python之sqlalchemy
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python之sqlalchemy
ORM:
ORM框架的作用就是把数据库表的一行记录与一个对象互相做自动转换。 正确使用ORM的前提是了解关系数据库的原理。 ORM就是把数据库表的行与相应的对象建立关联,互相转换。 由于关系数据库的多个表还可以用外键实现一对多、多对多等关联,相应地, ORM框架也可以提供两个对象之间的一对多、多对多等功能。
一 单表操作(不涉及一对多,多对多)
#coding:utf8 import sqlalchemy from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker print(sqlalchemy.__version__) engine = create_engine(‘sqlite:///dbyuan1.db‘, echo=True) Base = declarative_base()#生成一个SQLORM基类 class User(Base): __tablename__ = ‘users‘ id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String) fullname = Column(String) password = Column(String) def __repr__(self): return "<User(name=‘%s‘, fullname=‘%s‘, password=‘%s‘)>" % ( self.name, self.fullname, self.password) Base.metadata.create_all(engine) #创建所有表结构 ed_user = User(name=‘xiaoyu‘, fullname=‘Xiaoyu Liu‘, password=‘123‘) print(ed_user) #这两行触发sessionmaker类下的__call__方法,return得到 Session实例,赋给变量session,所以session可以调用Session类下的add,add_all等方法 MySession = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = MySession() session.add(ed_user) # our_user = session.query(User).filter_by(name=‘ed‘).first() # SELECT * FROM users WHERE name="ed" LIMIT 1; # session.add_all([ # User(name=‘alex‘, fullname=‘Alex Li‘, password=‘456‘), # User(name=‘alex‘, fullname=‘Alex old‘, password=‘789‘), # User(name=‘peiqi‘, fullname=‘Peiqi Wu‘, password=‘sxsxsx‘)]) session.commit() #print(">>>",session.query(User).filter_by(name=‘ed‘).first()) #print(session.query(User).all()) # for row in session.query(User).order_by(User.id): # print(row) # for row in session.query(User).filter(User.name.in_([‘alex‘, ‘wendy‘, ‘jack‘])):#这里的名字是完全匹配 # print(row) # for row in session.query(User).filter(~User.name.in_([‘ed‘, ‘wendy‘, ‘jack‘])): # print(row) #print(session.query(User).filter(User.name == ‘ed‘).count()) #from sqlalchemy import and_, or_ # for row in session.query(User).filter(and_(User.name == ‘ed‘, User.fullname == ‘Ed Jones‘)): # print(row) # for row in session.query(User).filter(or_(User.name == ‘ed‘, User.name == ‘wendy‘)): # print(row)
二 一对多的关联表操作
实例1:
#coding:utf8 import sqlalchemy from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String,ForeignKey from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker,relationship engine = create_engine(‘sqlite:///dbyuan2.db‘, echo=True) Base = declarative_base() class Father(Base): __tablename__ = ‘father‘ #id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True)里的数据类型一定写整型(Integer) id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(20)) def __repr__(self): return "<Father(name=‘%s‘)>" % self.name class Son(Base): __tablename__ = ‘son‘ id = Column(Integer, primary_key=True) name = Column(String(20)) #ForeignKey建在多的一方 father_id = Column(String(20), ForeignKey(‘father.id‘)) father=relationship("Father",backref="son", order_by=id) def __repr__(self): return "<Son(name=‘%s‘)>" % self.name Base.metadata.create_all(engine) Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine) session = Session() f1= Father(name=‘zhangsan‘) f2= Father(name=‘lisi‘) f3= Father(name=‘wangwu‘) f1.son = [Son(name=‘zhangdasan‘),Son(name=‘zhangersan‘)] session.add(f1) session.commit() for u, a in session.query(Father, Son). filter(Father.id==Son.id). all(): print u, a #<Father(name=‘zhangsan‘)> <Son(name=‘zhangdasan‘)>
实例2:
#__ *__ coding:utf8__*__ from sqlalchemy import create_engine from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String,and_,or_,ForeignKey from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker,relationship Base = declarative_base() #生成一个SqlORM 基类 engine = create_engine(‘sqlite:///dbyuan3.db‘, echo=True) class Host(Base): __tablename__ =‘host‘ id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True,autoincrement=True) hostname = Column(String(64),unique=True,nullable=False) ip_addr = Column(String(128),unique=True,nullable=False) port = Column(Integer,default=22) #前提 一个主机只能属于一个组 group_id=Column(Integer,ForeignKey(‘group.id‘)) group=relationship(‘Group‘,backref=‘host‘) def __repr__(self): return "id:%s hostname:%s port:%s"%(self.id,self.hostname,self.port) class Group(Base): __tablename__=‘group‘ id=Column(Integer,primary_key=True) name=Column(String(64),unique=True,nullable=False) def __repr__(self): return "id:%s hostname:%s"%(self.id,self.name) Base.metadata.create_all(engine) #创建所有表结构 if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: SessionCls = sessionmaker(bind=engine,autoflush=False) session = SessionCls() g1=Group(name=‘g1‘) g2=Group(name=‘g2‘) g3=Group(name=‘g3‘) session.add_all([g1,g2,g3]) session.commit() h1 = Host(hostname=‘localhost‘,ip_addr=‘127.0.0.1‘,group_id=g1.id)#g1如果在这之前没有提交,group_id拿到的永远是一个空值 h2 = Host(hostname=‘ubuntu‘,ip_addr=‘192.168.2.243‘,port=20000) session.add_all([h1,h2]) session.commit() g1=session.query(Group).filter(Group.name==‘g1‘).first() h=session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname==‘localhost‘).first()#注意要加上first(),否则报错,注意与all()结果的不同 print "<<<",g2 print ">>>",h print(h.group.name) print g1.host print g1.host[0].hostname #g2.host什么结果?(未绑定,无结果)
三 多对多的关联表操作
#!/usr/bin/env python # -*- coding:utf-8 -*- from sqlalchemy import create_engine,and_,or_,func,Table from sqlalchemy.ext.declarative import declarative_base from sqlalchemy import Column, Integer, String,ForeignKey from sqlalchemy.orm import sessionmaker,relationship Base = declarative_base() #生成一个SqlORM 基类 Host2Group = Table(‘host_2_group‘,Base.metadata, Column(‘host_id‘,ForeignKey(‘host.id‘),primary_key=True), Column(‘group_id‘,ForeignKey(‘group.id‘),primary_key=True),) engine = create_engine(‘sqlite:///dbyuan4.db‘, echo=True) class Host(Base): __tablename__ = ‘host‘ id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True,autoincrement=True) hostname = Column(String(64),unique=True,nullable=False) ip_addr = Column(String(128),unique=True,nullable=False) port = Column(Integer,default=22) group = relationship(‘Group‘, secondary=Host2Group, backref=‘host_list‘) #group =relationship("Group",back_populates=‘host_list‘) def __repr__(self): return "<id=%s,hostname=%s, ip_addr=%s>" %(self.id, self.hostname, self.ip_addr) class Group(Base): __tablename__ = ‘group‘ id = Column(Integer,primary_key=True) name = Column(String(64),unique=True,nullable=False) def __repr__(self): return "<id=%s,name=%s>" %(self.id,self.name) Base.metadata.create_all(engine) #创建所有表结构 if __name__ == ‘__main__‘: SessionCls = sessionmaker(bind=engine,autoflush=False) session = SessionCls() g1 = Group(name=‘g1‘) g2 = Group(name=‘g2‘) g3 = Group(name=‘g3‘) g4 = Group(name=‘g4‘) session.add_all([g1,g2,g3,g4]) session.commit() #g4 = session.query(Group).filter(Group.name==‘g4‘).first() #h = session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname==‘localhost‘).update({‘group_id‘:g4.id}) #h = session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname==‘localhost‘).first() #print("h1:",h.group.name ) #print("g:",g4.host_list ) h1 = Host(hostname=‘h1‘,ip_addr=‘192.168.1.56‘) h2 = Host(hostname=‘h2‘,ip_addr=‘192.168.1.57‘,port=10000) h3 = Host(hostname=‘ubuntu‘,ip_addr=‘192.168.1.58‘,port=10000) session.add_all([h1,h2,h3]) session.commit() groups = session.query(Group).all() g1 = session.query(Group).first() h2 = session.query(Host).filter(Host.hostname==‘h2‘).first() h2.group = groups[1:-1] print("===========>",h2.group) #objs = #session.query(Host).join(Host.group).group_by(Group.name).all() #objs = session.query(Host,func.count(Group.name)). #join(Host.group).group_by(Group.name).all() #print("-->objs:",objs) #print("++>",obj) #obj.hostname = "test server" #session.delete(obj) #objs = session.query(Host).filter(and_(Host.hostname.like("ub%"), Host.port > 20)).all() session.commit()
注意:
1 Session = sessionmaker(bind=engine,autoflush=False)
2 session.add添加数据到数据后,一定要session.commit()后才能增删改查,否则结果只能为none
3 session.query(Group).filter(Group.name==‘g1‘).first() 注意有无first()的区别
再注意:
1 关于 session.add session.query session.commit的顺序问题?
就是说在同一个会话中, insert into table (xxxx)后,可以select * from xxx;可以查询到插入的数据,只是不能在其他会话,比如我另开一个客户端去连接数据库不能查询到刚刚插入的数据。
这个数据已经到数据库。值是数据库吧这个数据给锁了。只有插入数据的那个session可以查看到,其他的session不能查看到,可以理解提交并解锁吧。
2 第三张表必须利用table创建吗?NO
3 联合唯一
4 一对多的第二个例子,如何理解去掉第一个commit后就报错的现象
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