二叉树的线索化
概念
二叉树的遍历是将二叉树中结点按一定规律线性化的过程。当以二叉链表作为存储结构时,仅仅能找到左右孩子信息,而不能直接得到结点在遍历序列中的前驱和后继信息。要得到这些信息有两个办法:1.将二叉树遍历一遍。在遍历过程中可得到前序和后继,2.充分利用二叉树中的空链表域。将遍历的过程中的结点的前驱和后继保存下来,实验证明另外一种方法更优。以下介绍第2种方法。
数据结构
在有n个结点的二叉树中。共同拥有2n个链表域。但仅仅有n-1个实用的非空链表域,其余n+1个都是空的,我们能够利用这n+1个链表域来存放遍历过程訪问的结点的前驱和后继。其结构例如以下图:
当中:
ltag = 0表示lchild指向结点的左孩子。ltag = 1表示lchild指向前驱;
rtag = 0表示rchild指向结点的右孩子。rtag = 1表示rchild指向后继;
在这样的存储结构中,指向前驱和后继结点的指针叫做线索,以这样的结构组成的二叉树为线索二叉树。
中序线索化
问题来了!!!为什么我们要选择中序线索化呢?例如以下图所看到的是一个二叉树的先序、中序、后序线索化过程。
二叉树的前序遍历顺序为:ABDG CEHF。假设用下划线来代表空链表域的话,则是:AB D _G C _ E _ H _ F
中序遍历顺序为:DGBAEHCF,假设用下划线来代表空链表域的话,则是:
D G _ B _ A _ E _ H _ C _ F _
后序遍历的顺序为:GDBAHEFC。假设用下划线来代表空链表域的话。则是:_ G _ D B A _ H _ _ E _ F _ C.
从先序、中序、后序线索化的过程中。能够大致看出,中序遍历的空链表域分布更均匀。在指向前驱和后继过程中更好,可是这也不是否能定前序的线索化和后序的线索化,还是依照二叉树的结构和特点以及使用场景来进行选择,在这里就仅仅说明中序线索化。
二叉树的线索化操作
二叉树的线索化操作(中序线索化):
status InitBTree(BTree * BT)初始化建立二叉树;
void OnThread(BTree BT)二叉树线索化。
BTree FindPre(BTree BT)查找线索化结点的前驱;
BTree FindLast(BTree BT)查找线索化结点的后继;
BTree FindNode(BTree BT,char ch)查找指定结点位置;
status InsNode(BTree BT,char par,int pos, char value)线索化二叉树的插入一个结点;
BTree DelNode(BTree BT,char ch);线索化二叉树删除一个结点。
(——————————-C语言实现———————————–)
#include "stdio.h"
#include "stdlib.h"
#include "string.h"
#define ERROR 0
#define TRUE 1
typedef int status;
typedef struct BTNode{
char data;
int ltag,rtag; //标识
struct BTNode *lchild,*rchild;
}BTNode, *BTree;
struct BTNode *pre = NULL; //先前结点
/*初始化二叉树,建立二叉树*/
status InitBTree(BTree * BT){
//前序建立二叉树
char temp;
scanf("%c",&temp);
if(temp == ‘.‘)(*BT) = NULL;
else{
(*BT) = (BTree)malloc(sizeof(BTNode));
(*BT)->data = temp;
(*BT)->lchild = NULL;(*BT)->rchild = NULL;
(*BT)->ltag = 0;(*BT)->rtag = 0;
InitBTree(&(*BT)->lchild);
InitBTree(&(*BT)->rchild);
}
return TRUE;
}
//二叉树线索化
void OnThread(BTree BT){
//因为二叉树的中序遍历过程中,左右孩子为空的位置分布较为均匀。所以二叉树线索化是二叉树的中序的悬索化
//二叉树的 线索化是将树形结构转化为线性结构
if(BT!=NULL){
OnThread(BT->lchild);
if(pre!= NULL && pre->rchild ==NULL){
pre->rtag = 1;
pre->rchild = BT;
}
if(BT->lchild == NULL){
if(pre !=NULL){
BT->ltag = 1;
BT->lchild = pre;
}
}
pre = BT;
OnThread(BT->rchild);
}
}
void PrintTree(BTree BT, int nLayer){ //打印二叉树竖型结构
int i = 0;
if(BT == NULL)return;
PrintTree(BT->rchild,nLayer +1);
for(i = 0; i<nLayer;i++){
printf(" ");
}
printf("%c\n",BT->data);
PrintTree(BT->lchild,nLayer +1);
}
BTree FindPre(BTree BT){ //查找结点的前驱
BTree p = NULL;
if(BT!=NULL){
if(BT->lchild ==NULL)return NULL; //前驱结点为空
else if(BT->lchild!=NULL && BT->ltag ==1)return BT->lchild;
else if(BT->lchild != NULL && BT->ltag == 0){
p = BT;
while(p->rchild !=NULL && p->rtag !=1)p = p->rchild;
return p;
}
}
return NULL;
}
BTree FindLast(BTree BT){ //查找结点后继
BTree p = NULL;
if(BT!=NULL){
if(BT->rchild ==NULL)return NULL;
else if(BT->rchild !=NULL && BT->rtag ==1)return BT->rchild;
else if(BT->rchild !=NULL && BT->rtag == 0){
p = BT->rchild;
while(p->lchild != NULL && p->ltag ==0)p = p->lchild;
return p;
}
}
return NULL;
}
BTree FindNode(BTree BT,char ch){ //查找当前节点
BTree p = NULL;
if(BT!=NULL){
if(BT->lchild != NULL){
p = BT->lchild;
while(p->lchild !=NULL)p = p->lchild; //找到线头
}else if(BT->lchild ==NULL){ //仅仅有右子树
p = BT;
}
while(p!=NULL){
if(p->data == ch)return p;
p = FindLast(p);
}
}
return NULL;
}
BTree FindParent(BTree BT,BTree p1){ //查找当前节点
BTree p = NULL;
if(BT!=NULL){
if(BT->lchild != NULL){
p = BT->lchild;
