Hive基本操作与案例

Posted 2020-11-19 duanxz

1. 创建数据库，切换数据库

create database testdb;
use testdb; 

 

2. 创建管理表

create table emp(
empno int,
empname string,
job string,
mgr int,
hiredate string,
salary double,
comm double,
deptno int)
row format delimited
fields terminated by ‘	‘;
 
加载数据
load data local inpath ‘/opt/test/emp.txt‘ overwrite into table emp; 

 emp.txt文件内容如下：

101    ‘duan‘    ‘it‘    1,    ‘hiredate‘    100.0    10.0    1
102    ‘duan2‘    ‘product‘    1,    ‘2018‘    200.0    20.0    1

在hadoop中查看数据，如下:

3. 创建外部表 
创建外部表时直接指定表位置 
上传数据文件到指定路径  

hdfs dfs -mkdir /user/hive/warehouse/testdb2.db/emp_ext
hdfs dfs -put emp.txt /user/hive/warehouse/testdb2.db/emp_ext/ 

 
在hive中创建数据表指定location

create external table emp_ext(
empno int,
empname string,
job string,
mgr int,
hiredate string,
salary double,
comm double,
deptno int)
row format delimited
fields terminated by ‘	‘
location ‘/user/hive/warehouse/testdb2.db/emp_ext/‘; 

 
4. 创建分区表

create table emp_part(
empno int,
empname string,
job string,
mgr int,
hiredate string,
salary double,
comm double,
deptno int)
partitioned by (year string, month string)
row format delimited
fields terminated by ‘	‘; 

注：分区字段不能与表中其他字段重复，否则报错 
FAILED: SemanticException [Error 10035]: Column repeated in partitioning columns 
 
加载数据 
从本地拷贝emp.txt到分区表目录中

load data local inpath ‘/opt/test/emp.txt‘ into table emp_part partition (year=‘2016‘, month=‘3‘);
load data local inpath ‘/opt/test/emp.txt‘ into table emp_part partition (year=‘2016‘, month=‘4‘); 

 

用hdfs中指定位置的数据，增加分区表中数据，此操作不会移动数据文件到分区表目录中

alter table emp_part add partition (year=‘2016‘, month=‘5‘) location ‘/data‘; 

把hdfs中指定位置的数据移动到分区表目录中，增加数据

load data inpath ‘/emp.txt‘ into table emp_part partition (year=‘2016‘, month=‘6‘); 

 
5.其他创建表的方式 
(1) create-as

create table emp3  
as
select * from emp; 

(2) create-like

create table emp4 like emp;
load data local inpath ‘/opt/test/emp.txt‘ overwrite into table emp4; 

(3)插入数据

insert overwrite table emp4 select * from emp; 

 
6.指定表存储格式与压缩格式 
(1) 指定orc格式

create table emp_orc(
empno int,
empname string,
job string,
mgr int,
hiredate string,
salary double,
comm double,
deptno int)
stored as orc; 

指定为非文本格式时无需再指定row format delimited fields terminated by ‘ ‘

插入数据
insert into table emp_orc select * from emp; 

 
可以利用已有的ORC存储格式的表创建新的ORC表

create table emp_orc2 like emp_orc;
插入数据
insert overwrite table emp_orc2 select * from emp; 

 
(2) 指定orc+snappy格式 
a)先创建表，再插入数据

create table emp_orc_snappy(
empno int,
empname string,
job string,
mgr int,
hiredate string,
salary double,
comm double,
deptno int)
stored as orc tblproperties("orc.compression"="snappy");
插入数据
insert overwrite table emp_orc_snappy select * from emp; 

b)利用已有的orc表格式创建orc+snappy格式表

create table emp_orc_snappy2 like emp_orc tblproperties ("orc.compression"="snappy");
insert overwrite table emp_orc_snappy2 select * from emp; 

c)利用非压缩表直接创建orc+snappy表并导入数据

create table emp_orc_snappy3
stored as orc tblproperties("orc.compression"="snappy")
as select * from emp; 

7.hive执行参数-e,-f,--hiveconf 
(1)命令行直接执行hql语句

hive -e "select * from db_hive01.emp" 

