英语语法之并列句/复合句/特殊用途句子
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并列句：通过连接词把简单句连接在一起，多件事儿一样重要的前提。
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特点：
- 结构：多个简单句+并列连词，有几件事儿就在之间加几个并列连词。
- 如果多个并列句使用相同的并列连词，前面的可以用"，"。
- 并列之后产生的结构叫做平行结构，并列的形式是相同的（doing/to do/...）
- 相同的可以省略，余下的可以保持不变，例：I am lying in bed and I am reading a book. → I am lying in bed and reading a book.
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并列连词：
- 顺接：...and.../both...and.../not only...but...as well/not only...but also.../not only.../not only...but.../
- 转折：...but.../...yet.../...while...
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选择：
- 二选一：...or.../either...or.../
- 两者都不选：neither...nor...既不也不
- 因果：...for...放在两个句子中间for表原因/...so...
复合句：多件事重要性不一样
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- 结构：复合句=主句+从句(!!!)
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分类：
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名词性从句
p.s.这四种从句写法相同，用的位置不同，以宾语从句为例，其他省略
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宾语从句：一个句子作宾语，把它放到主句中。
- 位置：动宾（动单宾和动双宾）/ 介宾 / 形容词+宾语从句
- 写法：
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陈述句 → 宾语从句 |
ex. You are right. → I know (that) you are right. p.s.其中that不做成分可以省略 |
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特殊疑问句 → 宾语从句 （由特殊疑问词开头的 what/which.../how） |
前后句子语气不一样，要改成主句的形式，主语提到谓语动词前。 ex. What will she say? → I know what she will say. |
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一般疑问句 → 宾语从句 |
1.调整语序，2.前加whether或if。 ex. Is he happy? → I know whether/if he is happy. p.s.有的时候if不能用，建议用whether |
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主语从句：is big news. 或 It（形式主语） is big news that .
p.s.其中that不可以省略且只能用whether不能用if
- 表语从句：The big news is .
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同位语从句：一个句子作同位语，解释说明名词 We know the big news .
p.s.其中that不做成分但不可以省略
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定语从句：一个句子作定语，修饰限定名词，定语从句放在所修饰的名词后
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写法：
ex. 这是我梦想了很多年的工作。This is the job. + I have dreamed of the job for years. → This is the job which I have dreamed of for years.
在这里 which叫做关系词；the job是被修饰的名词，叫先行词。关系词和先行词表达的是同一个东西。
- 关系词
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物 |
which that |
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人 |
who whom（whom指人时专作宾语） that |
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人的/物的 |
whose |
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时间 |
when |
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地点 |
where |
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原因 |
why |
p.s.
如果不知道从句到哪里结束，就从关系词后往后数，从句在第二个谓语动词之前结束（一个句子中只有一个谓语动词）ex. The lawyer whom my brother called didn\'t answer the phone.
每一个关系词都作成分（包括that）
定语从句中关系词作宾语可省略
- 分类：最根本区别在于所修饰的名词范围是否明确
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限定性定语从句 |
名词范围不明确 + 没有逗号 |
ex. 我看到了你的朋友（哪个朋友） I met your friend who is staying in Paris. |
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非限定性定语从句 |
名词范围明确 + 有逗号 + 可以省略 + 关系词不能省略不能用that |
ex. 我看到了你的妈妈（只有一个妈妈） I met your mother, who is staying in Paris. p.s. 特殊情况：which可以修饰前面整句话 ex. The company will get back to you in three days,which is one of the typical rules.
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sup. 介词提前的定于从句 |
介词提前 一旦介词提前了，关系词不能用that也不能省略，指人做宾语时只能用whom，指物用which |
ex. This is the job which / that / 省 I have dreamed of for years. → This is the job of which I have dreamed for years. 在这里，dream of which 是介宾短语 |
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状语从句：一个句子作状语，表达描述性的信息
- 写法：一个从属连词+一个完整的陈述句
- 分类：9种从属连词
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时间状语从句 |
when while as before after since until as soon as no sooner...than 一...就... |
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地点状语从句 |
where |
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原因状语从句 |
because since as |
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结果状语从句 |
so/such...that 太...所以...（so+adj/adv,such+n/n词组） so that... |
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目的状语从句 |
so...that...（+情态动词时表目的，没有情态动词表结果） in order that... |
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条件状语从句 |
if unless as long as 只要... |
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让步状语从句 （明让步暗转折） |
although though even though as |
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比较状语从句 |
than as |
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方式状语从句 |
as 按照**方式像**一样 |
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时态：（主将从现）有两种特殊情况"时间状语从句中表示将来""条件状语从句中表示将来"，在这两种时态中都不用将来时，用一般现在时
ex. If it rains tomorrow,we will not go to the park.
- 位置：主句前/主句后/主句中间（主谓之间）
特殊用途的句子
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强调：It is/was...that...
ex. 我想要今年夏天去美国 I want to go to America this summer. → It is America that I want to go to this summber.
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倒装：
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主谓倒装
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全部倒装：谓语动词全部挪到了主语前
ex. A castle lies in the mountain.→ In the mountain lies a castle.
特殊句型：there be 表示有（客观存在）：ex. A girl is there. → There is a girl. 一个女孩在那 → 有一个女孩
- 部分倒装：谓语动词部分挪到了主语前，把陈述句变成一般疑问句
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否定词位于句首 not,no,never,hardly,little,scarcely,seldom,not until,not only... |
ex. The poor man had not only been arrested,but he had been sent to prison as well. → Not only had the poor man been arrested,but he had been sent to prison as well. ex. You will never know the truth. → Never will you know the truth. ex. He cares little for my words. → Little does he care for my words. →
No sooner had I got the invitation than I refused. → Hardly had he had time to settle down when he left the country. |
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only位于句首 |
ex. We can learn English well only in this way. → Only in this way can we learn English well. ex. He achieved his goal only by working hard. →
Only by working hard,did he achieve his goal. → Only when we solve the problems of environmental pollution,will Natural disasters reduce. |
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虚拟：非真实的事情，谓语动词改变时态（变态）
- if虚拟条件句（谁挨着if谁是从句）
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if从句 |
主句 |
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假设过去 |
had done |
would + have done could + have done should + have done might + have done |
ex. He was not a student,so he couldn\'t attend the lecture. →If he had been a student,he could have attend the lecture. |
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假设现在 |
did (were) |
would+do could+do should +do might+do |
ex. If I were you,I would do it now. ex. I am not you,so I can\'t make the decision. →
If I were you,I could make the decision. → If I knew his phone number,I would ring him up. |
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假设将来 |
did (were) |
would+do could+do should +do might+do |
ex. If I had(were to have/should have) time tomorrow,I would help him. |
p.s.
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如果是非真实条件句（混合时态的虚拟） 则分别选择从句和主句的时态 |
ex. 如果你（过去）嫁给他，你（现在）就是一个加油站工人的妻子 If you had married him,you would be the wife of a gas station attendant. |
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省略if需要部分倒装 |
ex. If you had joined us,we would have had more fun. → Had you joined us,we would have had more fun. |
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名词性从句中虚拟：
句子中表达"建议/要求/命令"后的从句虚拟从句中用 (should)+do
suggest/advise/propose/recommend/order/ask/demand/insist/require/request/...
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宾语从句 |
ex. He suggested that the system should be changed. |
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表语从句 |
ex. His suggestion was that the system should be changed. |
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同位语从句 |
ex. He gave the suggestion that the system should be changed. |
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主语从句 |
ex. This year,It was suggested that the system be changed. |
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