Qt ------ 事件处理机制
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简介
在Qt中，事件被封装成一个个对象，所有的事件均继承自抽象类QEvent。Qt是以事件驱动UI工具集。Signals/Slots在多线程中的实现也是依赖于Qt的事件处理机制。在Qt中，事件被封装成一个个对象，所有的事件都继承抽象基类QEvent。
Qt事件处理机制
产生事件：输入设备，键盘鼠标等。keyPressEvent，keyReleaseEvent，mousePressEvent，mouseReleaseEvent事件（他们被封装成QMouseEvent和QKeyEvent），这些事件来自于底层的操作系统，它们以异步的形式通知Qt事件处理系统，后文会仔细道来。当然Qt自己也会产生很多事件，比如QObject::startTimer()会触发QTimerEvent。用户的程序还可以自定义事件。
事件的接受和处理者：QObject类使整个Qt对象模型的核心，事件处理机制是QObject三大职责（内存管理、内省(intropection)与事件处理机制）之一。任何一个想要接受并处理事件的对象必须继承QObject，可以选择重载QObject::event()函数或事件的处理权转交给父类。
事件的派送者：对于non-GUI的Qt程序，由QCoreApplication负责将QEvent分发给QObject的子类-Receiver；对于GUI程序，则由QApplication负责派送。
Qt源码分析
Qt利用event loop从事件队列中获取用户的输入事件，并将事件转义成QEvents，分发给相应的QObject处理，这中间共有七个阶段。如下分析：
section 1
#include <QApplication>
#include "widget.h"
int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
QApplication app(argc, argv);
Widget window; // Widget 继承自QWidget
window.show();
return app.exec(); // 进入Qpplication事件循环，见section 2
}
section 2
int QApplication::exec()
{
#ifndef QT_NO_ACCESSIBILITY
QAccessible::setRootObject(qApp);
#endif //简单的交给QCoreApplication来处理事件循环=〉section 3
return QCoreApplication::exec();
}
section 3
int QCoreApplication::exec()
{
if (!QCoreApplicationPrivate::checkInstance("exec"))
return -1;
//得到当前Thread数据
QThreadData *threadData = self->d_func()->threadData;
if (threadData != QThreadData::current()) {
qWarning("%s::exec: Must be called from the main thread", self->metaObject()->className());
return -1;
}
//检查event loop是否已经创建
if (!threadData->eventLoops.isEmpty()) {
qWarning("QCoreApplication::exec: The event loop is already running");
return -1;
}
threadData->quitNow = false;
QEventLoop eventLoop;
self->d_func()->in_exec = true;
self->d_func()->aboutToQuitEmitted = false;
//委任QEventLoop 处理事件队列循环 ==> Section 4
int returnCode = eventLoop.exec();
threadData->quitNow = false;
if (self) {
self->d_func()->in_exec = false;
if (!self->d_func()->aboutToQuitEmitted)
emit self->aboutToQuit();
self->d_func()->aboutToQuitEmitted = true;
sendPostedEvents(0, QEvent::DeferredDelete);
}
return returnCode;
}
section 4
int QEventLoop::exec(ProcessEventsFlags flags)
{
Q_D(QEventLoop); //访问QEventloop私有类实例d
//we need to protect from race condition with QThread::exit
QMutexLocker locker(&static_cast<QThreadPrivate *>(QObjectPrivate::get(d->threadData->thread))->mutex);
if (d->threadData->quitNow)
return -1;
if (d->inExec) {
qWarning("QEventLoop::exec: instance %p has already called exec()", this);
return -1;
}
d->inExec = true;
d->exit = false;
++d->threadData->loopLevel;
d->threadData->eventLoops.push(this);
locker.unlock();
// remove posted quit events when entering a new event loop
QCoreApplication *app = QCoreApplication::instance();
if (app && app->thread() == thread())
QCoreApplication::removePostedEvents(app, QEvent::Quit);
//这里的实现代码不少，最为重要的是以下几行
#if defined(QT_NO_EXCEPTIONS)
while (!d->exit)
processEvents(flags | WaitForMoreEvents | EventLoopExec);
#else
try {
while (!d->exit) //只要没有遇见exit，循环派发事件
processEvents(flags | WaitForMoreEvents | EventLoopExec);
} catch (...) {
qWarning("Qt has caught an exception thrown from an event handler. Throwing\\n"
