Statistical Models and Social Science
Posted REAY
tags:
篇首语:本文由小常识网(cha138.com)小编为大家整理,主要介绍了Statistical Models and Social Science相关的知识,希望对你有一定的参考价值。
1.1 Statistical Models and Social Reality
KEY:
- complex society v.s statistical models
- relationship,data,descriptive accuracy
With few exceptions, statistical data analysis describes the outcomes of real social processes
and not the processes themselves. It is therefore important to attend to the descriptive
accuracy of statistical models and to refrain from reifying them.
1.2 Observation and Experiment
KEY:
- causal model
- spurious v.s causal
Causal inferences are most certain—if not completely definitive—in randomized experiments,
but observational data can also be reasonably marshaled as evidence of causation.
Good experimental practice seeks to avoid confounding experimentally manipulated explanatory
variables with other variables that can influence the response variable. Sound analysis
of observational data seeks to control statistically for potentially confounding variables.
In analyzing observational data, it is important to distinguish between a variable that is a
common prior cause of an explanatory and response variable and a variable that intervenes
causally between the two.
It is overly restrictive to limit the notion of statistical causation to explanatory variables
that are manipulated experimentally, to explanatory variables that are manipulable in
principle, or to data that are collected over time.
1.3 Populations and Samples
KEY:
- prototypical experiment
Randomization and good sampling design are desirable in social research, but they are
not prerequisites for drawing statistical inferences. Even when randomization or random
sampling is employed, we typically want to generalize beyond the strict bounds of statistical
inference.
以上是关于Statistical Models and Social Science的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章
《The Elements of Statistical Learning》 chp3 Linear Models for Regression
MA308: Statistical Calculation and Software
论文导读Learning Bayesian Networks: The Combination of Knowledge and Statistical Data
论文导读Learning Bayesian Networks: The Combination of Knowledge and Statistical Data