linux 基础 shell脚本命令

Posted 2020-08-20

#########shell脚本命令####

 

1.diff

 

diff      file file1             ####比较两个文件的不同

      -c                         ####显示周围的行

      -u                         ####按照一格式统一输出生成补丁

      -r                         ####比较两个文件的不同

patch       file file.path       ####打补丁

      -b                         ####备份原文件

 

 

[email protected] mnt]# diff westos westos.new -c    ###显示周围行

*** westos2016-11-22 04:04:37.782657053 -0500

--- westos.new2016-11-22 04:05:02.900657053 -0500

***************

*** 1 ****

--- 1,4 ----

+ file

  westos

+ linux

+

[[email protected] mnt]# diff westos westos.new -u    ###显示详细情况

--- westos2016-11-22 04:04:37.782657053 -0500

+++ westos.new2016-11-22 04:05:02.900657053 -0500

@@ -1 +1,4 @@

+file

 westos

+linux

+

[[email protected] mnt]# diff -u westos westos.new  > westos.path    ###生成补丁

[[email protected] mnt]# ll

total 12

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   7 Nov 22 04:04 westos

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  19 Nov 22 04:05 westos.new

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 135 Nov 22 04:07 westos.path

[[email protected] mnt]# yum install patch -y    ###安装打补丁软件

Loaded plugins: langpacks

Package patch-2.7.1-8.el7.x86_64 already installed and latest version

Nothing to do

 

[[email protected] mnt]# patch westos westos.path    ###打补丁

patching file westos

[[email protected] mnt]# ll

total 12

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  18 Nov 22 04:18 westos

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  18 Nov 22 04:15 westos.new

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 133 Nov 22 04:16 westos.path

[[email protected] mnt]# vim westos

[[email protected] mnt]# patch -b westos westos.new

patch: **** Only garbage was found in the patch input.

[[email protected] mnt]# patch -b westos westos.path

patching file westos

[[email protected] mnt]# ll

total 16

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  18 Nov 22 04:19 westos

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root  18 Nov 22 04:15 westos.new

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root   7 Nov 22 04:18 westos.orig

-rw-r--r--. 1 root root 133 Nov 22 04:16 westos.path

 

 

2.grep

 

grep 关键字符         文件|目录    ###在文件或目录中查找含有关键字的行

 

grep -i            ####忽略大小写

     -n            ###显示关键字所在的行

     -c            ###显示过滤结果的行数

     -v            ###反向过滤

     -E “关键字1|关键字2”              ###过滤多个关键字

     -r  目录                            ###在目录中查找含有关键字的文件

 

注意：^关键字                            ###以关键字开头

      关键字$                            ###以关键字结尾

 

[[email protected] mnt]# grep root passwd    ###找出passwd文件中含有root的行

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

test:root:test

root:test:root

test:ROOT:root

[[email protected] mnt]# grep ^root passwd        ##找出passwd文件中以root开头的行      

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

root:test:root

[[email protected] mnt]# grep root$ passwd        ##找出passwd文件中以root结尾的行

root:test:root

test:ROOT:root

[[email protected] mnt]# grep -i root passwd        ##忽略大小写

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

test:root:test

root:test:root

test:ROOT:root

[[email protected] mnt]# grep -n root passwd        ###找出关键字所在的行数

1:root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

10:operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

15:test:root:test

16:root:test:root

17:test:ROOT:root

[[email protected] mnt]# grep -v root$ passwd        ##找出不以root结尾的行

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin

daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin

lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync

shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown

halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt

mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin

operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin

ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin

nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin

dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin

test:root:test

[[email protected] mnt]# grep -i root passwd | grep -E "^root|root$"        ##找出以root开头或结尾，不分大小写的行

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

root:test:root

test:ROOT:root

[[email protected] mnt]# grep -i root passwd | grep -E "^root|root$" -v      ##找出不以root开头或结尾的行

operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

test:root:test

[[email protected] mnt]# grep root -r /etc/ -n                                ###找出/etc/目录下含有root的文件并显示所在行数

/etc/pki/ca-trust/extracted/README:6:root CA certificates.

/etc/pki/ca-trust/extracted/java/README:11:root CA certificates.

Binary file /etc/pki/ca-trust/extracted/java/cacerts matches

/etc/pki/ca-trust/extracted/openssl/README:12:root CA certificates.

/etc/pki/ca-trust/extracted/pem/README:15:root CA certificates.

