LAMP服务搭建

Posted 2020-12-31

LAMP简介
所谓lamp，其实就是由Linux+Apach+mysql/MariaDB+php/Perl/Python的一组动态网站或者服务器的开源软件，除Linux外其他各部分组件都是各自独立的程序，但是因为经常被放在一起使用，拥有了越来越高的兼容度，共同组成了一个强大的web应用程序平台。

web服务器工作流程
web服务器的资源分为两种，静态资源和动态资源
静态资源指静态内容，客户端从服务器获得的资源的表现形式与原文件相同，可以简单的理解为就是直接存储以文件系统中的资源
动态资源则通常是程序文件，需要在服务器执行之后，将执行结果返回给客户端

下面通过一张图说明web服务器如何处理客户端请求

如上图所示：
阶段①显示的是http的服务器（即apache）和php服务器通过FastCGI
协议进行通信，且php作为独立的服务进程运行
阶段②显示的是php程序和mysql数据库间通过mysql协议进通信。php与mysql本没什么联系，但是由php语言写成的程序可以和mysql进行数据交互。同理perl和python写的程序也可以与mysql数据库进行交互

关于CGI和FastCGI
CGI（common gatewey interface，通用网关接口），CGI是外部应用程序（CGI程序）与web服务器之间的接口标准，是在CGI程序和web服务器之间传递信息的过程。CGI规范允许web服务器执行外部程序，并将它们的输出发送给web浏览器，CGI将web的一组简单的静态超媒体文档变成一个完整的新的交互式媒体
FastCGI是CGI的改良版，CGI是通过启用一个解释器进城来处理每个请求，耗时且耗资源，而FastCGI则是通过master-worker形式来处理每个请求，即启动一个master主进程，然后根据配置启动几个worker进程，当请求进来时，master会从worker进程中选择一个去处理请求，这样就避免了重复的生成和杀死进程带来的频繁cpu上下文切换而导致耗时

httpd与php结合的方式有以下三种：
·①modules：php将以httpd的扩展模块形式存在，需要加载动态资源时，httpd可以直接通过php模块来加工资源并返回给客户端
httpd prefork：libphp5.so （多进程模型的php）
httpd event or worker：libphp5-zts.so（线程模型的php）
②CGI：httpd需要加载动态资源时，通过CGI与php解释器联系，获得php执行的结果，此时httpd负责与php连接的建立和断开等
· ③FastCGI：利用php-fpm机制，启动为服务进程，php自行运行为一个服务，https通过socket与php通信
较于CGI，FastCGI更为常用，很少有人使用CGI方式来加载动态资源

通过上面的一张图说明web的工作流程：
客户端通过http协议请求web服务器资源
web服务器收到请求后判断客户端请求的资源是静态资源或是动态资源
若是静态资源则直接从本地文件系统取之返回给客户端
若是动态资源则通过FastCGI协议与php服务器联系，通过CGI程 序的master进程调度worker进程来执行程序以获得客户端请求的动态资 源，并将之行的结果通过FastCGI协议返回给httpd服务器，httpd服务器 收到php的执行结果后将其封装为http响应报文响应给客户端。在执行程 序获取动态资源时若需要获得数据库中的资源时，由php服务器通过 mysql协议与MySQL/mariadb服务器交互，取之而后返回给httpd，httpd 将从php服务器收到的执行结果封装成http响应报文响应给客户端。

Lamp服务搭建

一台主机：192.168.56.12
需要安装的服务：httpd-2.4 ，mysql-5.7，php，php-mysql
平台软件安装次序：httpd --> mysql --> php

1.安装httpd
安装开发工具包
[[email protected] ~]# yum groups mark install ‘Development Tools‘
创建apache服务的用户和组
[[email protected] ~]# groupadd -r apache
[[email protected] ~]# useradd -r -M -s /sbin/nologin -g apache apache
安装依赖包
[[email protected] ~]# yum -y install openssl-devel pcre-devel expat-devel libtool
下载和安装apr以及apr-util
[[email protected] ~]# cd /usr/src
[[email protected] src]# wget http://mirrors.shu.edu.cn/apache//apr/apr-1.6.3.tar.bz2
[[email protected] src]# wget http://mirrors.shu.edu.cn/apache//apr/apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2

编译安装apr-1.6.3
[[email protected] src]# tar xf apr-1.6.3.tar.bz2
[[email protected] src]# ls
apr-1.6.3 apr-1.6.3.tar.bz2 apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2 debug kernels
[[email protected] src]# cd apr-1.6.3
[[email protected] apr-1.6.3]# vi configure
#$RM "$cfgfile" //修改配置文件，此行前面加上注释或者删除掉
[[email protected] apr-1.6.3]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apr
[[email protected] apr-1.6.3]# make && make install

