SaltStack之数据系统

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1.SaltStack数据系统

SaltStack有两大数据系统，分别是：

  • Grains
  • Pillar

    2. SaltStack数据系统组件

    2.1 SaltStack组件之Grains

    Grains是SaltStack的一个组件，其存放着minion启动时收集到的信息。

Grains是SaltStack组件中非常重要的组件之一，因为我们在做配置部署的过程中会经常使用它，Grains是SaltStack记录minion的一些静态信息的组件。可简单理解为Grains记录着每台minion的一些常用属性，比如CPU、内存、磁盘、网络信息等。我们可以通过grains.items查看某台minion的所有Grains信息。

Grains的功能：

信息查询实例：

//列出所有grains的key和value
[root@master ~]# salt ‘192.168.69.202‘ grains.items
192.168.69.202:
    ----------
    SSDs:
    biosreleasedate:        //bios的时间
        09/30/2014
    biosversion:            //bios的版本
        6.00
    cpu_flags:              //cpu相关的属性
        - fpu
        - vme
        - de
        - pse
        - tsc
        - msr
        - pae
        - mce
        - cx8
        - apic
        - sep
        - mtrr
        - pge
        - mca
        - cmov
        - pat
        - pse36
        - clflush
        - dts
        - mmx
        - fxsr
        - sse
        - sse2
        - ss
        - syscall
        - nx
        - rdtscp
        - lm
        - constant_tsc
        - arch_perfmon
        - pebs
        - bts
        - nopl
        - xtopology
        - tsc_reliable
        - nonstop_tsc
        - aperfmperf
        - pni
        - pclmulqdq
        - ssse3
        - cx16
        - pcid
        - sse4_1
        - sse4_2
        - x2apic
        - popcnt
        - tsc_deadline_timer
        - aes
        - xsave
        - avx
        - f16c
        - rdrand
        - hypervisor
        - lahf_lm
        - fsgsbase
        - tsc_adjust
        - smep
        - dtherm
        - ida
        - arat
        - pln
        - pts
    cpu_model:          //cpu的具体型号
        Intel(R) Xeon(R) CPU E5-2630 v2 @ 2.60GHz
    cpuarch:            //cpu架构
        x86_64
    disks:
        - sda
        - sr0
        - dm-0
        - dm-1
    dns:
        ----------
        domain:
        ip4_nameservers:
            - 223.5.5.5
            - 223.6.6.6
        ip6_nameservers:
        nameservers:
            - 223.5.5.5
            - 223.6.6.6
        options:
        search:
        sortlist:
    domain:
    fqdn:
        minion
    fqdn_ip4:       //ip地址
        - 192.168.69.202
    fqdn_ip6:
        - fe80::6860:c429:1c06:1639
    gid:
        0
    gpus:
        |_
          ----------
          model:
              SVGA II Adapter
          vendor:
              unknown
    groupname:
        root
    host:       //主机名
        minion
    hwaddr_interfaces:
        ----------
        ens32:
            00:0c:29:d8:05:54
        lo:
            00:00:00:00:00:00
    id:         //minion的ID
        192.168.69.202
    init:
        systemd
    ip4_gw:
        192.168.69.1
    ip4_interfaces:
        ----------
        ens32:
            - 192.168.69.202
        lo:
            - 127.0.0.1
    ip6_gw:
        False
    ip6_interfaces:
        ----------
        ens32:
            - fe80::6860:c429:1c06:1639
        lo:
            - ::1
    ip_gw:
        True
    ip_interfaces:
        ----------
        ens32:
            - 192.168.69.202
            - fe80::6860:c429:1c06:1639
        lo:
            - 127.0.0.1
            - ::1
    ipv4:
        - 127.0.0.1
        - 192.168.69.202
    ipv6:
        - ::1
        - fe80::6860:c429:1c06:1639
    kernel:
        Linux
    kernelrelease:
        3.10.0-693.el7.x86_64
    kernelversion:
        #1 SMP Tue Aug 22 21:09:27 UTC 2017
    locale_info:
        ----------
        defaultencoding:
            UTF-8
        defaultlanguage:
            en_US
        detectedencoding:
            UTF-8
    localhost:
        minion
    lsb_distrib_codename:
        CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
    lsb_distrib_id:
        CentOS Linux
    machine_id:
        59745bbcb85b42a1a8441ffed7b54cba
    manufacturer:
        VMware, Inc.
    master:
        192.168.69.201
    mdadm:
    mem_total:
        1823
    nodename:
        localhost.localdomain
    num_cpus:
        8
    num_gpus:
        1
    os:
        CentOS
    os_family:
        RedHat
    osarch:
        x86_64
    oscodename:
        CentOS Linux 7 (Core)
    osfinger:
        CentOS Linux-7
    osfullname:
        CentOS Linux
    osmajorrelease:
        7
    osrelease:
        7.4.1708
    osrelease_info:
        - 7
        - 4
        - 1708
    path:
        /usr/local/sbin:/usr/local/bin:/usr/sbin:/usr/bin
    pid:
        9407
    productname:
        VMware Virtual Platform
    ps:
        ps -efHww
    pythonexecutable:
        /usr/bin/python
    pythonpath:
        - /usr/bin
        - /usr/lib64/python27.zip
        - /usr/lib64/python2.7
        - /usr/lib64/python2.7/plat-linux2
        - /usr/lib64/python2.7/lib-tk
        - /usr/lib64/python2.7/lib-old
        - /usr/lib64/python2.7/lib-dynload
        - /usr/lib64/python2.7/site-packages
        - /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages
    pythonversion:
        - 2
        - 7
        - 5
        - final
        - 0
    saltpath:
        /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/salt
    saltversion:
        2018.3.3
    saltversioninfo:
        - 2018
        - 3
        - 3
        - 0
    selinux:
        ----------
        enabled:
            True
        enforced:
            Permissive
    serialnumber:
        VMware-56 4d b9 cc 33 9d ad d5-08 1d 49 ac bd d8 05 54
    server_id:
        1679846262
    shell:
        /bin/sh
    swap_total:
        2047
    systemd:
        ----------
        features:
            +PAM +AUDIT +SELINUX +IMA -APPARMOR +SMACK +SYSVINIT +UTMP +LIBCRYPTSETUP +GCRYPT +GNUTLS +ACL +XZ +LZ4 -SECCOMP +BLKID +ELFUTILS +KMOD +IDN
        version:
            219
    uid:
        0
    username:
        root
    uuid:
        564db9cc-339d-add5-081d-49acbdd80554
    virtual:
        VMware
    zfs_feature_flags:
        False
    zfs_support:
        False
    zmqversion:
        4.1.4

