K-Means的一些想法以及实现
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作为测试,我使用的是二维平面坐标进行的。我们随机选取图片,使用OpenCV的Mat类对象读取图像文件中的数据,然后使用rand函数随机产生k(这里k值取决于输入)个二维坐标值。遍历整个图像像素位置,计算每个坐标相对于任意一个核心点之间的距离L^2(欧氏距离的平方,因为这样计算量会小一些),根据距离值对像素进行分类。当整个图像遍历一遍之后,我们有了一个初步的聚类,然而这个聚类是不好的,主要原因在于聚类的核心点是任意产生的(其原因是由于这个聚类方法是非监督的,我们对数据集和数据点是未知的)。我们需要对每一个数据集进行数据的修整。
1聚类前图像 2 初步聚类后
3最终聚类后图像 (647*580分辨率)
4 随机点的分布
这3个图,大概能说明K-Means聚类方法的一些原因和问题了。
在看这3个图的时候,请忽略图像的大小变化,关注图像内部的比例变化更好一些(根据距离进行聚类,因此可以忽略不计)。
我在做K-Means 的时候,为了展现效果,将不同的数据集采用不同色彩进行标注,每一个色区中有一个点,标定核心点的位置。
我们可以看出,图2的聚类不规则,3图作为最终聚类的形式,有较大的改观,从4图可以发现,一开始的随机点分布并不如3图当中如此排列有序,但是经过修正后,基本上比较规则,但是仍然不是完全四等分,其中主要原因之一,就是随机点的获取影响的聚类的效果,在我们采取的聚类对象中,可能会好一点,但是在别的距类对象中(数据分布及其不均匀,这样的数据量很大)可能比较糟糕。
#include<iostream> #include<vector> #include<string> #include<cv.hpp> using cv::Mat; using cv::imread; using cv::imshow; using cv::imwrite; using cv::waitKey; using cv::cvtColor; //using cv::Point2i; using std::vector; using std::string; using std::cin; using std::cout; using std::endl; //typedef Point2i Point; struct Point { int x; int y; unsigned int gray; unsigned int distance; double weight; Point() { x = 0; y = 0; gray = 0; distance = 0; weight = 0; } Point(int _x, int _y,unsigned int _gray=0,unsigned int _distance=0,int _weight=0) { x = _x; y = _y; gray =_gray; distance =_distance; weight = _weight; } Point(const Point&_point) { this->x = _point.x; this->y = _point.y; this->gray = _point.gray; this->distance = _point.distance; this->weight = _point.weight; } Point& operator=(const Point&_point) { this->x = _point.x; this->y = _point.y; this->gray = _point.gray; this->distance = _point.distance; this->weight = _point.weight; return *this; } }; void dSort(vector<Point>*vec) { vector<Point>::iterator fIt = vec->begin(); for (; fIt != vec->end(); ++fIt) { for (vector<Point>::iterator sIt = fIt+1; sIt != vec->end(); ++sIt) { if (sIt->distance < fIt->distance) { Point tmp(*sIt); *sIt=*fIt; *fIt = tmp; } } } vector<Point>::iterator it = vec->begin(); } void Weight(vector<Point>*vec,double alpha,double beta,double theta) { if (vec->empty()) { cout << "container is empty" << endl; return; } cout << "start sort" << endl; dSort(vec); cout << "end sort" << endl; double cscore = 0.0; double dscore = 0.0; vector<Point>::iterator it = vec->begin(); for (; it != vec->end(); ++it) { dscore = (1 / (sqrt(2 * 3.14159)*beta))*(exp((it - vec->begin())*(it - vec->begin()) / (2 * beta*beta))); //cout << dscore << endl; dscore *= it->distance; cscore = (1 / (sqrt(2 * 3.14159)*theta))*(exp((it - vec->begin())*(it - vec->begin()) / (2 * theta*theta))); cscore *= it->gray; it->weight = double(alpha*it->distance) + double((1 - alpha)*it->gray); // cout << "weight=" << it->weight << endl; } cout << "after weight" << endl; } int squareDistance(const Point& p1, const Point &p2) { //cout <<"s"<<p1.x << "," << p1.y <<" "<<p2.x<<","<<p2.y<<endl; return ((p1.x - p2.x)*(p1.x - p2.x) + (p1.y - p2.y)*(p1.y - p2.y)); } int colorGap(Mat mat,const Point&p1, const Point&p2) { // cout << "c" << p1.x << "," << p1.y << " " << p2.x << "," << p2.y<<endl; //cout<<"gap="<< abs(mat.at<uchar>(p1.x, p1.y) - mat.at<uchar>(p2.x, p2.y)); return abs(mat.at<uchar>(p1.x, p1.y) - mat.at<uchar>(p2.x, p2.y)); } const Point & findCentre( vector<Point>&vec) { cout << "start centre" << endl; vector<Point>::iterator it = vec.begin(); int xall = 0; int yall = 0; int weight = 0; for (; it != vec.end(); ++it) { xall+= it->x; yall += it->y; } weight=vec.size(); // cout << xall << ‘\t‘ << yall << ‘\t‘ << weight <<‘\t‘<<xall/weight<<endl; cout << "end centre" << endl; Point t(xall / weight, yall / weight); cout << t.x <<‘\t‘<< t.y << endl; vec.clear(); //cout << "xall=" << xall << "yall=" << yall << "weight=" << weight <<"xall/weight="<<xall/weight<<"yall/weight="<<yall/weight<< endl; return t; } bool stopCondition(int num, Point*pt, vector<Point>*vec) { bool flag = 1; for (int i = 0; i != num; ++i) { if (pt[i].x == vec[i].begin()->x&&pt[i].y == vec[i].begin()->y) flag = flag & 1; else flag = flag & 0; } return flag; } void getPoint(Mat mat, vector<Point> *vec, int num = 5) { unsigned int Min = mat.rows*mat.rows + mat.cols*mat.cols; int pos = 0; for (int i = 0; i != mat.rows; ++i) { for (int j = 0; j != mat.cols; ++j) { Min = mat.rows*mat.rows + mat.cols*mat.cols; pos = 0; for (int k = 0; k != num; ++k) { Point tmp = *vec[k].begin(); if ((Min > squareDistance(Point(i, j), tmp)))//&&squareDistance(Point(i, j), tmp)<=l_gap) { Min = squareDistance(Point(i, j), tmp); pos = k; } } Point tmp(i, j, colorGap(mat, Point(i, j), vec[pos].front()), Min, 0); vec[pos].push_back(tmp); } } } void K_Means(Mat&mat,vector<Point> *vec, int num = 5, double alpha = 0.5,int amp=10,int l_gap=20,int c_gap=30,double threshold=0.5 ) { int amplitude = 15; if (mat.empty()) { cout << "please input the Mat" << endl; return; } Point*start = new Point[num]; for (int i = 0; i != num; ++i) start[i] = Point(0, 0); for (int i = 0; i != num; ++i) { vec[i].push_back(Point(rand() % mat.rows, rand() % mat.cols)); cout << vec[i].front().x << "," << vec[i].front().y << endl; } while (!stopCondition(num, start, vec)) { cout << "________________________" << endl; for (int i = 0; i != num; ++i) { cout << "start" << start[i].x << ‘\t‘ << start[i].y << endl; cout << "vec" << vec[i].begin()->x << ‘\t‘ << vec[i].begin()->y << endl; } cout << "_____________________________" << endl; for (int i = 0; i != num; ++i) { start[i] = vec[i].front(); } amplitude = 0; getPoint(mat, vec, num); cout << "get the weight and centre" << endl; for (int x = 0; x != num; ++x) { cout << "num=" << x << endl; // Weight(&vec[x], 0.5, 0.4, 0.4); Point t(findCentre(vec[x])); //*vec[x].begin() = t; vec[x].push_back(t); cout << vec[x].begin()->x << vec[x].begin()->y << endl; } } getPoint(mat, vec, num); cout << "paint" << endl; /* for (int i = 0; i != num; ++i) { double allweight = 0.0; vector<Point>::iterator it = vec[i].begin(); for (; it != vec[i].end(); ++it) allweight += it->weight; it = vec[i].begin(); double aveweight = allweight / (vec[i].size()); */ /* for (int i = 0; i != mat.rows; ++i) for (int j = 0; j != mat.cols; ++j) mat.at<uchar>(i, j) = 255; */ for (int i = 0; i != num;++i) { vector<Point>::iterator it = vec[i].begin(); for (; it != vec[i].end(); ++it) { mat.at<uchar>(it->x, it->y) = 50 + i * 30; } mat.at<uchar>(vec[i].front().x, vec[i].front().y) = 0; } } int main() { int number = 0; vector<Point> *vec; cin >> number; vec = new vector<Point>[number]; // for (int i = 0; i != numbe) Mat mat =imread("2.jpg"); cvtColor(mat, mat, CV_BGR2GRAY); K_Means(mat, vec,number); imshow("1", mat); //imwrite(string("2.jpg"), mat); waitKey(0); }
代码格式杂乱无章,作为自己的笔记,先这么凑合吧,等把这个K-Means联合color因子的算法完全写出来,再进行调整也不晚。
这些代码中,其中Weight函数中提出了色彩+距离权重的计算,我们使用两个不同参数的高斯函数进行权重的规约(将数据按照距离进行排序,由小到大。距离越大,相对于高斯函数的中轴越远,将这个距离带入高斯函数中,最终权值较小)。色彩+距离这两个因子使用一个参数进行调节,控制这两个因子在权重中所占比率的大小,这样我感觉效果会好一些。
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