算法总结—链表
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链表题目对算法的要求度不高,但实际写的过程中需要注意语言细节,考虑精细度的地方很多。
1.链表结构与基本操作
1.1 添加节点
一般情况:
cur ->next = prev ->next; prev ->next = cur;
表头插入:
cur ->next = head; head = cur;
1.2删除节点
一般情况:(已知待删除节点的前驱节点)
ListNode* temp = prev->next; prev->next = prev->next->next; delete temp;
表头元素删除:
ListNode* temp = head->next; delete head; head = temp;
变形题目:(已知待删除节点,且不知道头指针位置,leetcode237 https://leetcode.com/problems/delete-node-in-a-linked-list/)
思路:将待删除节点后继节点内容拷贝至当前节点,然后删除后继节点,相当于以后继代替当前节点被删除
class Solution { public: void deleteNode(ListNode* node) { node->val = node->next->val; ListNode* temp = node->next; node->next = node->next->next; delete temp; } };
注意增删时边界条件的特别处理。
2.常见题型总结
2.1Remove Duplicates from Sorted List 1(leetcode83 https://leetcode.com/problems/remove-duplicates-from-sorted-list/)
Remove Duplicates from Sorted List 2(leetcode82 https://leetcode.com/problems/remove-duplicates-from-sorted-list-ii/)
思路:1 直接的思路,即遍历链表,发现相同元素则删除,否则继续下一步
class Solution { public: ListNode* deleteDuplicates(ListNode* head) { if(head == NULL){ return head; } ListNode* dummy = new ListNode(0); dummy->next = head; while(head->next != NULL){ if(head->next->val == head->val){ ListNode* temp = head->next; head->next = head->next->next; delete temp; } else{ head = head->next; } } return dummy->next; } };
2. 因为涉及删除所有重复元素,删除过程需要得到待删除元素的前驱节点,故采用head->next 与 head->next->next比较,保证可以实现删除工作
class Solution { public: ListNode* deleteDuplicates(ListNode* head) { if(head == NULL){ return head; } ListNode* dummy = new ListNode(0); dummy->next = head; head = dummy; while(head->next != NULL&& head ->next->next != NULL ){ if(head->next->val == head->next->next->val){ int val = head->next->val; while(head->next != NULL && head->next->val == val){ ListNode* curr = head->next; head->next = head->next->next; delete curr; } } else{ head = head->next; } } return dummy->next; } };
2.2 链表翻转相关题目
2.2.1 链表整体翻转(Leetcode 206 https://leetcode.com/problems/reverse-linked-list/)
思路:遍历链表,把当前节点作为已经翻转成功链表的新表头(头插法)
class Solution { public: ListNode* reverseList(ListNode* head) { ListNode* result = NULL; while(head){ ListNode* temp = head->next; head ->next = result; result = head; head = temp; } return result; } };
2.2.2 链表部分翻转(Leetcode 92 https://leetcode.com/problems/reverse-linked-list-ii/)
思路:将链表看做三部分,即头到m,m到n,n到最后。
将m,n之间进行翻转后,将链表重新连接,注意处理m为1时的情况(利用dummy node,统一处理)
class Solution { public: ListNode* reverseBetween(ListNode* head, int m, int n) { ListNode *dummy = new ListNode(0); dummy->next = head; head = dummy; for(int i = 0;i < m-1;i++){ head = head->next; } ListNode* temp1 = head; head = head->next; ListNode* temp2 = head; ListNode* result = NULL; for(int i = m;i <= n; i++){ ListNode* temp = head->next; head->next = result; result = head; head = temp; } temp1->next = result; temp2->next = head; return dummy->next; } };
2.2.3 链表回文判断(Leetcode 234 https://leetcode.com/problems/palindrome-linked-list/)
思路:找到链表中点(方法见后续 two pointers),将后半部分翻转,与前半部分比较,得到是否回文。