//只查询所有的grains的key
[root@master ~]# salt ‘192.168.69.202‘ grains.ls
192.168.69.202:
    - SSDs
    - biosreleasedate
    - biosversion
    - cpu_flags
    - cpu_model
    - cpuarch
    - disks
    - dns
    - domain
    - fqdn
    - fqdn_ip4
    - fqdn_ip6
    - gid
    - gpus
    - groupname
    - host
    - hwaddr_interfaces
    - id
    - init
    - ip4_gw
    - ip4_interfaces
    - ip6_gw
    - ip6_interfaces
    - ip_gw
    - ip_interfaces
    - ipv4
    - ipv6
    - kernel
    - kernelrelease
    - kernelversion
    - locale_info
    - localhost
    - lsb_distrib_codename
    - lsb_distrib_id
    - machine_id
    - manufacturer
    - master
    - mdadm
    - mem_total
    - nodename
    - num_cpus
    - num_gpus
    - os
    - os_family
    - osarch
    - oscodename
    - osfinger
    - osfullname
    - osmajorrelease
    - osrelease
    - osrelease_info
    - path
    - pid
    - productname
    - ps
    - pythonexecutable
    - pythonpath
    - pythonversion
    - saltpath
    - saltversion
    - saltversioninfo
    - selinux
    - serialnumber
    - server_id
    - shell
    - swap_total
    - systemd
    - uid
    - username
    - uuid
    - virtual
    - zfs_feature_flags
    - zfs_support
    - zmqversion