while(p->lchild !=NULL)p = p->lchild; //找到线头
}else if(BT->lchild ==NULL){ //仅仅有右子树
p = BT;
}
while(p!=NULL){
if((p->lchild == p1 && p->ltag ==0) || (p->rchild == p1 && p->rtag ==0))return p;
p = FindLast(p);
}
}
return NULL;
}
status InsNode(BTree BT,char par,int pos, char value){ //par父节点data,pos代表插入的左边还是右边0代表左边,1代表右边
BTree s = NULL,last = NULL,pre1 = NULL;
BTree parent = FindNode(BT,par);
if(parent == NULL){
printf("插入位置不存在...");
return ERROR;
}
if(pos == 1){ //插入右子树
s = (BTree)malloc(sizeof(BTNode));
if(parent->rtag == 1){ //假设右子树为空
s->data = value;
s->ltag = 1;s->lchild = parent;
s->rtag = parent->rtag;
s->rchild = parent->rchild;
parent->rtag = 0;
parent->rchild = s;
}else if(parent->rtag ==0){ //右子树不为空
if(parent->rchild == NULL){
s->data = value;
parent->rchild = s;
s->rtag = 0;s->rchild = NULL;
s->ltag = 1;s->lchild = parent;
return TRUE;
}
last = FindLast(parent); //查找到父节点直接后继
printf("后继结点:%c\n",last->data);
if(last!=NULL){
s->data = value;
s->rtag = 0; s->rchild = parent->rchild;
parent->rchild = s;
s->ltag = 1;s->lchild = parent;
last->lchild = s;
}
}
}else if(pos == 0){ //插入左子树
s = (BTree)malloc(sizeof(BTNode));
if(parent->ltag ==1){ //假设左子树为空
s->data = value;
s->ltag = parent->ltag;s->lchild = parent->lchild;
parent->ltag = 0;
s->rtag = 1; s->rchild = parent;
}else if(parent->ltag ==0){
if(parent->lchild == NULL){
s->data = value;
parent->lchild = s;
s->ltag = 0;s->lchild = NULL;
s->rtag = 1;s->rchild = parent;
return TRUE;
}
pre1 = FindPre(parent);
s->data = value;
s->ltag = parent->ltag;
s->lchild = parent->lchild;
parent->lchild = s;
s->rtag = 1;
s->rchild = parent;
pre1->rchild = s;
}
}
return TRUE;
}
BTree DelNode(BTree BT,char ch){ //删除结点
BTree parent = NULL,p = NULL,temp = NULL,temp1 = NULL;
p = FindNode(BT,ch);
if(p == NULL){
printf("二叉树无此结点\n");
return ERROR;
}
parent = FindParent(BT,p);
if(parent == NULL){ //删除根结点,顶点
temp = FindPre(p); //找到根节点的先驱
temp->rtag = 0;temp->rchild = p->rchild;
if(p->rchild->ltag == 1)p->lchild = temp;
temp1 = BT->lchild;
free(BT);
return temp1;
}else if(p->ltag == 1 && p->rtag == 1){
if(parent->lchild == p){
parent->ltag = p->ltag;
parent->lchild = p->lchild;
}else if(parent->rchild == p){
parent->rtag = p->rtag;
parent->rchild = p->rchild;
}
return BT;
}else if(p->ltag == 0 && p->rtag ==0){ //有左右子树
if(parent->rchild == p){
temp = FindPre(p);
parent->rchild = p->lchild;
temp->rtag = 0;temp->rchild = p->rchild;
free(p);
}else if(parent->lchild == p){
temp = FindLast(p);
parent->lchild = p->rchild;
temp->ltag = 0;temp->lchild = p->lchild;
free(p);
}
}
return BT;
}
void OnOrder(BTree BT){ //遍历
BTree p = NULL;
printf("线索化的遍历:\n");
if(BT!=NULL){
if(BT->lchild != NULL){
p = BT;
while(p->lchild !=NULL && p->ltag ==0)p = p->lchild; //找到线头
}else if(BT->lchild ==NULL){ //仅仅有右子树
p = BT;
}
while(p!=NULL){
printf("%c",p->data);
p = FindLast(p);
}
}
printf("\n");
}
/*主函数*/
void main(){
BTree BT = NULL; //初始化
BTree temp1 = NULL;
char input;
printf("请输入前序二叉树,空结点以.表示:\n");
InitBTree(&BT); //建立二叉树
getchar();
printf("打印二叉树的树形结构:\n");
PrintTree(BT,1); //
OnThread(BT); //线索化二叉树
OnOrder(BT); //依据线索遍历
//查找某一节点
printf("请输入要查找的字符:");
scanf("%c",&input);
getchar();
temp1 = FindNode(BT,input);
if(temp1 ==NULL)printf("查找失败...\n");
else printf("查找到%c\n",temp1->data);
InsNode(BT,‘B‘,0,‘K‘);
printf("插入后遍历:\n");
OnOrder(BT); //依据线索遍历
}