"exceptions from an event handler is not supported in Qt. You must\\n"
"reimplement QApplication::notify() and catch all exceptions there.\\n");
// copied from below
locker.relock();
QEventLoop *eventLoop = d->threadData->eventLoops.pop();
Q_ASSERT_X(eventLoop == this, "QEventLoop::exec()", "internal error");
Q_UNUSED(eventLoop); // --release warning
d->inExec = false;
--d->threadData->loopLevel;
throw;
}
#endif
// copied above
locker.relock();
QEventLoop *eventLoop = d->threadData->eventLoops.pop();
Q_ASSERT_X(eventLoop == this, "QEventLoop::exec()", "internal error");
Q_UNUSED(eventLoop); // --release warning
d->inExec = false;
--d->threadData->loopLevel;
return d->returnCode;
}
section 5
bool QEventLoop::processEvents(ProcessEventsFlags flags)
{
Q_D(QEventLoop);
if (!d->threadData->eventDispatcher)
return false;
if (flags & DeferredDeletion)
QCoreApplication::sendPostedEvents(0, QEvent::DeferredDelete);
return d->threadData->eventDispatcher->processEvents(flags); //将事件派发给与平台相关的QAbstractEventDispatcher子类 =>Section 6
}
section 6 (QTDIR\\src\\corelib\\kernel\\qeventdispatcher_win.cpp)
这段代码是完成与windows平台相关的windows c++。 以跨平台著称的Qt同时也提供了对Symiban、Unix等平台的消息派发支持 ，分别封装在QEventDispatcherSymbian和QEventDIspatcherUNIX。
QEventDispatcherWin32继承QAbstractEventDispatcher。
bool QEventDispatcherWin32::processEvents(QEventLoop::ProcessEventsFlags flags)
{
Q_D(QEventDispatcherWin32);
if (!d->internalHwnd)
createInternalHwnd();
d->interrupt = false;
emit awake();
bool canWait;
bool retVal = false;
bool seenWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS = false;
bool needWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS = false;
do {
DWORD waitRet = 0;
HANDLE pHandles[MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS - 1];
QVarLengthArray<MSG> processedTimers;
while (!d->interrupt) {
DWORD nCount = d->winEventNotifierList.count();
Q_ASSERT(nCount < MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS - 1);
MSG msg;
bool haveMessage;
if (!(flags & QEventLoop::ExcludeUserInputEvents) && !d->queuedUserInputEvents.isEmpty()) {
// process queued user input events
haveMessage = true;
msg = d->queuedUserInputEvents.takeFirst(); //从处理用户输入队列中取出一条事件，处理队列里面的用户输入事件
} else if(!(flags & QEventLoop::ExcludeSocketNotifiers) && !d->queuedSocketEvents.isEmpty()) {
// process queued socket events
haveMessage = true;
msg = d->queuedSocketEvents.takeFirst(); // 从处理socket队列中取出一条事件,处理队列里面的socket事件
} else {
haveMessage = PeekMessage(&msg, 0, 0, 0, PM_REMOVE);
if (haveMessage && (flags & QEventLoop::ExcludeUserInputEvents)
&& ((msg.message >= WM_KEYFIRST
&& msg.message <= WM_KEYLAST)
|| (msg.message >= WM_MOUSEFIRST
&& msg.message <= WM_MOUSELAST)
|| msg.message == WM_MOUSEWHEEL
|| msg.message == WM_MOUSEHWHEEL
|| msg.message == WM_TOUCH
#ifndef QT_NO_GESTURES
|| msg.message == WM_GESTURE
|| msg.message == WM_GESTURENOTIFY
#endif
|| msg.message == WM_CLOSE)) {
// queue user input events for later processing
haveMessage = false;
d->queuedUserInputEvents.append(msg); // 用户输入事件入队列，待以后处理
}
if (haveMessage && (flags & QEventLoop::ExcludeSocketNotifiers)
&& (msg.message == WM_QT_SOCKETNOTIFIER && msg.hwnd == d->internalHwnd)) {
// queue socket events for later processing
haveMessage = false;