/etc/pki/tls/certs/make-dummy-cert:11:echo [email protected]

/etc/pki/tls/openssl.cnf:332:dir= ./demoCA# TSA root directory

 

###grep正则表达式###

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

3.cut

 

cut                                     ###截取字符

cut -d 分隔符                         ###指定分隔符

cut -c 1-4                            ###显示指定的字符

cut -f 1，5                            ###显示指定的列

 

[[email protected] mnt]# cat passwd

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin

daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin

lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync

shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown

halt:x:7:0:halt:/sbin:/sbin/halt

mail:x:8:12:mail:/var/spool/mail:/sbin/nologin

operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

games:x:12:100:games:/usr/games:/sbin/nologin

ftp:x:14:50:FTP User:/var/ftp:/sbin/nologin

nobody:x:99:99:Nobody:/:/sbin/nologin

dbus:x:81:81:System message bus:/:/sbin/nologin

test:root:test

root:test:root

test:ROOT:root

[[email protected] mnt]# cut -d ":" -f 1,3 passwd        ##截取第一，三列

root:0

bin:1

daemon:2

adm:3

lp:4

sync:5

shutdown:6

halt:7

mail:8

operator:11

games:12

ftp:14

nobody:99

dbus:81

test:test

root:root

test:root

[[email protected]localhost mnt]# cut -d ":" -f 1-3 passwd        ##截取1到3列

root:x:0

bin:x:1

daemon:x:2

adm:x:3

lp:x:4

sync:x:5

shutdown:x:6

halt:x:7

mail:x:8

operator:x:11

games:x:12

ftp:x:14

nobody:x:99

dbus:x:81

test:root:test

root:test:root

test:ROOT:root

[[email protected] mnt]# cut -c 2-5 passwd        ##截取第2到第5个字符的列

oot:

in:x

aemo

dm:x

p:x:

ync:

hutd

alt:

ail:

pera

ames

tp:x

obod

bus:

est:

oot:

est:

[[email protected] mnt]# cut -c 2,5 passwd        ##截取第2，5个字符所在的列

o:

ix

ao

dx

p:

y:

hd

a:

a:

pa

as

tx

od

b:

e:

o:

e:

 

例子：

用命令, 只显示出eth0的ip.

[[email protected] mnt]# ifconfig eth0

eth0: flags=4163<UP,BROADCAST,RUNNING,MULTICAST>  mtu 1500

        inet 172.25.28.11  netmask 255.255.255.0  broadcast 172.25.28.255

        inet6 fe80::5054:ff:fe00:1c0b  prefixlen 64  scopeid 0x20<link>

        ether 52:54:00:00:1c:0b  txqueuelen 1000  (Ethernet)

        RX packets 1899  bytes 165993 (162.1 KiB)

        RX errors 0  dropped 0  overruns 0  frame 0

        TX packets 1244  bytes 292701 (285.8 KiB)

        TX errors 0  dropped 0 overruns 0  carrier 0  collisions 0

 

[[email protected] mnt]# ifconfig eth0 | grep inet |grep inet6 -v| cut -d " " -f 10

172.25.28.11

或

[[email protected] mnt]# ifconfig eth0 | grep inet |grep inet6 -v| awk -F " " ‘{print $2}‘

172.25.28.11

 

#####sort#######

 

sort                        ####排序

        -n                   ####纯数字排序

        -u                    ####去冗余

        -|uniq -c            ####去冗余并统计冗余次数

        -t                    ####值定分隔符

        -k                    ####指定列

[[email protected] mnt]# cat westos

1

1

2

2

4

5

2

65

2

12

43

[[email protected] mnt]# sort westos ·###排序

1

1

12

2

2

2

2

4

43

5

65

[[email protected] mnt]# sort -n westos     ###纯数字排序

1

1

2

2

2

2

4

5

12

43

65

[[email protected] mnt]# sort -nr westos     ###纯数字排倒序

65

43

12

5

4

2

2

2

2

1

1

[[email protected] mnt]# sort -nru westos     ###纯数字排倒序去冗余

65

43

12

5

4

2

1

[[email protected] mnt]# cat westos

0:1

3:1

2:2

5:2

2:4

7:5

a:2

e:65

v:2

4:12

2:43

[[email protected] mnt]# sort -n -t : -k 2 westos        ###第二列按纯数字顺序排列

0:1

3:1

2:2

5:2

a:2

v:2

2:4

7:5

4:12

2:43

e:65

 

 

####uniq#####

 

sort file |uniq -c            #####去冗余并统计冗余次数

        -d                     #####显示冗余行

        -u                    #####显示唯一行

 

[[email protected] mnt]# sort -n westos |uniq -c        ###去冗余行并统计次数

      2 1

      4 2

      1 4

      1 5

      1 12

      1 43

      1 65

[[email protected] mnt]# sort -n westos |uniq -u        ####显示唯一行

4

5

12

43

65

[[email protected] mnt]# sort -n westos |uniq -d        ####显示冗余行

1

2

 