编译安装apr-util-1.6.1
[[email protected] src]# tar xf apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2
[[email protected] src]# ls
apr-1.6.3 apr-util-1.6.1 debug
apr-1.6.3.tar.bz2 apr-util-1.6.1.tar.bz2 kernels
[[email protected] src]# cd apr-util-1.6.1
[[email protected] apr-util-1.6.1]# make && make install

//编译安装httpd
[[email protected] ~]# wget http://mirror.bit.edu.cn/apache//httpd/httpd-2.4.34.tar.bz2
[[email protected] ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg httpd-2.4.34.tar.bz2
[[email protected] ~]# tar xf httpd-2.4.34.tar.bz2
[[email protected] ~]# cd httpd-2.4.34
[[email protected] httpd-2.4.34]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/apache

--sysconfdir=/etc/httpd24
--enable-so
--enable-ssl
--enable-cgi
--enable-rewrite
--with-zlib
--with-pcre
--with-apr=/usr/local/apr
--with-apr-util=/usr/local/apr-util/
--enable-modules=most
--enable-mpms-shared=all
--with-mpm=prefork
[[email protected] httpd-2.4.34]# make && make install

//安装后配置：
[[email protected] ~]# echo ‘PATH=/usr/local/apache/bin:$PATH‘ > /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[[email protected] ~]# source /etc/profile.d/httpd.sh
[[email protected] ~]# ln -s /usr/local/apache/include/ /usr/include/httpd
[[email protected] ~]# echo ‘MANPATH /usr/local/apache/man‘ >> /etc/man.config

//取消ServerName前面的注释
[[email protected] ~]# sed -i ‘/#ServerName/s/#//g‘ /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
//启动apache
[[email protected] ~]# apachectl start
[[email protected] ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 :22 :
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 :
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::

2.安装mysql
//安装依赖包
[[email protected] ~]# yum -y install ncurses-devel openssl-devel openssl cmake mariadb-devel
//创建用户和组
[[email protected] ~]# groupadd -r -g 306 mysql
[[email protected] ~]# useradd -M -s /sbin/nologin -g 306 -u 306 mysql
//下载二进制格式的mysql软件包
[[email protected] ~]# cd /usr/src/
[[email protected] src]# wget https://downloads.mysql.com/archives/get/file/mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz
//若网络不好，可使用wget -c断点下载，或者先在网上下好软件包
[[email protected] src]# tar xf mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64.tar.gz -C /usr/local
[[email protected] local]# ln -sv mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/ mysql
‘mysql’ -> ‘mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/’
//修改目录/usr/local/mysql的属主属组
[[email protected] ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /usr/local/mysql
[[email protected] ~]# ll /usr/local/mysql -d
lrwxrwxrwx. 1 mysql mysql 36 Aug 21 17:05 /usr/local/mysql -> mysql-5.7.22-linux-glibc2.12-x86_64/

//添加环境变量
[[email protected] ~]# ls /usr/local/mysql
bin COPYING docs include lib man README share support-files
[[email protected] ~]# echo ‘export PATH=/usr/local/mysql/bin:$PATH‘ > /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[[email protected] ~]# . /etc/profile.d/mysql.sh
[[email protected] ~]# echo $PATH
/usr/local/mysql/bin:/usr/local/apache/bin:/usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin:/root/bin

//建立数据存放目录，并更改属主属组
[[email protected] ~]# mkdir /ranran
[[email protected] ~]# chown -R mysql.mysql /ranran
//初始化数据库
[[email protected] ~]# /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --initialize --user=mysql --datadir=/ranran
//初始化后会在屏幕输出内容最后一行产生一个随机密码，需要记下来登录数据库用
[[email protected] ~]# echo ‘H>K)npj.i2KC‘ > /etc/pass.txt

//配置mysql
[[email protected] ~]# ln -sv /usr/local/mysql/include/ /usr/local/include/mysql
‘/usr/local/include/mysql’ -> ‘/usr/local/mysql/include/’
[[email protected] ~]# echo ‘/usr/local/mysql/lib‘ > /etc/ld.so.conf.d/mysql.conf
[[email protected] ~]# ldconfig -v
[[email protected] ~]# ldconfig -p |grep mysql
libmysqlclient.so.20 (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/local/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.so.20
libmysqlclient.so.18 (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/lib64/mysql/libmysqlclient.so.18
libmysqlclient.so (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/lib64/mysql/libmysqlclient.so
libmysqlclient.so (libc6,x86-64) => /usr/local/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.so