//查询某个key的值，比如想获取ip地址
[root@master ~]# salt ‘*‘ grains.get fqdn_ip4
192.168.69.201:
    - 127.0.0.1
192.168.69.202:
    - 192.168.69.202

[root@master ~]# salt ‘*‘ grains.get ip4_interfaces
192.168.69.201:
    ----------
    ens32:
        - 192.168.69.201
    lo:
        - 127.0.0.1
192.168.69.202:
    ----------
    ens32:
        - 192.168.69.202
    lo:
        - 127.0.0.1
[root@master ~]# salt ‘*‘ grains.get ip4_interfaces:ens32
192.168.69.201:
    - 192.168.69.201
192.168.69.202:
    - 192.168.69.202

目标匹配实例：
用Grains来匹配minion：

//在所有centos系统中执行命令

[root@master ~]# salt -G ‘os:CentOS‘ cmd.run ‘uptime‘
192.168.69.202:
     16:16:42 up 2 days,  7:27,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.01, 0.05
192.168.69.201:
     16:16:42 up 1 day,  2:17,  1 user,  load average: 0.00, 0.03, 0.05

在top file里面使用Grains：

[root@master ~]# vim /srv/salt/base/top.sls
base:
  ‘os:CentOS‘:
    - match: grain
    - web.apache.apache

自定义Grains的两种方法：

  • minion配置文件，在配置文件中搜索grains
  • 在/etc/salt下生成一个grains文件，在此文件中定义(推荐方式) 
    [root@master ~]# vim /etc/salt/grains
test-grains: linux-node1
[root@master ~]# systemctl restart salt-minion
[root@master ~]# salt ‘*‘ grains.get test-grains
192.168.69.201:
linux-node1
192.168.69.202:

不重启的情况下自定义Grains：

[root@master ~]# vim /etc/salt/grains
test-grains: linux-node1
wangqing: runtime

[root@master ~]# salt ‘*‘ saltutil.sync_grains
192.168.69.202:
192.168.69.201:
[root@master ~]# salt ‘*‘ grains.get wangqing
192.168.69.201:
    runtime
192.168.69.202:

2.2 SaltStack组件之Pillar

Pillar也是SaltStack组件中非常重要的组件之一，是数据管理中心，经常配置states在大规模的配置管理工作中使用它。Pillar在SaltStack中主要的作用就是存储和定义配置管理中需要的一些数据，比如软件版本号、用户名密码等信息，它的定义存储格式与Grains类似，都是YAML格式。

在Master配置文件中有一段Pillar settings选项专门定义Pillar相关的一些参数：

#pillar_roots:
#  base:
#    - /srv/pillar

默认Base环境下Pillar的工作目录在/srv/pillar目录下。若你想定义多个环境不同的Pillar工作目录，只需要修改此处配置文件即可。

Pillar的特点：

  • 可以给指定的minion定义它需要的数据
  • 只有指定的人才能看到定义的数据
  • 在master配置文件里设置 
    //查看pillar的信息
[root@master ~]# salt ‘*‘ pillar.items
192.168.69.202:
----------
192.168.69.201:
----------

默认pillar是没有任何信息的，如果想查看信息，需要在 master 配置文件上把 pillar_opts的注释取消，并将其值设为 True。

[root@master ~]# vim /etc/salt/master
# master config file that can then be used on minions.
pillar_opts: True

