git常用命令总结 git常用命令总结

Posted 2021-02-05 bydzhangxiaowei

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一、首先需要下载git

　　查看电脑是否安装git,打开终端，输入git,回车如果输出如下,则代表已安装了git

技术分享图片

如果未安装,则会输出:

按照提示输入:sudo apt-get install git即可安装!!或者到此处下载:git下载, pkg包下载完成，双击安装。

输入命令:git --version 可查看当前git版本

技术分享图片

二.安装后需要一些配置

配置用户名和邮箱:

$ git config --global user.name "Your Name"  
$ git config --global user.email "[email protected]"

使用 --global 修饰后设置的全局的用户,如果设置单个项目的用户,可cd到项目根目录下,执行如下命令:

$ git config user.name "Your Name"  
$ git config user.email "[email protected]"

使用命令:git config --list 可查看当前用户信息以及其他的一些信息

$ git config --list  
core.excludesfile=/Users/mac/.gitignore_global  
difftool.sourcetree.cmd=opendiff "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE"  
difftool.sourcetree.path=  
mergetool.sourcetree.cmd=/Applications/SourceTree.app/Contents/Resources/opendiff-w.sh "$LOCAL" "$REMOTE" -ancestor "$BASE" -merge "$MERGED"  
mergetool.sourcetree.trustexitcode=true  
http.postbuffer=524288000  
https.postbuffer=524288000  
user.email=你的邮箱@qq.com  
user.name=你的用户名  
macdeMacBook-Pro:~ Artron_LQQ$

三.建立本地git仓库

1. cd到你的项目目录

$ cd /Users/cjk/Desktop/myShop

2. 然后,输入git命令:

$ git init

输出如下:

$ git init  
Initialized empty Git repository in /Users/cjk/Desktop/GitTest/.git/

创建了一个空的本地仓库.

3.将项目的所有文件添加到缓存中:

$ git add .

git add . (注意,后面有个点)表示添加目录下所有文件到缓存库,如果只添加某个文件,只需把 . 换成你要添加的文件名即可;

4.将缓存中的文件Commit到git库

git commit -m "添加你的注释,一般是一些更改信息"

下面是第一次提交时的输出:

$ git commit -m "添加项目"
[master (root-commit) 3102a38] 添加项目
 18 files changed, 1085 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 GitTest.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj
 create mode 100644 GitTest.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/contents.xcworkspacedata
 create mode 100644 GitTest.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/xcuserdata/Artron_LQQ.xcuserdatad/UserInterfaceState.xcuserstate
 create mode 100644 GitTest.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/Artron_LQQ.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/GitTest.xcscheme
 create mode 100644 GitTest.xcodeproj/xcuserdata/Artron_LQQ.xcuserdatad/xcschemes/xcschememanagement.plist
 create mode 100644 GitTest/AppDelegate.h
 create mode 100644 GitTest/AppDelegate.m
 create mode 100644 GitTest/Assets.xcassets/AppIcon.appiconset/Contents.json
 create mode 100644 GitTest/Base.lproj/LaunchScreen.storyboard
 create mode 100644 GitTest/Base.lproj/Main.storyboard
 create mode 100644 GitTest/Info.plist
 create mode 100644 GitTest/ViewController.h
 create mode 100644 GitTest/ViewController.m
 create mode 100644 GitTest/main.m
 create mode 100644 GitTestTests/GitTestTests.m
 create mode 100644 GitTestTests/Info.plist
 create mode 100644 GitTestUITests/GitTestUITests.m
 create mode 100644 GitTestUITests/Info.plist

或者不添加注释 git commit ,但是这样会进入vim(vi)编辑器

# Please enter the commit message for your changes. Lines starting
# with ‘#‘ will be ignored, and an empty message aborts the commit.
# On branch master
# Changes to be committed:
#       modified:   LQQCircleShowImage.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj
#       modified:   LQQCircleShowImage/TableViewCell.m
#
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
~                                                                               
"~/Desktop/LQQCircleShowImage/.git/COMMIT_EDITMSG" 8L, 292C

在这里可以输入更改信息,也可以不输入,然后按住 shift + : ,输入wq 即可保存信息并退出vim编辑器;

四,建立远程库

在一些代码托管平台创建项目,例如github或者开源中国社区,这里已开源中国社区为例;

创建项目后,会生成一个HTTPS链接,如下:

