\'select * from users where name=%s and pwd = %s\',[request.form.get(\'user\'),request.form.get(\'pwd\'),])
# helper.close()
# 方式二:
# with SQLHelper() as helper:
#     result = helper.fetchone(\'select * from users where name=%s and pwd = %s\',[request.form.get(\'user\'),request.form.get(\'pwd\'),])
# if result:
#     current_app.auth_manager.login(result[\'name\'])
#     return redirect(\'/index\')


"""

from utils.pool import db_pool
import pymysql


class SQLHelper(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.conn = None
        self.cursor = None

    def open(self, cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor):
        self.conn = db_pool.POOL.connection()
        self.cursor = self.conn.cursor(cursor=cursor)

    def close(self):
        self.cursor.close()
        self.conn.close()

    def fetchone(self, sql, params):
        cursor = self.cursor
        cursor.execute(sql, params)
        result = cursor.fetchone()

        return result

    def fetchall(self, sql, params):
        cursor = self.cursor
        cursor.execute(sql, params)
        result = cursor.fetchall()
        return result

    def __enter__(self):
        self.open()
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.close()

        # with SQLHelper() as obj:
        #
        #     print(obj)
        #     print(\'正在执行\')
utils\\pool\\sqlhelper.py

 

到这里,程序的基本框架就设定好了。

接下来就是具体项目的内容,这里举一个简单的栗子

  在models.py中创建表

"""

# 方式一
# helper = SQLHelper()
# helper.open()
# result = helper.fetchone(\'select * from users where name=%s and pwd = %s\',[request.form.get(\'user\'),request.form.get(\'pwd\'),])
# helper.close()
# 方式二:
# with SQLHelper() as helper:
#     result = helper.fetchone(\'select * from users where name=%s and pwd = %s\',[request.form.get(\'user\'),request.form.get(\'pwd\'),])
# if result:
#     current_app.auth_manager.login(result[\'name\'])
#     return redirect(\'/index\')


"""

from utils.pool import db_pool
import pymysql


class SQLHelper(object):
    def __init__(self):
        self.conn = None
        self.cursor = None

    def open(self, cursor=pymysql.cursors.DictCursor):
        self.conn = db_pool.POOL.connection()
        self.cursor = self.conn.cursor(cursor=cursor)

    def close(self):
        self.cursor.close()
        self.conn.close()

    def fetchone(self, sql, params):
        cursor = self.cursor
        cursor.execute(sql, params)
        result = cursor.fetchone()

        return result

    def fetchall(self, sql, params):
        cursor = self.cursor
        cursor.execute(sql, params)
        result = cursor.fetchall()
        return result

    def __enter__(self):
        self.open()
        return self

    def __exit__(self, exc_type, exc_val, exc_tb):
        self.close()

        # with SQLHelper() as obj:
        #
        #     print(obj)
        #     print(\'正在执行\')
models.py

 

  通过python manage.py db init      python manage.py db migrate      python manage.py db upgrade三条命令进行数据库迁移创建表,得到migrations文件夹

  在views文件夹下创建视图函数,并配置路由。在templates文件夹下创建模板html,在static下创建静态文件,基本项目就成型了

views:

#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Blueprint, request, render_template, redirect, session, current_app
from app import models
from app import db
from sqlalchemy import orm

account = Blueprint(\'account\', __name__)


@account.route(\'/login\', methods=[\'GET\', \'POST\'])
def login():
    if request.method == \'GET\':

        """
        执行SQL
        方式一:
            result = db.session.query(models.User.id,models.User.name).all()
            db.session.remove()
        方式二:
            result = models.Users.query.all()
        """
        """
        示例:
            # 通配符
            ret = db.session.query(Users).filter(Users.name.like(\'e%\')).all()
            ret = db.session.query(Users).filter(~Users.name.like(\'e%\')).all()
            
            # 限制
            ret = db.session.query(Users)[1:2]
            
            # 排序
            ret = db.session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc()).all()
            ret = db.session.query(Users).order_by(Users.name.desc(), Users.id.asc()).all()
            
            db.session.remove()
            

        """
        return render_template(\'login.html\')
    else:
        return render_template(\'login.html\')
account.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Blueprint, request, render_template, redirect

main = Blueprint(\'main\', __name__)


@main.route(\'/index\')
def index():
    # with SQLHelper() as helper:
    #     user_list = helper.fetchall(\'select * from users\',[])

    return render_template(\'index.html\')
main.py
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import Blueprint

user = Blueprint(\'user\', __name__)


@user.route(\'/users\')
def users():
    return \'users\'
user.py

templates:

{% extends \'layout.html\' %}

{% block title %}首页{% endblock %}

{% block body %}
<table>
    <h1>欢迎登录:{{ session.get(\'user\') }}</h1>
    <ul>
        {% for row in user_list %}
        <li>{{ row }}</li>
        {% endfor %}
    </ul>
</table>
{% endblock %}
index.html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>{% block title %}{% endblock %}</title>
    <!-- <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/css/commons.css" /> -->
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="{{ url_for(\'static\',filename=\'css/commons.css\') }}" />

    {% block css %}{% endblock %}
</head>
<body>
    <div class="pg-header"></div>
    <div class="pg-body">
        {% block body %}{% endblock %}
    </div>

    {% block js %}{% endblock %}
</body>
</html>
layout.html(基板)
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <meta charset="UTF-8">
    <title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<form method="post">
    <input type="text" name="user">
    <input type="text" name="pwd">
    <input type="submit" value="提交">
</form>
</body>
</html>
login.html

 

 

附:

alembic==0.9.6
blinker==1.4
certifi==2017.11.5
chardet==3.0.4
click==6.7
DBUtils==1.2
docopt==0.6.2
Flask==0.12.2
Flask-Migrate==2.1.1
Flask-Script==2.0.6
Flask-Session==0.3.1
Flask-SQLAlchemy==2.3.2
idna==2.6
itsdangerous==0.24
Jinja2==2.10
Mako==1.0.7
MarkupSafe==1.0
pipreqs==0.4.9
PyMySQL==0.8.0
python-dateutil==2.6.1
python-editor==1.0.3
PyTyrion==1.0.1
requests==2.18.4
six==1.11.0
SQLAlchemy==1.2.0
urllib3==1.22
Werkzeug==0.14.1
WTForms==2.1
xlrd==1.1.0
yarg==0.1.9
requirement.txt
#!/usr/bin/env python
# -*- coding:utf-8 -*-
from flask import request, session,redirect


# 登录成功时 _request_ctx_stack.top.user = user


class Auth(object):
    def __init__(self, app=None):
        self.app = app
        if app:
            self.init_app(app)

    def init_app(self, app):
        app.auth_manager = self

        app.before_request(self.check_login)
        app.context_processor(self.auth_context_processor)

    def auth_context_processor(self):
        name = session.get(\'user\')
        return dict(current_user=name)

    def check_login(self):
        # print(request.url)
        # print(request.path)
        if request.path == \'/login\':
            return None

        if session.get(\'user\'):
            return None
        return redirect(\'/login\')

    def permission(self):
        pass

    def login(self,data):
        session[\'user\'] = data
auth.py

 

 

  

  

 

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