class Solution { public: bool isPalindrome(ListNode* head) { if( head == NULL ||head ->next == NULL ){ return true; } ListNode* fast = head; ListNode* slow = head; while( fast->next != NULL && fast->next->next != NULL){ slow = slow->next; fast = fast->next->next; } // ListNode* mid = slow; slow = slow->next; ListNode* result = NULL; while(slow != NULL){ ListNode* temp = slow->next; slow->next = result; result = slow; slow = temp; } //mid->next = NULL; while( result != NULL){ if(head->val != result->val){ return false; } head = head->next; result = result->next; } return true; } };
2.3 Two pointers 思路应用
2.3.1 寻找链表中点位置或某一特殊点位置 (Leetcode 19 https://leetcode.com/problems/remove-nth-node-from-end-of-list/)
思路: 快指针一次走两步,慢指针一次走一步,快指针到达链表末尾时,慢指针指向中点。
ListNode* findMiddle(ListNode* head){ ListNode* chaser = head; ListNode* runner = head->next; while(runner != NULL && runner->next != NULL){ chaser = chaser->next; runner = runner->next->next; } return chaser; }
一个指针先走n步,然后快慢指针一起走,快指针达到末尾时,慢指针达到待删除节点。
注意事项:删除首元素时往往出现问题,可使用dummy node使链表加哨兵,使链表可以统一处理。
class Solution { public: ListNode* removeNthFromEnd(ListNode* head, int n) { if(head == NULL){ return head; } ListNode* dummy = new ListNode(0); dummy->next = head; head = dummy; ListNode* slow = head; ListNode* fast = head; for(int i = 0; i <n; i++){ fast = fast ->next; } while(fast->next != NULL){ fast = fast->next; slow = slow->next; } ListNode* temp = slow->next; slow ->next = slow->next->next; delete temp; return dummy->next; } };
2.3.2 给定单链表,找到二者交点(Leetcode 160 https://leetcode.com/problems/intersection-of-two-linked-lists/)
思路:计算链表长度,让较长链表先走差值的距离,后同时遍历,找到相同元素为止
class Solution { public: int getLength(ListNode* head){ int num = 0; while(head != NULL){ head = head->next; num++; } return num; } ListNode *getIntersectionNode(ListNode *headA, ListNode *headB) { int lA = getLength(headA); int lB = getLength(headB); if(lA >= lB){ for(int i = 0; i < lA - lB; i++){ headA = headA->next; } } else{ for(int i = 0;i < lB - lA; i++){ headB = headB->next; } } while(headA != NULL && headB != NULL){ if(headA == headB){ return headA; } headA = headA->next; headB = headB->next; } return NULL; } };
2.3.3 判断单链表是否有环
(Leetcode 141 142 https://leetcode.com/problems/linked-list-cycle/ https://leetcode.com/problems/linked-list-cycle-ii/)
思路: 1)Two pointers 一快一慢,有环的话,必然相遇。
class Solution { public: bool hasCycle(ListNode *head) { if(head == NULL){ return 0; } ListNode* slow = head; ListNode* fast = head; while(fast!= NULL && fast->next != NULL){ slow = slow->next; fast = fast->next->next; if(slow == fast){ return 1; } } return 0; } };
2)
2(a + b) = a + b +n(b + c)
推出 a = (n-1)b + nc 即 a = (n-1)(b+c) + c
因为b+c是环的长度, 所以说讲两个指针分别指链表头和初始相遇位置,他们还会在环开始位置相遇,由此整理思路
① 同第一题,快慢指针判断是否存在环,并记录相遇的位置
② 将两指针分别放置在开头和相遇位置,同样速度推进,则根据推导应该在环开始位置相遇
class Solution { public: ListNode *detectCycle(ListNode *head) { if(head == NULL){ return 0; } ListNode* slow = head; ListNode* fast = head; while(fast != NULL && fast->next != NULL){ slow = slow->next; fast = fast->next->next; if(slow == fast){ break; } } if(fast == NULL || fast->next == NULL){ return NULL; } slow = head; while(slow != fast){ slow = slow->next; fast = fast->next; } return slow; } };
待续
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