(2)执行hql文件中的语句

hive -f emp.hql 

(3)打开调试模式

hive --hiveconf hive.root.logger=DEBUG,console 

8.数据导出 
(1)导出数据到本地 
a)insert

insert overwrite local directory ‘/opt/test/local‘  
row format delimited fields terminated by ‘	‘
select * from emp; 

如果不指定row format delimited fields terminated by ‘ ‘，字段间默认没有分割符    
 
b)

hive -e ‘select * from testdb2.emp‘  >> ./emp_export.txt 

 
(2)导出到hdfs 
a)

insert overwrite directory ‘/export_data‘  
select * from emp; 

hive 0.13.1版本还不支持导出数据到hdfs时指定分隔符row format delimited fields terminated by ‘ ‘ 
 
b)

export table emp to ‘/export_data‘; 

导出后会在会生成/export_data/data目录， emp.txt存放在此目录中，即/export_data/data/emp.txt 
 
9. 排序 
(1)order by 全局排序

insert overwrite local directory ‘/opt/test/local‘  
row format delimited fields terminated by ‘	‘
select * from emp order by empno; 

(2)sort by 与 distributed by 
类似MR中partition，进行分区，结合sort by使用 
每个reduce内部进行排序，全局不是排序， distribute by 一定是放在sort by 前面， 
且必须要指定mapreduce.job.reduces数量，否则导出结果还是在一个文件中  

set mapreduce.job.reduces=3;
insert overwrite local directory ‘/opt/test/local‘  
row format delimited fields terminated by ‘	‘
select * from emp distribute by deptno sort by empno; 

(3)cluster by 
当distributed by和sort by 字段一样的时候，直接使用cluster by 
 
10.常用函数

select upper(empname) from emp;
select unix_timestamp(trackTime) from bflog limit 3 ;
select year(hiredate) from emp ;
select month(hiredate) from emp ;
select hour(hiredate) from emp ;
select substr(hiredate,1,4) from .emp ;
select split(hiredate,‘-‘)[1] from emp ;
select reverse(hiredate) from emp ;
select concat(empno,‘-‘,empname) from emp ;

case when 条件1  then  ...
     when 条件2  then  ...
     else  end  

可以使用desc function substr 查看函数说明， substr第二个参数为index 从1技术，第三个参数为length 
 
11. 自定义UDF

add jar /opt/test/mylower.jar ;
CREATE TEMPORARY FUNCTION mylower AS ‘org.gh.hadoop.hive.MyLower‘; 

 
12. 使用正则表达式加载数据字段

create table beifenglog(
remote_addr string,
remote_user string,
time_local string,
request string,
status string,
body_bytes_sent string,
request_body string,
http_referer string,
http_user_agent string,
http_x_forwarded_for string,
host string)
row format serde ‘org.apache.hadoop.hive.contrib.serde2.RegexSerDe‘
with serdeproperties(
"input.regex" = "(\\"[\\d\\.]+\\") (\\"[^ ]+\\") (\\".*?\\") (\\".*?\\") (\\"\\d+\\") (\\"\\d+\\") ([^ ]+) (\\"[^ ]+\\") (\\".*?\\") (\\"[^ ]+\\") (\\"[^ ]+\\")"
)
stored as textfile;
 
加载原表数据
load data local inpath ‘/opt/test/beifenglog.data‘ overwrite into table beifenglog; 

可以使用工具调试正则：http://tool.chinaz.com/regex 
 
 
13.注意点 
(1)在创建表（无论管理表还是外部表）时，如果没有指定location，可以使用load data加载数据 
a) 指定本地目录中的数据，会上传数据文件到hdfs中 
b) 指定hdfs中数据文件，如果指定的路径与表所在的目录不一致，则移动数据文件到表目录中 
 

create external table emp_ext2 like emp;
load data inpath ‘/emp.txt‘ into table emp_ext2;
会把/emp.txt移动到/user/hive/warehouse/testdb2.db/emp_ext2/目录中 

create table emp2 like emp;
load data inpath ‘/emp.txt‘ into table emp2;
会把/emp.txt移动到/user/hive/warehouse/testdb2.db/emp2/目录中 

 
(2)create-like时不能指定stored as为其他格式，否则报错 
以下操作会报错 FAILED: ParseException line 1:31 missing EOF at ‘stored‘ near ‘emp‘

create table emp_orc2 like emp stored as orc;