d->queuedSocketEvents.append(msg); // socket 事件入队列，待以后处理
}
}
if (!haveMessage) {
// no message - check for signalled objects
for (int i=0; i<(int)nCount; i++)
pHandles[i] = d->winEventNotifierList.at(i)->handle();
waitRet = MsgWaitForMultipleObjectsEx(nCount, pHandles, 0, QS_ALLINPUT, MWMO_ALERTABLE);
if ((haveMessage = (waitRet == WAIT_OBJECT_0 + nCount))) {
// a new message has arrived, process it
continue;
}
}
if (haveMessage) {
#ifdef Q_OS_WINCE
// WinCE doesn\'t support hooks at all, so we have to call this by hand :(
(void) qt_GetMessageHook(0, PM_REMOVE, (LPARAM) &msg);
#endif
if (d->internalHwnd == msg.hwnd && msg.message == WM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS) {
if (seenWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS) {
// when calling processEvents() "manually", we only want to send posted
// events once
needWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS = true;
continue;
}
seenWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS = true;
} else if (msg.message == WM_TIMER) {
// avoid live-lock by keeping track of the timers we\'ve already sent
bool found = false;
for (int i = 0; !found && i < processedTimers.count(); ++i) {
const MSG processed = processedTimers.constData()[i];
found = (processed.wParam == msg.wParam && processed.hwnd == msg.hwnd && processed.lParam == msg.lParam);
}
if (found)
continue;
processedTimers.append(msg);
} else if (msg.message == WM_QUIT) {
if (QCoreApplication::instance())
QCoreApplication::instance()->quit();
return false;
}
if (!filterEvent(&msg)) {
TranslateMessage(&msg); //将事件打包成message调用Windows API派发出去
DispatchMessage(&msg); //分发一个消息给窗口程序。消息被分发到回调函数，将消息传递给windows系统，windows处理完毕，会调用回调函数 => section 7
}
} else if (waitRet < WAIT_OBJECT_0 + nCount) {
d->activateEventNotifier(d->winEventNotifierList.at(waitRet - WAIT_OBJECT_0));
} else {
// nothing todo so break
break;
}
retVal = true;
}
// still nothing - wait for message or signalled objects
canWait = (!retVal
&& !d->interrupt
&& (flags & QEventLoop::WaitForMoreEvents));
if (canWait) {
DWORD nCount = d->winEventNotifierList.count();
Q_ASSERT(nCount < MAXIMUM_WAIT_OBJECTS - 1);
for (int i=0; i<(int)nCount; i++)
pHandles[i] = d->winEventNotifierList.at(i)->handle();
emit aboutToBlock();
waitRet = MsgWaitForMultipleObjectsEx(nCount, pHandles, INFINITE, QS_ALLINPUT, MWMO_ALERTABLE | MWMO_INPUTAVAILABLE);
emit awake();
if (waitRet < WAIT_OBJECT_0 + nCount) {
d->activateEventNotifier(d->winEventNotifierList.at(waitRet - WAIT_OBJECT_0));
retVal = true;
}
}
} while (canWait);
if (!seenWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS && (flags & QEventLoop::EventLoopExec) == 0) {
// when called "manually", always send posted events
QCoreApplicationPrivate::sendPostedEvents(0, 0, d->threadData);
}
if (needWM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS)
PostMessage(d->internalHwnd, WM_QT_SENDPOSTEDEVENTS, 0, 0);
return retVal;
}
section 7
windows窗口回调函数，定义在QTDIR\\src\\gui\\kernel\\qapplication_win.cpp
extern "C" LRESULT QT_WIN_CALLBACK QtWndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
...
//将消息重新封装成QEvent的子类QMouseEvent ==> Section 8
result = widget->translateMouseEvent(msg);
...
