接口测试——HttpClient工具的https请求代理设置请求头设置获取状态码和响应头
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转自:https://www.cnblogs.com/hong-fithing/p/7617855.html
https请求
https协议(Secure Hypertext Transfer Protocol) :
安全超文本传输协议, HTTPS以保密为目标研发, 简单讲HTTPS协议是由SSL+HTTP协议构建的可进行加密传输、 身份认证的网络协议, 其安全基础是SSL协议, 因此加密的详细内容请看SSL。 全称Hypertext Transfer Protocol overSecure Socket Layer。句法类同http:体系。 用于安全的HTTP数据传输。 https:URL表明它使用了HTTP, 但HTTPS存在不同于HTTP的默认端口及一个加密/身份验证层(在HTTP与TCP之间)。
HTTPS和HTTP的区别:
一、 https协议需要到ca申请证书, 一般免费证书很少, 需要交费。
二、 http是超文本传输协议, 信息是明文传输, https 则是具有安全性的ssl加密传输协议。
三、 http和https使用的是完全不同的连接方式, 用的端口也不一样, 前者是80,后者是443。
四、 http的连接很简单, 是无状态的; HTTPS协议是由SSL+HTTP协议构建的可进行加密传输、 身份认证的网络协议, 比http协议安全。
https访问博客园中的新闻页面,实现代码如下:
package com.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import java.security.KeyManagementException; import java.security.KeyStoreException; import java.security.NoSuchAlgorithmException; import java.security.cert.CertificateException; import java.security.cert.X509Certificate; import javax.net.ssl.SSLContext; import org.apache.http.HttpEntity; import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException; import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLConnectionSocketFactory; import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.SSLContextBuilder; import org.apache.http.conn.ssl.TrustStrategy; import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients; import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils; public class yihuqingjiu_https { public static CloseableHttpClient createSSLClientDefault(){ try { SSLContext sslContext = new SSLContextBuilder().loadTrustMaterial(null, new TrustStrategy(){ //信任所有 public boolean isTrusted(X509Certificate[] chain,String authType) throws CertificateException{ return true; } }).build(); SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(sslContext); return HttpClients.custom().setSSLSocketFactory(sslsf).build(); } catch (KeyManagementException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } catch (KeyStoreException e) { e.printStackTrace(); } return HttpClients.createDefault(); } public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { CloseableHttpClient hp = createSSLClientDefault(); HttpGet hg = new HttpGet("https://news.cnblogs.com/"); CloseableHttpResponse response = hp.execute(hg); HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity(); String content = EntityUtils.toString(entity,"utf-8"); System.out.println(content); hp.close(); } }
若不添加信任,createSSLClientDefault()方法,会访问失败
代理设置
代理,也称网络代理,是一种特殊的网络服务, 允许一个网络终端(一般为客户端) 通过这个服务与另一个网络终端(一般为服务器) 进行非直接的连接。 一些网关、 路由器等网络设备具备网络代理功能。 一般认为代理服务有利于保障网络终端的隐私或安全, 防止攻击。在使用httpclient进行接口测试的时候, 出现需要访问国外的接口请求地址、使用fiddler调试等时候需要先设置代理才能进行。
fiddler会自动给浏览器加上127.0.0.1:8888,但java代码中fiddler不会自动给加上。运行上述实例,但在fiddler中抓取不到,这就需要进行代理设置了。
代码实现如下:
package com.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.http.HttpEntity; import org.apache.http.HttpHost; import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException; import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig; import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients; import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils; public class yihuqingjiu_Proxy { public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { //创建httpclient对象 CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); //代理对象 HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http"); //配置对象 RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build(); //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com"); //使用配置 httpget.setConfig(config); CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget); HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity(); String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"); System.out.println(content); httpClient.close(); } }
请求头设置
有很多服务器,会辨别访问形式是否为浏览器,若不是浏览器,会拒绝访问,所以就需要设置请求头
当我们打开一个网页时, 浏览器要向网站服务器发送一个HTTP请求头, 然后网站服务器根据HTTP请求头的内容生成当次请求的内容发送给浏览器。HTTP请求头提供了关于请求, 响应或者其他的发送实体的信息。 HTTP的头信息包括通用头、 请求头、 响应头和实体头四个部分。 每个头域由一个域名, 冒号(:) 和域值三部分组成。
部分请求头属性介绍:
accept:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它所支持的数据类型。 如: text/html,image/jpeg
accept-Charset:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它支持哪种字符集
accept-encoding:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它支持哪种压缩格式
accept-language:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它的语言环境
host:浏览器通过这个头告诉服务器, 它想访问哪台主机
Connection:表示客户端与服务连接类型
User-Agent(用户代理),简称 UA, 它是一个特殊字符串头, 使得服务器能够识别客户端使用的操作系统及版本、 CPU 类型、 浏览器及版本、 浏览器渲染引擎、浏览器语言、 浏览器插件等
首先看httpclient发送的请求和浏览器访问的不同之处
httpclient访问:
浏览器访问:
可以很清楚的看出,各自的请求头不同
设置请求头的方法有三种实现方法:
第一种实现代码如下
package com.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.http.HttpEntity; import org.apache.http.HttpHost; import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException; import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig; import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients; import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils; public class yihuqingjiu_header { public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { //创建httpclient对象 CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); //代理对象 HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http"); //配置对象 RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build(); //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com"); //使用配置 httpget.setConfig(config); //设置请求头 httpget.setHeader("Accept", "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8"); httpget.setHeader("Accept-Encoding", "gzip, deflate"); httpget.setHeader("Accept-Language", "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8"); httpget.setHeader("User-Agent", "Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/61.0.3163.91 Safari/537.36"); CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget); HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity(); String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"); System.out.println(content); httpClient.close(); } }
然后到fiddler中查看请求头信息,和浏览器访问一样了,如下图所示:
第二中实现方式,创建代理对象,代码如下:
package com.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.http.HttpEntity; import org.apache.http.HttpHost; import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException; import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig; import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.http.entity.mime.Header; import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients; import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader; import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils; import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders; public class yihuqingjiu_header1 { public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { //创建httpclient对象 CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); //代理对象 HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http"); //配置对象 RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build(); //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com"); //使用配置 httpget.setConfig(config); //设置请求头,对象实现 BasicHeader a = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8"); httpget.setHeader(a); CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget); HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity(); String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"); System.out.println(content); httpClient.close(); } }
第三种实现方式,数组实现,代码如下:
package com.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.http.HttpEntity; import org.apache.http.HttpHost; import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException; import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig; import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.http.entity.mime.Header; import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients; import org.apache.http.message.BasicHeader; import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils; import com.google.common.net.HttpHeaders; public class yihuqingjiu_header2 { public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { //创建httpclient对象 CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); //代理对象 HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http"); //配置对象 RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build(); //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com"); //使用配置 httpget.setConfig(config); //设置请求头,数组实现 BasicHeader[] header = new BasicHeader[2]; //写法1 //BasicHeader a = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8"); //header[0]=a; //写法2 header[0] = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT, "text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,image/webp,image/apng,*/*;q=0.8"); header[1] = new BasicHeader(HttpHeaders.ACCEPT_LANGUAGE, "zh-CN,zh;q=0.8"); httpget.setHeaders(header); CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget); HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity(); String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"); System.out.println(content); httpClient.close(); } }
获取状态码
可以获取Headers中的信息,也就是Headers中的第一行数据,获取状态码实现代码如下:
package com.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.http.HttpEntity; import org.apache.http.HttpHost; import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException; import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig; import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients; import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils; public class yihuqingjiu_response1 { public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { //创建httpclient对象 CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); //代理对象 HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http"); //配置对象 RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build(); //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com"); //使用配置 httpget.setConfig(config); CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget); HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity(); String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"); System.out.println(content); System.out.println("------------------------------------"); //获取响应状态码 int code = response.getStatusLine().getStatusCode(); System.out.println("code:"+code); String a = response.getStatusLine().toString(); System.out.println("a:"+a); httpClient.close(); } }
接收响应头
响应头也是Headers中的内容,如下图所示:
实现代码如下所示,里面包含多种实现方式,但输出的内容都差不多
package com.httpclient; import java.io.IOException; import org.apache.http.Header; import org.apache.http.HttpEntity; import org.apache.http.HttpHost; import org.apache.http.client.ClientProtocolException; import org.apache.http.client.config.RequestConfig; import org.apache.http.client.methods.CloseableHttpResponse; import org.apache.http.client.methods.HttpGet; import org.apache.http.impl.client.CloseableHttpClient; import org.apache.http.impl.client.HttpClients; import org.apache.http.util.EntityUtils; public class yihuqingjiu_response { public static void main(String[] args) throws ClientProtocolException, IOException { //创建httpclient对象 CloseableHttpClient httpClient = HttpClients.createDefault(); //代理对象 HttpHost proxy = new HttpHost("127.0.0.1", 8888, "http"); //配置对象 RequestConfig config = RequestConfig.custom().setProxy(proxy).build(); //创建请求方法的实例, 并指定请求url HttpGet httpget=new HttpGet("http://www.qq.com"); //使用配置 httpget.setConfig(config); CloseableHttpResponse response=httpClient.execute(httpget); HttpEntity entity=response.getEntity(); String content=EntityUtils.toString(entity, "utf-8"); System.out.println(content); System.out.println("------------------------------------"); //接收响应头 //获取一个响应头,first和last两个方法指的是,当里面有两个一样的响应时,就去第一个或最后一个 String server = response.getFirstHeader("Server").toString(); System.out.println(server); //获取所有响应头 Header[] header = response.getAllHeaders(); //遍历输出所有 for(Header as:header){ System.out.println(as.toString()); } System.out.println("------------------------------------"); //输出name for(Header name:header){ System.out.println(name.getName()); } System.out.println("------------------------------------"); //输出value for(Header value:header){ System.out.println(value.getValue()); } //输出第一个 //System.out.println(header[0].toString()); //输出数组大小 Header[] ha = response.getHeaders("Server"); System.out.println(ha.length); httpClient.close(); } }
遍历输出所有响应头内容,如下所示:
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