kubeadm安装高可用k8s集群

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kubeadm安装高可用k8s集群


高可用集群规划图


主机规划

角色IP地址操作系统配置主机名称
Master1192.168.18.100CentOS7.x,基础设施服务器2核CPU,3G内存,50G硬盘k8s-master01
Master2192.168.18.101CentOS7.x,基础设施服务器2核CPU,3G内存,50G硬盘k8s-master02
Master3192.168.18.102CentOS7.x,基础设施服务器2核CPU,3G内存,50G硬盘k8s-master03
Node1192.168.18.103CentOS7.x,基础设施服务器2核CPU,3G内存,50G硬盘k8s-node01
Node1192.168.18.104CentOS7.x,基础设施服务器2核CPU,3G内存,50G硬盘k8s-node02

环境搭建

前言

● 本次搭建的环境需要五台CentOS服务器(三主二从),然后在每台服务器中分别安装Docker、kubeadm和kubectl以及kubelet。

没有特殊说明,就是所有机器都需要执行。


环境初始化

  • 检查操作系统的版本(要求操作系统的版本至少在7.5以上):
cat /etc/redhat-release


关闭防火墙并禁止防火墙开机启动

  • 关闭防火墙:
systemctl stop firewalld
  • 禁止防火墙开机启动:
systemctl disable firewalld

设置主机名

  • 设置主机名:
hostnamectl set-hostname <hostname>
  • 设置192.168.18.100的主机名:
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-master01
  • 设置192.168.18.101的主机名:
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-master02
  • 设置192.168.18.102的主机名:
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-master03
  • 设置192.168.18.104的主机名:
hostnamectl set-hostname k8s-node02

主机名解析

  • 为了方便后面集群节点间的直接调用,需要配置一下主机名解析,企业中推荐使用内部的DNS服务器。
cat >> /etc/hosts << EOF
192.168.18.100 k8s-master01
192.168.18.101 k8s-master02
192.168.18.102 k8s-master03
192.168.18.103 k8s-node01
192.168.18.104 k8s-node02
192.168.18.110 k8s-master-lb # VIP(虚拟IP)用于LoadBalance,如果不是高可用集群,该IP可以是k8s-master01的IP
EOF

时间同步

  • kubernetes要求集群中的节点时间必须精确一致,所以在每个节点上添加时间同步:
yum install ntpdate -y
ntpdate time.windows.com

关闭selinux

  • 查看selinux是否开启:
getenforce
  • 永久关闭selinux,需要重启:
sed -i 's/enforcing/disabled/' /etc/selinux/config
  • 临时关闭selinux,重启之后,无效:
setenforce 0

关闭swap分区

  • 永久关闭swap分区,需要重启:
sed -ri 's/.*swap.*/#&/' /etc/fstab
  • 临时关闭swap分区,重启之后,无效::
swapoff -a

将桥接的IPv4流量传递到iptables的链

  • 在每个节点上将桥接的IPv4流量传递到iptables的链:
cat > /etc/sysctl.d/k8s.conf << EOF
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-ip6tables = 1
net.bridge.bridge-nf-call-iptables = 1
net.ipv4.ip_forward = 1
vm.swappiness = 0
EOF
# 加载br_netfilter模块
modprobe br_netfilter
# 查看是否加载
lsmod | grep br_netfilter
# 生效
sysctl --system

开启ipvs

● 在kubernetes中service有两种代理模型,一种是基于iptables,另一种是基于ipvs的。ipvs的性能要高于iptables的,但是如果要使用它,需要手动载入ipvs模块。

● 在每个节点安装ipset和ipvsadm:

yum -y install ipset ipvsadm

● 在所有节点执行如下脚本:

cat > /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules <<EOF
#!/bin/bash
modprobe -- ip_vs
modprobe -- ip_vs_rr
modprobe -- ip_vs_wrr
modprobe -- ip_vs_sh
modprobe -- nf_conntrack_ipv4
EOF

● 授权、运行、检查是否加载:

chmod 755 /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && bash /etc/sysconfig/modules/ipvs.modules && lsmod | grep -e ip_vs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4

● 检查是否加载:

lsmod | grep -e ipvs -e nf_conntrack_ipv4

所有节点配置limit

  • 临时生效:
ulimit -SHn 65536
  • 永久生效:
vim /etc/security/limits.conf
# 末尾追加如下的内容
* soft nofile 65536
* hard nofile 65536
* soft nproc 4096
* hard nproc 4096
* soft memlock unlimited
* soft memlock unlimited

在k8s-master01节点设置免密钥登录到其他节点

  • 在k8s-master01节点生成配置文件和整数,并传输到其他节点上。
# 遇到输入,直接Enter即可
ssh-keygen -t rsa
for i in k8s-master01 k8s-master02 k8s-master03 k8s-node01 k8s-node02;do ssh-copy-id -i .ssh/id_rsa.pub $i;done

所有节点升级系统并重启

  • 所有节点升级系统并重启,此处没有升级内核:
yum -y --exclude=kernel* update  && reboot

内核配置

查看默认的内核

  • 查看默认的内核:
uname -r


升级内核配置

● CentOS7需要升级内核到4.18+。

● 在 CentOS 7 上启用 ELRepo 仓库:

rpm --import https://www.elrepo.org/RPM-GPG-KEY-elrepo.org
rpm -Uvh http://www.elrepo.org/elrepo-release-7.0-2.el7.elrepo.noarch.rpm

仓库启用后,你可以使用下面的命令列出可用的内核相关包:

yum --disablerepo="*" --enablerepo="elrepo-kernel" list available

安装最新的主线稳定内核:

yum -y --enablerepo=elrepo-kernel install kernel-ml

设置 GRUB 默认的内核版本:

vim /etc/default/grub
# 修改部分, GRUB 初始化页面的第一个内核将作为默认内核
GRUB_DEFAULT=0
# 重新创建内核配置
grub2-mkconfig -o /boot/grub2/grub.cfg

重启机器应用最新内核:

reboot

查看最新内核版本:

uname -sr

每个节点安装Docker、kubeadm、kubelete和kubectl

安装Docker

wget https://mirrors.aliyun.com/docker-ce/linux/centos/docker-ce.repo -O /etc/yum.repos.d/docker-ce.repo
yum -y install docker-ce-20.10.2
systemctl enable docker && systemctl start docker
docker version

设置Docker镜像加速器:

sudo mkdir -p /etc/docker
sudo tee /etc/docker/daemon.json <<-'EOF'

  "exec-opts": ["native.cgroupdriver=systemd"],	
  "registry-mirrors": ["https://b9pmyelo.mirror.aliyuncs.com"],	
  "live-restore": true,
  "log-driver":"json-file",
  "log-opts": "max-size":"500m", "max-file":"3"

EOF
sudo systemctl daemon-reload
sudo systemctl restart docker

添加阿里云的YUM软件源

由于kubernetes的镜像源在国外,非常慢,这里切换成国内的阿里云镜像源:

cat > /etc/yum.repos.d/kubernetes.repo << EOF
[kubernetes]
name=Kubernetes
baseurl=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/repos/kubernetes-el7-x86_64
enabled=1
gpgcheck=0
repo_gpgcheck=0
gpgkey=https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/yum-key.gpg https://mirrors.aliyun.com/kubernetes/yum/doc/rpm-package-key.gpg
EOF

安装kubeadm、kubelet和kubectl

查看kubeadm的版本:

yum list kubeadm.x86_64 --showduplicates | sort -r

由于版本更新频繁,这里指定版本号部署:

yum install -y kubelet-1.20.2 kubeadm-1.20.2 kubectl-1.20.2

为了实现Docker使用的cgroup drvier和kubelet使用的cgroup drver一致,建议修改"/etc/sysconfig/kubelet"文件的内容:

vim /etc/sysconfig/kubelet
# 修改
KUBELET_EXTRA_ARGS="--cgroup-driver=systemd"
KUBE_PROXY_MODE="ipvs"

所有的节点设置为开机自启动即可,由于没有生成配置文件,集群初始化后会自动启动:

systemctl enable kubelet

高可用组件安装

注意:如果不是高可用集群,haproxy和keepalived无需安装。

  • k8s-master01、k8s-master02、k8s-master03节点通过yum安装HAProxy和keepAlived。
yum -y install keepalived haproxy
  • k8s-master01、k8s-master02、k8s-master03节点配置HAProxy:
mkdir -pv /etc/haproxy
vim /etc/haproxy/haproxy.cfg
global
  maxconn  2000
  ulimit-n  16384
  log  127.0.0.1 local0 err
  stats timeout 30s
 
defaults
  log global
  mode  http
  option  httplog
  timeout connect 5000
  timeout client  50000
  timeout server  50000
  timeout http-request 15s
  timeout http-keep-alive 15s
 
frontend monitor-in
  bind *:33305
  mode http
  option httplog
  monitor-uri /monitor
 
listen stats
  bind    *:8006
  mode    http
  stats   enable
  stats   hide-version
  stats   uri       /stats
  stats   refresh   30s
  stats   realm     Haproxy\\ Statistics
  stats   auth      admin:admin
 