}
section1~7的过程：Qt进入QApplication的event loop，经过层层委任，最终QEventLoop的processEvent将通过与平台相关的AbstractEventDispatcher的子类QEventDispatcherWin32获得用户的输入事件，并将其打包成message后，通过标准的Windows API传递给Windows OS。Windows OS得到通知后回调QtWndProc，至此事件的分发与处理完成了一半的路程。
事件的产生、分发、接受和处理，并以视窗系统鼠标点击QWidget为例，对代码进行了剖析，向大家分析了Qt框架如何通过Event
Loop处理进入处理消息队列循环，如何一步一步委派给平台相关的函数获取、打包用户输入事件交给视窗系统处理，函数调用栈如下：
1 main(int, char **)
2 QApplication::exec()
3 QCoreApplication::exec()
4 QEventLoop::exec(ProcessEventsFlags )
5 QEventLoop::processEvents(ProcessEventsFlags )
6 QEventDispatcherWin32::processEvents(QEventLoop::ProcessEventsFlags)
下面介绍Qt app在视窗系统回调后，事件又是怎么一步步通过QApplication分发给最终事件的接受和处理者QWidget::event，（QWidget继承Object,重载其虚函数event)，以下所有的讨论都将嵌入在源码之中。
QT_WIN_CALLBACK QtWndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
bool QETWidget::translateMouseEvent(const MSG &msg)
bool QApplicationPrivate::sendMouseEvent(...)
inline bool QCoreApplication::sendSpontaneousEvent(QObject *receiver, QEvent *event)
bool QCoreApplication::notifyInternal(QObject *receiver, QEvent *event)
bool QApplication::notify(QObject *receiver, QEvent *e)
bool QApplicationPrivate::notify_helper(QObject *receiver, QEvent * e)
bool QWidget::event(QEvent *event)
section 2-1 (section 8)
QT_WIN_CALLBACK QtWndProc(HWND hwnd, UINT message, WPARAM wParam, LPARAM lParam)
{
...
//检查message是否属于Qt可转义的鼠标事件
if (qt_is_translatable_mouse_event(message)) {
if (QApplication::activePopupWidget() != 0) { // in popup mode
POINT curPos = msg.pt;
//取得鼠标点击坐标所在的QWidget指针，它指向我们在main创建的widget实例
QWidget* w = QApplication::widgetAt(curPos.x, curPos.y);
if (w)
widget = (QETWidget*)w;
}
if (!qt_tabletChokeMouse) {
//对，就在这里。Windows的回调函数将鼠标事件分发回给了Qt Widget
// => Section 2-2
result = widget->translateMouseEvent(msg); // mouse event
...
}
section 2-2 (QTDIR\\src\\gui\\kernel\\qapplication_win.cpp)
该函数所在与Windows平台相关，主要职责就是把已windows格式打包的鼠标事件解包、翻译成QApplication可识别的QMouseEvent,QWidget。
bool QETWidget::translateMouseEvent(const MSG &msg)
{
//.. 这里很长的代码给以忽略
// 让我们看一下sendMouseEvent的声明
// widget是事件的接受者； e是封装好的QMouseEvent
// ==> Section 2-3
res = QApplicationPrivate::sendMouseEvent(target, &e, alienWidget, this, &qt_button_down, qt_last_mouse_receiver);
}
section 2-3 $QTDIR\\src\\gui\\kernel\\qapplication.cpp
bool QApplicationPrivate::sendMouseEvent(QWidget *receiver, QMouseEvent *event,
QWidget *alienWidget, QWidget *nativeWidget,
QWidget **buttonDown, QPointer<QWidget> &lastMouseReceiver,
bool spontaneous)
{
...