//生成配置文件
[[email protected] ~]# cat > /etc/my.cnf <<EOF

[mysqld]
basedir = /usr/local/mysql
datadir = /ranran
socket = /tmp/mysql.sock
port = 3306
pid-file = /opt/data/mysql.pid
user = mysql
skip-name-resolve
EOF
//配置服务启动脚本
[[email protected] ~]# cp -a /usr/local/mysql/support-files/mysql.server /etc/init.d/mysqld
[[email protected] ~]# sed -ri ‘s#^(basedir=).#1/usr/local/mysql#g‘ /etc/init.d/mysqld
[[email protected] ~]# sed -ri ‘s#^(datadir=).#1/opt/data#g‘ /etc/init.d/mysqld
//启动mysql
[[email protected] ~]# service mysqld start
Starting MySQL.Logging to ‘/ranran/hyj.com.err‘.
. SUCCESS!
[[email protected] ~]# ps -ef|grep mysql
root 33449 1 0 17:20 pts/0 00:00:00 /bin/sh /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqd_safe --datadir=/ranran --pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid
mysql 33627 33449 13 17:20 pts/0 00:00:01 /usr/local/mysql/bin/mysqld --basedir=/usr/local/mysql --datadir=/ranran --plugin-dir=/usr/local/mysql/lib/plugin --user=mysql --log-error=hyj.com.err --pid-file=/opt/data/mysql.pid --socket=/tmp/mysql.sock --port=3306
root 33659 1099 0 17:20 pts/0 00:00:00 grep --color=auto mysql
[[email protected] ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 :22 :
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 :
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*

//利用初始化数据库产生的密码登录数据库并设置新密码
[[email protected] ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password:
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or g.
Your MySQL connection id is 2
Server version: 5.7.22

Copyright (c) 2000, 2018, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.

Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.

Type ‘help;‘ or ‘h‘ for help. Type ‘c‘ to clear the current input statement.

mysql> set password = password(‘ran1027.‘);
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> quit
Bye

3.安装php
//配置yum源
[[email protected] ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[[email protected] yum.repos.d]# wget http://mirrors.163.com/.help/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[[email protected] ~]# sed -i ‘s/$releasever/7/g‘ /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[[email protected] ~]# sed -i ‘s/^enabled=.*/enabled=1/g‘ /etc/yum.repos.d/CentOS7-Base-163.repo
[[email protected] ~]# yum -y install epel-release
//安装依赖包
[[email protected] ~]# yum -y install libxml2 libxml2-devel openssl openssl-devel bzip2 bzip2-devel libcurl libcurl-devel libjpeg libjpeg-devel libpng libpng-devel freetype freetype-devel gmp gmp-devel libmcrypt libmcrypt-devel readline readline-devel libxslt libxslt-devel mhash mhash-devel

//下载php
[[email protected] ~]# cd /usr/src
[[email protected] src]# wget http://cn.php.net/distributions/php-7.2.8.tar.xz
//编译安装php
[[email protected] src]# tar xf php-7.2.8.tar.xz
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# ./configure --prefix=/usr/local/php7

--with-curl
--with-freetype-dir
--with-gd
--with-gettext
--with-iconv-dir
--with-kerberos
--with-libdir=lib64
--with-libxml-dir=/usr
--with-mysqli=/usr/local/mysql/bin/mysql_config
--with-openssl
--with-pcre-regex
--with-pdo-mysql
--with-pdo-sqlite
--with-pear
--with-jpeg-dir
--with-png-dir
--with-xmlrpc
--with-xsl
--with-zlib
--with-config-file-path=/etc
--with-config-file-scan-dir=/etc/php.d
--with-bz2
--enable-fpm
--enable-bcmath
--enable-libxml
--enable-inline-optimization
--enable-mbregex
--enable-mbstring
--enable-opcache
--enable-pcntl
--enable-shmop
--enable-soap
--enable-sockets
--enable-sysvsem
--enable-xml
--enable-zip

//安装后配置
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# echo ‘export PATH=/usr/local/php7/bin:$PATH‘ > /etc/profile.d/php7.sh
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# source /etc/profile.d/php7.sh
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# which php
/usr/local/php7/bin/php
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# php -v
PHP 7.2.8 (cli) (built: Aug 21 2018 18:13:33) ( NTS )
Copyright (c) 1997-2018 The PHP Group
Zend Engine v3.2.0, Copyright (c) 1998-2018 Zend Technologies