frontend k8s-master
  bind 0.0.0.0:16443
  bind 127.0.0.1:16443
  mode tcp
  option tcplog
  tcp-request inspect-delay 5s
  default_backend k8s-master
 
backend k8s-master
  mode tcp
  option tcplog
  option tcp-check
  balance roundrobin
  default-server inter 10s downinter 5s rise 2 fall 2 slowstart 60s maxconn 250 maxqueue 256 weight 100
  # 下面的配置根据实际情况修改
  server k8s-master01	192.168.18.100:6443  check
  server k8s-master02	192.168.18.101:6443  check
  server k8s-master03	192.168.18.102:6443  check

k8s-master01配置Keepalived:

vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs 
    ## 标识本节点的字条串,通常为 hostname
    router_id k8s-master01
    script_user root
    enable_script_security    

## 检测脚本
## keepalived 会定时执行脚本并对脚本执行的结果进行分析,动态调整 vrrp_instance 的优先级。如果脚本执行结果为 0,并且 weight 配置的值大于 0,则优先级相应的增加。如果脚本执行结果非 0,并且 weight配置的值小于 0,则优先级相应的减少。其他情况,维持原本配置的优先级,即配置文件中 priority 对应的值。
vrrp_script chk_apiserver 
    script "/etc/keepalived/check_apiserver.sh"
    # 每2秒检查一次
    interval 2
    # 一旦脚本执行成功,权重减少5
    weight -5
    fall 3  
    rise 2

## 定义虚拟路由,VI_1 为虚拟路由的标示符,自己定义名称
vrrp_instance VI_1 
    ## 主节点为 MASTER,对应的备份节点为 BACKUP
    state MASTER
    ## 绑定虚拟 IP 的网络接口,与本机 IP 地址所在的网络接口相同
    interface ens33
    # 主机的IP地址
    mcast_src_ip 192.168.18.100
    # 虚拟路由id
    virtual_router_id 100
    ## 节点优先级,值范围 0-254,MASTER 要比 BACKUP 高
    priority 100
     ## 优先级高的设置 nopreempt 解决异常恢复后再次抢占的问题
    nopreempt 
    ## 组播信息发送间隔,所有节点设置必须一样,默认 1s
    advert_int 2
    ## 设置验证信息,所有节点必须一致
    authentication 
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass K8SHA_KA_AUTH
    
    ## 虚拟 IP 池, 所有节点设置必须一样
    virtual_ipaddress 
    	## 虚拟 ip,可以定义多个	
        192.168.18.110
    
    track_script 
       chk_apiserver
    

k8s-master02配置Keepalived:

vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs 
    router_id k8s-master02
    script_user root
    enable_script_security    

vrrp_script chk_apiserver 
    script "/etc/keepalived/check_apiserver.sh"
    interval 2
    weight -5
    fall 3  
    rise 2

vrrp_instance VI_1 
    state BACKUP
    interface ens33
    mcast_src_ip 192.168.18.101
    virtual_router_id 101
    priority 99
    advert_int 2
    authentication 
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass K8SHA_KA_AUTH
    
    virtual_ipaddress 
        192.168.18.110
    
    track_script 
      chk_apiserver
    

k8s-master02配置Keepalived:

vim /etc/keepalived/keepalived.conf
! Configuration File for keepalived
global_defs 
    router_id k8s-master03
    script_user root
    enable_script_security    


vrrp_script chk_apiserver 
    script "/etc/keepalived/check_apiserver.sh" 
    interval 2
    weight -5
    fall 3  
    rise 2

vrrp_instance VI_1 
    state BACKUP
    interface ens33
    mcast_src_ip 192.168.18.102
    virtual_router_id 102
    priority 98
    advert_int 2
    authentication 
        auth_type PASS
        auth_pass K8SHA_KA_AUTH
    
    virtual_ipaddress 
        192.168.18.110
    
    track_script 
       chk_apiserver
    

在k8s-master01、k8s-master02、k8s-master03上新建监控脚本,并设置权限:

vim /etc/keepalived/check_apiserver.sh
#!/bin/bash
 
err=0
for k in $(seq 1 5)
do
    check_code=$(pgrep kube-apiserver)
    if [[ $check_code == "" ]]; then
        err=$(expr $err + 1)
        sleep 5
        continue
    else
        err=0
        break
    fi
done
 
if [[ $err != "0" ]]; then
    echo "systemctl stop keepalived"
    /usr/bin/systemctl stop keepalived
    exit 1
else
    exit 0
fi
chmod +x /etc/keepalived/check_apiserver.sh

在k8s-master01、k8s-master02、k8s-master03上启动haproxy和keepalived:

systemctl daemon-reload
systemctl enable --now haproxy
systemctl enable --now keepalived