//至此与平台相关代码处理完毕
//MouseEvent默认的发送方式是spontaneous, 所以将执行
//sendSpontaneousEvent。 sendSpontaneousEvent() 与 sendEvent的代码实现几乎相同
//除了将QEvent的属性spontaneous标记不同。 这里是解释什么spontaneous事件：如果事件由应用程序之外产生的，比如一个系统事件。
//显然MousePress事件是由视窗系统产生的一个的事件（详见上文Section 1~ Section 7),因此它是 spontaneous事件
if (spontaneous)
result = QApplication::sendSpontaneousEvent(receiver, event);
else
result = QApplication::sendEvent(receiver, event);
...
return result;
}
section 2-4 C:\\Qt\\4.7.1-Vs\\src\\corelib\\kernel\\qcoreapplication.h
inline bool QCoreApplication::sendSpontaneousEvent(QObject *receiver, QEvent *event)
{
//将event标记为自发事件
//进一步调用 2-5 QCoreApplication::notifyInternal
if (event)
event->spont = true;
return self ? self->notifyInternal(receiver, event) : false;
}
section 2-5: $QTDIR\\gui\\kernel\\qapplication.cpp
bool QCoreApplication::notifyInternal(QObject *receiver, QEvent *event)
{
// 几行代码对于Qt Jambi (QT Java绑定版本） 和QSA (QT Script for Application)的支持
...
// 以下代码主要意图为Qt强制事件只能够发送给当前线程里的对象，也就是说receiver->d_func()->threadData应该等于QThreadData::current()。
//注意，跨线程的事件需要借助Event Loop来派发
QObjectPrivate *d = receiver->d_func();
QThreadData *threadData = d->threadData;
++threadData->loopLevel;
//哇，终于来到大名鼎鼎的函数QCoreApplication::nofity()了 ==> Section 2-6
QT_TRY {
returnValue = notify(receiver, event);
} QT_CATCH (...) {
--threadData->loopLevel;
QT_RETHROW;
}
...
return returnValue;
}
section 2-6: $QTDIR\\gui\\kernel\\qapplication.cpp
QCoreApplication::notify和它的重载函数QApplication::notify在Qt的派发过程中起到核心的作用，Qt的官方文档时这样说的：
任何线程的任何对象的所有事件在发送时都会调用notify函数。
bool QCoreApplication::notify(QObject *receiver, QEvent *event)
{
Q_D(QCoreApplication);
// no events are delivered after ~QCoreApplication() has started
if (QCoreApplicationPrivate::is_app_closing)
return true;
if (receiver == 0) { // serious error
qWarning("QCoreApplication::notify: Unexpected null receiver");
return true;
}
#ifndef QT_NO_DEBUG
d->checkReceiverThread(receiver);
#endif
return receiver->isWidgetType() ? false : d->notify_helper(receiver, event);
}
section 2-7: $QTDIR\\gui\\kernel\\qapplication.cpp
notify 调用 notify_helper()
bool QCoreApplicationPrivate::notify_helper(QObject *receiver, QEvent * event)
{
// send to all application event filters
if (sendThroughApplicationEventFilters(receiver, event))
return true;
// 向事件过滤器发送该事件，这里介绍一下Event Filters. 事件过滤器是一个接受即将发送给目标对象所有事件的对象。
//如代码所示它开始处理事件在目标对象行动之前。过滤器的QObject::eventFilter（）实现被调用，能接受或者丢弃过滤
//允许或者拒绝事件的更进一步的处理。如果所有的事件过滤器允许更进一步的事件处理，事件将被发送到目标对象本身。
//如果他们中的一个停止处理，目标和任何后来的事件过滤器不能看到任何事件。
if (sendThroughObjectEventFilters(receiver, event))
return true;
// deliver the event
// 递交事件给receiver => Section 2-8
return receiver->event(event);
}
section 2-8 $QTDIR\\gui\\kernel\\qwidget.cpp
QApplication通过notify及其私有类notify_helper，将事件最终派发给了QObject的子类- QWidget.
bool QWidget::event(QEvent *event)
{
...
switch (event->type()) {
case QEvent::MouseMove:
mouseMoveEvent((QMouseEvent*)event);
break;
case QEvent::MouseButtonPress:
// Don\'t reset input context here. Whether reset or not is
// a responsibility of input method. reset() will be
// called by mouseHandler() of input method if necessary
// via mousePressEvent() of text widgets.
#if 0
resetInputContext();
#endif
mousePressEvent((QMouseEvent*)event);
break;
...
}
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