# The pillar_safe_render_error option prevents the master from passing pillar

//重启master并查看pillar的信息
[root@master ~]# systemctl restart salt-master
[root@master ~]# salt ‘*‘ pillar.items
....此处省略N行
winrepo_passphrase:
        winrepo_password:
        winrepo_privkey:
        winrepo_pubkey:
        winrepo_refspecs:
            - +refs/heads/*:refs/remotes/origin/*
            - +refs/tags/*:refs/tags/*
        winrepo_remotes:
            - https://github.com/saltstack/salt-winrepo.git
        winrepo_remotes_ng:
            - https://github.com/saltstack/salt-winrepo-ng.git
        winrepo_ssl_verify:
            True
        winrepo_user:
        worker_floscript:
            /usr/lib/python2.7/site-packages/salt/daemons/flo/worker.flo
        worker_threads:
            5
        zmq_backlog:
            1000
        zmq_filtering:
            False
        zmq_monitor:
            False

pillar自定义数据：
在master的配置文件里找pillar_roots可以看到其存放pillar的位置

[root@master ~]# vim /etc/salt/master
...省略N行
#####         Pillar settings        #####
##########################################
# Salt Pillars allow for the building of global data that can be made selectively
# available to different minions based on minion grain filtering. The Salt
# Pillar is laid out in the same fashion as the file server, with environments,
# a top file and sls files. However, pillar data does not need to be in the
# highstate format, and is generally just key/value pairs.
pillar_roots:
  base:
    - /srv/pillar/base
  prod:
    - /srv/pillar/prod

#ext_pillar:
#  - hiera: /etc/hiera.yaml
#  - cmd_yaml: cat /etc/salt/yaml

[root@master ~]# mkdir -p /srv/pillar/{base,prod}
[root@master ~]# tree /srv/pillar/
/srv/pillar/
├── base
└── prod

2 directories, 0 files

[root@master ~]# systemctl restart salt-master
[root@master ~]# vim /srv/pillar/base/apache.sls
{% if grains[‘os‘] == ‘CentOS‘ %}
apache: httpd
{% elif grains[‘os‘] == ‘Debian‘ %}
apache: apache2
{% endif %}

//定义top file入口文件
[root@master ~]# vim /srv/pillar/base/top.sls
base:       //指定环境
  ‘192.168.69.202‘:     //指定目标
    - apache            //引用apache.sls或apache/init.sls
//这个top.sls文件的意思表示的是192.168.69.202这台主机的base环境能够访问到apache这个pillar

[root@master ~]# salt ‘*‘ pillar.items
192.168.69.202:
    ----------
    apache:
        httpd
192.168.69.201:
    ----------

//在salt下修改apache的状态文件，引用pillar的数据
[root@master ~]# vim /srv/salt/base/web/apache/apache.sls
apache-install:
  pkg.installed:
    - name: {{ pillar[‘apache‘] }}

apache-service:
  service.running:
    - name: {{ pillar[‘apache‘] }}
    - enable: True

//执行高级状态文件
[root@master ~]# salt ‘192.168.69.202‘ state.highstate
192.168.69.202:
----------
          ID: apache-install
    Function: pkg.installed
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: All specified packages are already installed
     Started: 19:04:03.507998
    Duration: 1437.852 ms
     Changes:
----------
          ID: apache-service
    Function: service.running
        Name: httpd
      Result: True
     Comment: The service httpd is already running
     Started: 19:04:04.949120
    Duration: 88.905 ms
     Changes:

Summary for 192.168.69.202
------------
Succeeded: 2
Failed:    0
------------
Total states run:     2
Total run time:   1.527 s

2.3 Grains与Pillar的区别

存储位置 类型 采集方式 应用场景
Grains minion 静态 minion启动时采集可通过刷新避免重启minion服务 1.信息查询 2.在命令行下进行目标匹配 3.在top file中进行目标匹配 4.在模板中进行目标匹配
Pillar master 动态 指定，实时生效 1.目标匹配 2.敏感数据配置

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