技术分享图片

https://git.oschina.net/liuqiqiang/gitTest.git

五,将本地的库链接到远

终端中输入: git remote add origin HTTPS链接

$ git remote add origin https://git.oschina.net/liuqiqiang/gitTest.git

六.上传代码到远程库,上传之前最好先Pull一下,再执行命令: git pull origin master

输出:

$ git pull origin master
warning: no common commits
remote: Counting objects: 3, done.
remote: Total 3 (delta 0), reused 0 (delta 0)
Unpacking objects: 100% (3/3), done.
From https://git.oschina.net/liuqiqiang/gitTest
 * branch            master     -> FETCH_HEAD
 * [new branch]      master     -> origin/master
Merge made by the ‘recursive‘ strategy.
 README.md | 1 +
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 README.md

即pull成功,

七.接着执行:git push origin master

完成后输出:

$ git push origin master
Counting objects: 34, done.
Delta compression using up to 4 threads.
Compressing objects: 100% (29/29), done.
Writing objects: 100% (34/34), 15.63 KiB | 0 bytes/s, done.
Total 34 (delta 3), reused 0 (delta 0)
To https://git.oschina.net/liuqiqiang/gitTest.git
   5e2dda1..537ecfe  master -> master

即将代码成功提交到远程库!!!

注：如果pull之后出现 “ refusing to merge unrelated histories ”这句，就证明你合并pull两个不同的项目

出现的问题如何去解决fatal: refusing to merge unrelated histories

我在Github新建一个仓库，写了License，然后把本地一个写了很久仓库上传。

先pull，因为两个仓库不同，发现refusing to merge unrelated histories，无法pull

因为他们是两个不同的项目，要把两个不同的项目合并，git需要添加一句代码，在git pull，这句代码是在git 2.9.2版本发生的，最新的版本需要添加--allow-unrelated-histories

假如我们的源是origin，分支是master，那么我们需要这样写git pull origin master --allow-unrelated-histories需要知道，我们的源可以是本地的路径

接着到你的远程库查看,提交前: 技术分享图片

提交成功后：

技术分享图片

注意:操作的时候,指令不要输错了!!!!

下面这个是输错了 orgin的输出:

git pull orgin master
fatal: ‘orgin‘ does not appear to be a git repository
fatal: Could not read from remote repository.

Please make sure you have the correct access rights
and the repository exists.

正确的应该是origin!!

如果在push的时候有如下输出:

$ git push -u origin master
To https://git.oschina.net/liuqiqiang/LQQCircleShowImage.git
 ! [rejected]        master -> master (fetch first)
error: failed to push some refs to ‘https://git.oschina.net/liuqiqiang/LQQCircleShowImage.git‘
hint: Updates were rejected because the remote contains work that you do
hint: not have locally. This is usually caused by another repository pushing
hint: to the same ref. You may want to first integrate the remote changes
hint: (e.g., ‘git pull ...‘) before pushing again.
hint: See the ‘Note about fast-forwards‘ in ‘git push --help‘ for details.

看提示可知道,需要先pull一下,即执行一次:git pull origin master

然后再执行:git push origin master

分支管理

新建分支

$ git branch newbranch

查看分支

$ git branch

输出:

* master
  newbranch

*代表当前所在的分支

切换分支

$ git checkout new branch

输出

Switched to branch ‘newbranch‘

切换后可用git branch查看是否切换到当前分支

master
* newbranch

提交改动到当前分支

$ git add .
$ git commit -a

可使用git status查看提交状态

接着切回主分支

$ git checkout master

输出:

Switched to branch ‘master‘

将新分支提交的改动合并到主分支上

$ git merge newbranch

输出:

Updating cc73a48..93a1347
Fast-forward
 GitTest.xcodeproj/project.pbxproj                        |   9 +++++++++
 .../UserInterfaceState.xcuserstate                       | Bin 0 -> 7518 bytes
 GitTest/test.h                                           |  13 +++++++++++++
 GitTest/test.m                                           |  13 +++++++++++++
 4 files changed, 35 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 GitTest.xcodeproj/project.xcworkspace/xcuserdata/Artron_LQQ.xcuserdatad/UserInterfaceState.xcuserstate
 create mode 100644 GitTest/test.h
 create mode 100644 GitTest/test.m

这里我提交了两个文件,即:test.h和test.m

如果合并后产生冲突,可输入以下指令查看冲突: