1.这样一个问题，作为一个开发人员需要掌握数据库的哪些东西? 在开发中涉及到数据库，基本上只用到了sql语句，如何写sql以及对其进行优化就比较重要，那些mysql的厚本书籍针对的是DBA，我们只需要学习其中的sql就可以了。
2.既然会写sql是目标，那么怎么才能写好sql.学习下面几点：
1)Mysql的执行顺序，这个是写sql的核心，之前遇到的一些错误就是因为对其不了解；
2)如何进行多表查询，优化，这个是很重要的部分；
3)sql语句的函数，sql提供的函数方便了很多操作；
3.这篇对Mysql语句执行顺序的学习做了总结：
1)Mysql语法顺序，即当sql中存在下面的关键字时，它们要保持这样的顺序：
- select[distinct]
- from
- join（如left join）
- on
- where
- group by
- having
- union
- order by
- limit
2)Mysql执行顺序，即在执行时sql按照下面的顺序进行执行：
- from
- on
- join
- where
- group by
- having
- select
- distinct
- union
- order by
3)针对上面的Mysql语法顺序和执行顺序，循序渐进进行学习：
建立如下表格orders：
注：下面所有语句符合语法顺序(也不可能不符合，因为会报错^_^)，只分析其执行顺序：(join和on属于多表查询，放在最后展示)
语句一：
- select a.Customer
- from orders a
- where a.Customer=‘Bush‘ or a.Customer = ‘Adams‘
分析一：首先是from语句找到表格，然后根据where得到符合条件的记录，最后select出需要的字段，结果如下：
语句二groupby：groupby要和聚合函数一起使用
- select a.Customer,sum(a.OrderPrice)
- from orders a
- where a.Customer=‘Bush‘ or a.Customer = ‘Adams‘
- group by a.Customer
分析二：在from，where执行后，执行group by，同时也根据group by的字段，执行sum这个聚合函数。这样的话得到的记录对group by的字段来说是不重复的，结果如下：
语句三having：
- select a.Customer,sum(a.OrderPrice)
- from orders a
- where a.Customer=‘Bush‘ or a.Customer = ‘Adams‘
- group by a.Customer
- having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 2000
分析三：由于where是在group之前执行，那么如何对group by的结果进行筛选，就用到了having，结果如下：
语句四distinct： （为测试，先把数据库中Adams那条记录的OrderPrice改为3000）
- select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice)
- from orders a
- where a.Customer=‘Bush‘ or a.Customer = ‘Adams‘ or a.Customer = ‘Carter‘
- group by a.Customer
- having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 1700
分析四：将得到一条记录（没有distinct，将会是两条同样的记录）：
语句五union：完全是对select的结果进行合并（默认去掉重复的记录）：
- select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As Order1
- from orders a
- where a.Customer=‘Bush‘ or a.Customer = ‘Adams‘ or a.Customer = ‘Carter‘
- group by a.Customer
- having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 1500
- union
- select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As Order1
- from orders a
- where a.Customer=‘Bush‘ or a.Customer = ‘Adams‘ or a.Customer = ‘Carter‘
- group by a.Customer
- having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 2000
分析五：默认去掉重复记录（想保留重复记录使用union all），结果如下：
语句六order by：
- select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As order1
- from orders a
- where a.Customer=‘Bush‘ or a.Customer = ‘Adams‘ or a.Customer = ‘Carter‘
- group by a.Customer
- having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 1500
- union
- select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As order1
- from orders a
- where a.Customer=‘Bush‘ or a.Customer = ‘Adams‘ or a.Customer = ‘Carter‘
- group by a.Customer
- having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 2000
- order by order1
分析：升序排序，结果如下：
语句七limit：
- select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As order1
- from orders a
- where a.Customer=‘Bush‘ or a.Customer = ‘Adams‘ or a.Customer = ‘Carter‘
- group by a.Customer
- having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 1500
- union
- select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As order1
- from orders a
- where a.Customer=‘Bush‘ or a.Customer = ‘Adams‘ or a.Customer = ‘Carter‘
- group by a.Customer
- having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 2000
- order by order1
- limit 1
分析七：取出结果中的前1条记录，结果如下：
语句八（上面基本讲完，下面是join 和 on）：
- select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As order1,sum(d.OrderPrice) As order2
- from orders a
- left join (select c.* from Orders c) d
- on a.O_Id = d.O_Id
- where a.Customer=‘Bush‘ or a.Customer = ‘Adams‘ or a.Customer = ‘Carter‘
- group by a.Customer
- having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 1500
- union
- select distinct sum(a.OrderPrice) As order1,sum(e.OrderPrice) As order2
- from orders a
- left join (select c.* from Orders c) e
- on a.O_Id = e.O_Id
- where a.Customer=‘Bush‘ or a.Customer = ‘Adams‘ or a.Customer = ‘Carter‘
- group by a.Customer
- having sum(a.OrderPrice) > 2000
- order by order1
- limit 1
分析八：上述语句其实join on就是多连接了一张表，而且是两张一样的表，都是Orders。 执行过程是，在执行from关键字之后根据on指定的条件，把left join指定的表格数据附在from指定的表格后面，然后再执行where字句。
注：
1)使用distinct要写在所有要查询字段的前面，后面有几个字段，就代表修饰几个字段，而不是紧随distinct的字段；
2)group by执行后(有聚合函数)，group by后面的字段在结果中一定是唯一的，也就不需要针对这个字段用distinct；
转载：https://blog.csdn.net/jintao_ma/article/details/51253356