//配置php-fpm
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# cp php.ini-production /etc/php.ini
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# cp sapi/fpm/init.d.php-fpm /etc/init.d/php-fpm
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# chmod +x /etc/rc.d/init.d/php-fpm
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
[[email protected] php-7.2.8]# cp /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf.default /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.d/www.conf
//编辑配置php-fpm的配置文件(/usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf)：
//配置fpm的相关选项为你所需要的值
[[email protected] ~]# vi /usr/local/php7/etc/php-fpm.conf
...
...
pm.max_children = 50 //最多同时提供50个进程提供50个并发服务
pm.start_servers = 5 //启动时启动5个进程
pm.min_spare_servers = 2 //最小空闲进程数
pm.max_spare_servers = 8 //最大空闲进程数

//启动php-fpm
[[email protected] ~]# service php-fpm start
Starting php-fpm done
//默认情况下，fpm监听在127.0.0.1的9000端口
[[email protected] ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port
LISTEN 0 128 :22 :
LISTEN 0 100 127.0.0.1:25 :
LISTEN 0 128 127.0.0.1:9000 :
LISTEN 0 128 :::80 :::
LISTEN 0 128 :::22 :::
LISTEN 0 100 ::1:25 :::
LISTEN 0 80 :::3306 :::*

4.配置apache
4.1 启用代理模块
在apache httpd2.4以后已经专门有一个模块针对FastCGI的实现，此模块为mod_proxy_fcgi.so,它其实是作为mod_proxy.so模块的扩展，因此两个模块都要加载。编辑httpd.conf文件，取消以下两行注释
LoadModule proxy_module modules/mod_proxy.so
LoadModule proxy_fcgi_module modules/mod_proxy_fcgi.so
[[email protected] ~]# sed -i ‘/proxy_module/s/#//g‘ /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
[[email protected] ~]# sed -i ‘/proxy_fcgi_module/s/#//g‘ /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf

4.2配置虚拟主机
    在需要使用fcgi的虚拟主机中添加类似如下两行
    ProxyRequests Off   //关闭正向代理
    ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*.php)$
    fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/PATH/TO/DOCUMENT_ROOT/$1

例如：
ProxyPassMatch ^/(.*.php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/var/www/html/idfsoft.com/$1
以上设置表示把以.php结尾的文件请求发送到php-fpm进程，php-fpm至少需要知道运行的目录和URI，所以这里直接在fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000后指明了这两个参数，其他参数的传递已经被mod_proxy_fcgi.so进行了封装，不需要手动指定。
注意：
这里写的/var/www/html/是yum源安装方式生成的网页存放目录，这里必须改成自己编译安装指定的网页存放路径。idfsoft.com是域名，改成自己所使用的域名。$1表示匹配所有以.php结尾的http请求

//创建虚拟主机目录并生成php测试页面
[[email protected] ~]# cat > /usr/local/apache/htdocs/ranran.com/index.php <<EOF

<?php
phpinfo();
?>
EOF
//在配置文件最后加入以下内容
[[email protected] ~]# vi /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
<VirtualHost :80>
DocumentRoot "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/ranran.com"
ServerName www.ranran.com
ProxyRequests Off
ProxyPassMatch ^/(..php)$ fcgi://127.0.0.1:9000/usr/local/apache/htdo
cs/ranran.com/$1
<Directory "/usr/local/apache/htdocs/ranran.com">
Options none
AllowOverride none
Require all granted
</Directory>
</VirtualHost>
[[email protected] ~]# vi /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
//搜索AddType,添加以下内容

If the AddEncoding directives above are commented-out, then you

probably should define those extensions to indicate media types:

#
AddType application/x-compress .Z
AddType application/x-gzip .gz .tgz
AddType application/x-httpd-php .php //添加此行
AddType application/x-httpd-php-source .phps //添加此行

[[email protected] ~]# sed -i ‘/ DirectoryIndex/s/index.html/index.php index.html/g‘ /etc/httpd24/httpd.conf
//重启apache服务
[[email protected] ~]# apachectl stop
[[email protected] ~]# apachectl start

5.验证
1.修改/etc/hosts文件，添加域名映射
windows系统上的C:WindowsSystem32driversetchosts文件
192.168.56.12 www.ranran.com
2.在浏览器上使用域名访问
记得关防火墙
[[email protected] ~]# systemctl stop firewalld
出现以下界面即成功：