gunicorn Arbiter 解析

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  如前文所述,Arbiter是gunicorn master进程的核心。Arbiter主要负责管理worker进程,包括启动、监控、杀掉Worker进程;同时,Arbiter在某些信号发生的时候还可以热更新(reload)App应用,或者在线升级gunicorn。Arbiter的核心代码在一个文件里面,代码量也不大,源码在此:https://github.com/benoitc/gunicorn
  
Arbiter主要有以下方法:
setup:
    处理配置项,最重要的是worker数量和worker工作模型
 
init_signal
    注册信号处理函数
 
handle_xxx:
    各个信号具体的处理函数
 
kill_worker,kill_workers:
    向worker进程发信号
 
spawn_worker, spawn_workers:
    fork出新的worker进程
 
murder_workers:
    杀掉一段时间内未响应的worker进程
 
manage_workers:
    根据配置文件的worker数量,以及当前active的worker数量,决定是要fork还是kill worker进程
 
reexec
    接收到信号SIGUSR2调用,在线升级gunicorn
 
reload:
    接收到信号SIGHUP调用,会根据新的配置新启动worker进程,并杀掉之前的worker进程
 
sleep
    在没有信号处理的时候,利用select的timeout进行sleep,可被唤醒
 
wakeup
    通过向管道写消息,唤醒进程
 
run
    主循环
 
  Arbiter真正被其他代码(Application)调用的函数只有__init__和run方法,在一句代码里:
    Arbiter(self).run()
  上面代码中的self即为Application实例,其中__init__调用setup进行配置项设置。下面是run方法伪代码
def run()
    self.init_signal()
    self.LISTENERS = create_sockets(self.cfg, self.log)
    self.manage_workers()
    while True:
        if no signal in SIG_QUEUE
            self.sleep()
        else:
            handle_signal()

 

 关于fork子进程
  fork子进程的代码在 spawn_worker, 源码如下:
  
 1     def spawn_worker(self):
 2         self.worker_age += 1
 3         worker = self.worker_class(self.worker_age, self.pid, self.LISTENERS,
 4                                    self.app, self.timeout / 2.0,
 5                                    self.cfg, self.log)
 6         self.cfg.pre_fork(self, worker)
 7         pid = os.fork()
 8         if pid != 0:
 9             self.WORKERS[pid] = worker
10             return pid
11 
12         # Process Child
13         worker_pid = os.getpid()
14         try:
15             util._setproctitle("worker [%s]" % self.proc_name)
16             self.log.info("Booting worker with pid: %s", worker_pid)
17             self.cfg.post_fork(self, worker)
18             worker.init_process()
19             sys.exit(0)
20         except SystemExit:
21             raise
22         except AppImportError as e:
23             self.log.debug("Exception while loading the application",
24                            exc_info=True)
25             print("%s" % e, file=sys.stderr)
26             sys.stderr.flush()
27             sys.exit(self.APP_LOAD_ERROR)
28         except:
29             self.log.exception("Exception in worker process"),
30             if not worker.booted:
31                 sys.exit(self.WORKER_BOOT_ERROR)
32             sys.exit(-1)
33         finally:
34             self.log.info("Worker exiting (pid: %s)", worker_pid)
35             try:
36                 worker.tmp.close()
37                 self.cfg.worker_exit(self, worker)
38             except:
39                 self.log.warning("Exception during worker exit:\\n%s",
40                                   traceback.format_exc())
Arbiter.spawn_worker
  主要流程:
    (1)加载worker_class并实例化(默认为同步模型 SyncWorker)
    (2)父进程(master进程)fork之后return,之后的逻辑都在子进程中运行
    (3)调用worker.init_process 进入循环,worker的所有工作都在这个循环中
    (4)循环结束之后,调用sys.exit(0)
    (5)最后,在finally中,记录worker进程的退出
    
    下面是我自己写的一点代码,把主要的fork流程简化了一下
 1 # prefork.py
 2 import sys
 3 import socket
 4 import select
 5 import os
 6 import time
 7  
 8 def do_sub_process():
 9     pid = os.fork()
10     if pid < 0:
11         print \'fork error\'
12         sys.exit(-1)
13     elif pid > 0:
14         print \'fork sub process %d\'  % pid
15         return
16  
17     # must be child process
18     time.sleep(1)
19     print \'sub process will exit\', os.getpid(), os.getppid()
20     sys.exit(0)
21  
22 def main():
23     sub_num = 2
24     for i in range(sub_num):
25         do_sub_process()
26     time.sleep(10)
27     print \'main process will exit\', os.getpid()
28  
29 if __name__ == \'__main__\':
30     main()
在测试环境下输出:
  fork sub process 9601
  fork sub process 9602
  sub process will exit 9601 9600
  sub process will exit 9602 9600
  main process will exit 9600
 
  需要注意的是第20行调用了sys.exit, 保证子进程的结束,否则会继续main函数中for循环,以及之后的逻辑。注释掉第19行重新运行,看输出就明白了。
 
关于kill子进程
  master进程要kill worker进程就很简单了,直接发信号,源码如下:
  
 1     def kill_worker(self, pid, sig):
 2         """\\
 3         Kill a worker
 4 
 5         :attr pid: int, worker pid
 6         :attr sig: `signal.SIG*` value
 7          """
 8         try:
 9             os.kill(pid, sig)
10         except OSError as e:
11             if e.errno == errno.ESRCH:
12                 try:
13                     worker = self.WORKERS.pop(pid)
14                     worker.tmp.close()
15                     self.cfg.worker_exit(self, worker)
16                     return
17                 except (KeyError, OSError):
18                     return
19             raise

 

 
关于sleep与wakeup
  我们再来看看Arbiter的sleep和wakeup。Arbiter在没有信号需要处理的时候会"sleep",当然,不是真正调用time.sleep,否则信号来了也不能第一时间处理。这里得实现比较巧妙,利用了管道和select的timeout。看代码就知道了
        def sleep(self):
        """\\
        Sleep until PIPE is readable or we timeout.
        A readable PIPE means a signal occurred.
        """
            ready = select.select([self.PIPE[0]], [], [], 1.0) # self.PIPE = os.pipe()
            if not ready[0]: 
                return
            while os.read(self.PIPE[0], 1):
                pass

  代码里面的注释写得非常清楚,要么PIPE可读立即返回,要么等待超时。管道可读是因为有信号发生。这里看看pipe函数

  os.pipe()

Create a pipe. Return a pair of file descriptors (r,w) usable for reading and writing, respectively.

 
  那我们看一下什么时候管道可读:肯定是往管道写入的东西,这就是wakeup函数的功能
        def wakeup(self):
            """
            Wake up the arbiter by writing to the PIPE
            """
            os.write(self.PIPE[1], b\'.\')

 

最后附上Arbiter的信号处理

  • QUITINT: Quick shutdown
  • TERM: Graceful shutdown. Waits for workers to finish their current requests up to the graceful timeout.
  • HUP: Reload the configuration, start the new worker processes with a new configuration and gracefully shutdown older workers. If the application is not preloaded (using the --preloadoption), Gunicorn will also load the new version.
  • TTIN: Increment the number of processes by one
  • TTOU: Decrement the number of processes by one
  • USR1: Reopen the log files
  • USR2Upgrade the Gunicorn on the fly. A separate TERM signal should be used to kill the old process. This signal can also be used to use the new versions of pre-loaded applications.
  • WINCH: Gracefully shutdown the worker processes when Gunicorn is daemonized.
 
 
reference:

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