####sed#####

 

sed ‘s/原字符/替换字符/g‘ file                   ####替换字符

sed -e ‘策略一‘ -e ‘策略二‘ file                 ####替换多种字符

sed -i file                                      ####把转换后的内容输入到指定文件

sed ‘3,5s/原字符/替换字符/g‘                     ####3-5行替换

sed xd                                           ####屏蔽指定行

sed xp                                           ####复制指定行

sed -n xp                                        ####值显示指定行

 

[[email protected] mnt]# cat passwd

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin

daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin

lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync

shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown

[[email protected] mnt]# sed ‘s/sbin/hello/g‘ passwd        ### 替换sbin为hello

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/hello/nologin

daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/hello:/hello/nologin

adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/hello/nologin

lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/hello/nologin

sync:x:5:0:sync:/hello:/bin/sync

[[email protected] mnt]# cat passwd

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin

daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin

lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync

shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown

[[email protected] mnt]# sed -e ‘s/sbin/hello/g‘ -e ‘s/nologin/westos/g‘  passwd     ####替换sbin为hello，nologin为westos

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/hello/westos

daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/hello:/hello/westos

adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/hello/westos

lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/hello/westos

sync:x:5:0:sync:/hello:/bin/sync

shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/hello:/hello/shutdown

[[email protected] mnt]# cat passwd                                             ####（passd文件内容并没改变）

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/sbin/nologin

daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/sbin:/sbin/nologin

adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/sbin/nologin

lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/sbin/nologin

sync:x:5:0:sync:/sbin:/bin/sync

shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/sbin:/sbin/shutdown

[[email protected] mnt]# sed -e ‘s/sbin/hello/g‘ -e ‘s/nologin/westos/g‘  -i passwd         #####替换后保存内容到passwd

[[email protected] mnt]# cat passwd

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

bin:x:1:1:bin:/bin:/hello/westos

daemon:x:2:2:daemon:/hello:/hello/westos

adm:x:3:4:adm:/var/adm:/hello/westos

lp:x:4:7:lp:/var/spool/lpd:/hello/westos

sync:x:5:0:sync:/hello:/bin/sync

shutdown:x:6:0:shutdown:/hello:/hello/shutdown

 

 

 

######awk#####

 

awk是一个强大的文本分析工具，相对于grep的查找，sed的编辑，awk在其对数据分析生成报告时，显得有为强大。

 

使用方法：awk ‘{pattern + action}‘ {filename}

[[email protected] mnt]# last -n 5

root     pts/0        172.25.28.250    Wed Nov 23 05:32   still logged in   

root     pts/0        :0               Wed Nov 23 05:32 - 05:32  (00:00)    

root     :0           :0               Wed Nov 23 05:32   still logged in   

(unknown :0           :0               Wed Nov 23 05:31 - 05:32  (00:00)    

reboot   system boot  3.10.0-123.el7.x Wed Nov 23 05:31 - 07:29  (01:57)    

 

wtmp begins Thu Jul 10 18:18:02 2014

[[email protected] mnt]# last -n 5 | awk ‘{print $1}‘                ###值显示最近登陆的5个帐号（$1表示第一个域，默认的域分隔符时空格键或tab键）

root

root

root

(unknown

reboot

 

[[email protected] mnt]# cat /etc/passwd | awk -F ‘:‘ ‘{print $1}‘            ###-F指定分隔符为‘：’

root

bin

daemon

adm

lp

sync

shutdown

halt

mail

[[email protected] mnt]# cat /etc/passwd | awk -F ‘:‘ ‘{print $1 "\t" $7}‘            ###显示/etc/passwd账户及对应的shell，中间用tab键隔开

root/bin/bash

bin/sbin/nologin

daemon/sbin/nologin

adm/sbin/nologin

lp/sbin/nologin

[[email protected] mnt]# cat /etc/passwd | awk -F ‘:‘ ‘BEGIN {print "name shell"} {print $1 "," $7} END {print "blue,bin/nosh"}‘

name shell

root,/bin/bash

bin,/sbin/nologin

daemon,/sbin/nologin

adm,/sbin/nologin

 

. . .

student2,/bin/bash

student3,/bin/bash

blue,bin/nosh

 

[[email protected] ~]# awk -F: ‘/root/‘ /etc/passwd             ###搜索/etc/passwd有root关键字的行

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

operator:x:11:0:operator:/root:/sbin/nologin

[[email protected] ~]# awk -F: ‘/^root/‘ /etc/passwd             ###搜索开头是关键字root的行

root:x:0:0:root:/root:/bin/bash

[[email protected] ~]# awk -F: ‘/root$/‘ /etc/passwd

 

本文出自 “12112684” 博客，请务必保留此出处http://12122684.blog.51cto.com/12112684/1875837