测试VIP(虚拟IP):

ping 192.168.18.110 -c 4

部署k8s的Master节点

yaml配置文件的方式部署k8s的Master节点

在k8s-master01创建kubeadm-config.yaml,内容如下:

apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2
bootstrapTokens:
- groups:
  - system:bootstrappers:kubeadm:default-node-token
  token: abcdef.0123456789abcdef
  ttl: 24h0m0s
  usages:
  - signing
  - authentication
kind: InitConfiguration
localAPIEndpoint:
  advertiseAddress: 192.168.18.100     # 本机IP
  bindPort: 6443
nodeRegistration:
  criSocket: /var/run/dockershim.sock
  name: k8s-master01        # 本主机名
  taints:
  - effect: NoSchedule
    key: node-role.kubernetes.io/master
---
apiServer:
  timeoutForControlPlane: 4m0s
apiVersion: kubeadm.k8s.io/v1beta2
certificatesDir: /etc/kubernetes/pki
clusterName: kubernetes
controlPlaneEndpoint: "192.168.18.110:16443"    # 虚拟IP和haproxy端口
controllerManager: 
dns:
  type: CoreDNS
etcd:
  local:
    dataDir: /var/lib/etcd
imageRepository: registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers    # 镜像仓库源
kind: ClusterConfiguration
kubernetesVersion: v1.20.2    # k8s版本
networking:
  dnsDomain: cluster.local
  podSubnet: "10.244.0.0/16"
  serviceSubnet: "10.96.0.0/12"
scheduler: 

---
apiVersion: kubeproxy.config.k8s.io/v1alpha1
kind: KubeProxyConfiguration
featureGates:
  SupportIPVSProxyMode: true
mode: ipvs

可以使用如下的命令更新kubeadm-config.yaml文件,需要将k8s设置到对应的版本:

kubeadm config migrate --old-config kubeadm-config.yaml --new-config "new.yaml"

将new.yaml文件复制到所有的master节点

scp new.yaml k8s-master02:/root/new.yaml
scp new.yaml k8s-master03:/root/new.yaml

所有的master节点提前下载镜像,可以节省初始化时间:

kubeadm config images pull --config /root/new.yaml

k8s-master01节点初始化后,会在/etc/kubernetes目录下生成对应的证书和配置文件,之后其他的Master节点加入到k8s-master01节点即可。

kubeadm init --config /root/new.yaml --upload-certs


如果初始化失败,重置后再次初始化,命令如下:

kubeadm reset -f;ipvsadm --clear;rm -rf ~/.kube

初始化成功后,会产生token值,用于其他节点加入时使用,

Your Kubernetes control-plane has initialized successfully!

To start using your cluster, you need to run the following as a regular user:

  mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
  sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
  sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

Alternatively, if you are the root user, you can run:

  export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf

You should now deploy a pod network to the cluster.
Run "kubectl apply -f [podnetwork].yaml" with one of the options listed at:
  https://kubernetes.io/docs/concepts/cluster-administration/addons/

You can now join any number of the control-plane node running the following command on each as root:

  kubeadm join 192.168.18.110:16443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \\
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:505e373bae6123fc3e27e778c5fedbccbf0f91a51efdcc11b32c4573605b8e71 \\
    --control-plane --certificate-key 70aef5f76111a5824085c644b3f34cf830efad00c1b16b878701166bf069664e

Please note that the certificate-key gives access to cluster sensitive data, keep it secret!
As a safeguard, uploaded-certs will be deleted in two hours; If necessary, you can use
"kubeadm init phase upload-certs --upload-certs" to reload certs afterward.

Then you can join any number of worker nodes by running the following on each as root:

kubeadm join 192.168.18.110:16443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \\
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:505e373bae6123fc3e27e778c5fedbccbf0f91a51efdcc11b32c4573605b8e71

● k8s-master01节点配置环境变量,用于访问kubernetes集群:

○ 如果是root用户:

cat > /root/.bashrc <<EOF
export KUBECONFIG=/etc/kubernetes/admin.conf
EOF
source ~/.bash_profile

○ 如果是普通用户:

mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config

k8s-master01中查看节点的状态:

kubectl get nodes

采用初始化安装方式,所有的系统组件均以容器的方式运行并且在kube-system命名空间内,此时可以在k8s-master01节点查看Pod的状态:

kubectl get pod -n kube-system -o wide

命令行的方式部署k8s的Master节点

  • 在k8s-master01、k8s-master02以及k8s-master03节点输入如下的命令:
kubeadm config images pull --kubernetes-version=v1.20.2 --image-repository=registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers

在k8s-master01节点输入如下的命令:

kubeadm init \\
  --apiserver-advertise-address=192.168.18.100 \\
  --image-repository registry.aliyuncs.com/google_containers \\
  --control-plane-endpoint=192.168.18.110:16443 \\
  --kubernetes-version v1.20.2 \\
  --service-cidr=10.96.0.0/12 \\
  --pod-network-cidr=10.244.0.0/16 \\
  --upload-certs

高可用Master

将k8s-master02节点加入到集群中:

kubeadm join 192.168.18.110:16443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \\
  --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:505e373bae6123fc3e27e778c5fedbccbf0f91a51efdcc11b32c4573605b8e71 \\
  --control-plane --certificate-key 70aef5f76111a5824085c644b3f34cf830efad00c1b16b878701166bf069664e
# 防止不能在此节点中不能使用kubectl命令
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
  • 将k8s-master03节点加入到集群中:
kubeadm join 192.168.18.110:16443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \\
  --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:505e373bae6123fc3e27e778c5fedbccbf0f91a51efdcc11b32c4573605b8e71 \\
  --control-plane --certificate-key 70aef5f76111a5824085c644b3f34cf830efad00c1b16b878701166bf069664e
# 防止不能在此节点中不能使用kubectl命令
mkdir -p $HOME/.kube
sudo cp -i /etc/kubernetes/admin.conf $HOME/.kube/config
sudo chown $(id -u):$(id -g) $HOME/.kube/config
  • 如果token过期了,需要生成新的token(在k8s-master01节点):
kubeadm token create --print-join-command
  • Master节点如果要加入到集群中,需要生成–certificate-key(在k8s-master01节点):
kubeadm init phase upload-certs --upload-certs
  • 然后将其他Master节点加入到集群中:
# 需要做对应的修改
kubeadm join 192.168.18.110:16443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \\
  --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:505e373bae6123fc3e27e778c5fedbccbf0f91a51efdcc11b32c4573605b8e71 \\
  --control-plane --certificate-key 70aef5f76111a5824085c644b3f34cf830efad00c1b16b878701166bf069664e

Node 节点的配置

  • 将k8s-node1加入到集群中:
kubeadm join 192.168.18.110:16443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \\
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:505e373bae6123fc3e27e778c5fedbccbf0f91a51efdcc11b32c4573605b8e71
  • 将k8s-node2加入到集群中:
kubeadm join 192.168.18.110:16443 --token abcdef.0123456789abcdef \\
    --discovery-token-ca-cert-hash sha256:505e373bae6123fc3e27e778c5fedbccbf0f91a51efdcc11b32c4573605b8e71

部署CNI网络插件

  • 根据提示,在Master节点上使用kubectl工具查看节点状态:
kubectl get node
  • kubernetes支持多种网络插件,比如flannel、calico、canal等,任选一种即可,本次选择flannel。
  • 在所有Master节点上获取flannel配置文件
wget https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
  • 在所有Master节点使用配置文件启动flannel:
kubectl apply -f https://raw.githubusercontent.com/coreos/flannel/master/Documentation/kube-flannel.yml
  • 在所有Master节点查看部署CNI网络插件进度:
kubectl get pods -n kube-system
  • 在所有Master节点再次使用kubectl工具查看节点状态:
kubectl get nodes
  • 在所有Master节点查看集群健康状况:
kubectl get cs

  • 发现集群不健康,那么需要注释掉etc/kubernetes/manifests下的kube-controller-manager.yaml和kube-scheduler.yaml的–port=0:
vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-controller-manager.yaml
spec:
  containers:
  - command:
    - kube-controller-manager
    - --allocate-node-cidrs=true
    - --authentication-kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/controller-manager.conf
    - --authorization-kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/controller-manager.conf
    - --bind-address=127.0.0.1
    - --client-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt
    - --cluster-cidr=10.244.0.0/16
    - --cluster-name=kubernetes
    - --cluster-signing-cert-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt
    - --cluster-signing-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.key
    - --controllers=*,bootstrapsigner,tokencleaner
    - --kubeconfig=/etc/kubernetes/controller-manager.conf
    - --leader-elect=true
    # 修改部分
    # - --port=0
    - --requestheader-client-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/front-proxy-ca.crt
    - --root-ca-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/ca.crt
    - --service-account-private-key-file=/etc/kubernetes/pki/sa.key
    - --service-cluster-ip-range=10.96.0.0/12
    - --use-service-account-credentials=true
vim /etc/kubernetes/manifests/kube-scheduler.yaml
spec:
  containers:
  - command:
    - kube-scheduler
    - -kubeadm安装高可用k8s集群

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