Redux笔记
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React 状态管理工具
Redux
1. Redux 核心
1.1 Redux 介绍
javascript 状态容器,提供可预测化的状态管理
1.2 Redux 核心概念及流程
Store: 存储状态的容器,JavaScript 对象
View: 视图,html页面
Actions: 对象,描述对状态进行怎样的操作
Reducers: 函数,操作状态并返回新的状态
1.3 Redux 使用: 计数器案例
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="zh-CN">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF-8">
<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1.0">
<title>Redux</title>
</head>
<body>
<button id="minus">-</button>
<span id="count">0</span>
<button id="plus">+</button>
<script src="./redux.min.js"></script>
<script>
// 3. 存储默认状态
const initialState = {
count: 0
}
// 2. 创建 reducer 函数
function reducer(state = initialState, action) {
switch (action.type) {
case \'increment\':
return { count: state.count + 1 };
case \'decrement\':
return { count: state.count - 1 };
default:
return state;
}
}
// 1. 创建 store 对象
const store = Redux.createStore(reducer);
// 4. 定义 action
const increment = { type: \'increment\' }
const decrement = { type: \'decrement\' }
// 5. 获取按钮 给按钮添加点击事件
document.getElementById(\'minus\')
.addEventListener(\'click\', function () {
// 6. 获取dispatch 触发 action
store.dispatch(decrement)
})
document.getElementById(\'plus\')
.addEventListener(\'click\', function () {
// 6. 获取dispatch 触发 action
store.dispatch(increment)
})
// 获取store {dispatch: ƒ, subscribe: ƒ, getState: ƒ, replaceReducer: ƒ, Symbol(observable): ƒ}
console.log(store)
// 获取 store 中存储的状态 state
console.log(store.getState());
// 订阅数据的变化
store.subscribe(() => {
console.log(store.getState())
document.getElementById(\'count\').innerHTML = store.getState().count
});
</script>
</body>
</html>
1.4 Redux 核心API
// 创建 store 对象
const store = Redux.createStore(reducer);
// 2. 创建 reducer 函数
function reducer(state = initialState, action) {
switch (action.type) {
case \'increment\':
return { count: state.count + 1 };
case \'decrement\':
return { count: state.count - 1 };
default:
return state;
}
}
// 获取 store 中存储的状态 state
store.getState()
// 订阅数据的变化
store.subscribe(() => {
console.log(store.getState())
});
// 获取dispatch 触发 action
store.dispatch(increment)
2. React + Redux
2.1 在 React 中不使用 Redux 时遇到的问题
在 React 中组件通信的数据流是单向的,顶层组件可以通过 Props 属性向下层组件传递数据,而下层组件不能向上层组件传递数据。要实现下层组件修改数据,需要上层组件传递修改数据的方法到下层组件。等项目越来越大的时候,组件间传递数据变得越来越困难。
2.2 在 React 项目中加入 Redux 的好处
使用 Redux 管理数据,由于 Store 独立于组件,使得数据管理独立于组件,解决了组件与组件之间传递数据困难的问题。
2.3 下载 Redux
npm install redux react-redux
2.4 Redux 工作流程
- 组件通过 dispatch 方法触发 Action
- Store 接受 Action 并将 Action 分发给Reducer
- Reducer 根据 Action 类型对状态进行更改并将更改后的状态返回给 Store
- 组件订阅了 Store 中的状态, Store 中的状态更新会同步到组件
2.5 Redux 使用步骤
2.5.1 创建 store
// src/store/index.js
import { createStore } from \'redux\'
import reducer from \'./reducers/counter.reducer\'
export const store = createStore(reducer)
在根组件中使用store
:
import React from \'react\';
import ReactDOM from \'react-dom\';
import Counter from \'./components/Counter\'
import { Provider } from \'react-redux\'
import {store} from \'./store\'
/**
* react-redux
* Provider
* connect
*/
ReactDOM.render(
// 通过 provider 组件,将store 放在了全局的组件可以够得着的地方
<Provider store={store}>
<Counter />
</Provider>,
document.getElementById(\'root\')
);
2.5.2 创建 reducer
// src/store/reducers/counter.reducer.js
import { DECREMENT, INCREMENT } from "../count/counter.const";
const initialState = {
count: 0
}
export default function reducer (state = initialState, action) {
switch (action.type) {
case INCREMENT:
return { count: state.count + 1 };
case DECREMENT:
return { count: state.count - 1 };
default:
return state;
}
}
// src/store/count/counter.const.js
export const INCREMENT = \'increment\'
export const DECREMENT = \'decrement\'
2.5.3 在组件中使用 connect 接受 store 里面的 state 和 dispatch
connect
方法接受两个参数,返回一个高阶组件。connect
方法的第一个参数是mapStateToProps
方法,将store中的state传递到组件的props
中,mapStateToProps
方法的参数是state
,返回值是一个对象,会传递到组件中,写法如下:
const mapStateToProps = (state) => ({
count: state.count,
a: \'a\', // 这里怎么定义,组件中就可以或得到一个属性
})
connect
方法的第二个参数是mapDispatchToProps
方法,将store
中的dispatch
传递到组件的props
中,mapDispatchToProps
方法的参数是dispatch
,返回值是一个对象,对象中的方法可以使用dispatch
,这个对象中的方法会传递到组件中,写法如下:
const mapDispatchToProps = (dispatch) => ({
increment () {
dispatch({ type: \'increment\'})
},
decrement () {
dispatch({ type: \'decrement\' })
}
})
此外,我们还可以通过redux
中的bindActionCreators
来帮我们创建action
函数:
import {bindActionCreators} from \'redux\'
// bindActionCreators 会返回一个对象
const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => (
// 解构
...bindActionCreators({
increment () {
return { type: \'increment\'}
},
decrement () {
return { type: \'decrement\'}
}
}, dispatch)
)
或者写成:
const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => bindActionCreators({
increment () {
return { type: \'increment\'}
},
decrement () {
return { type: \'decrement\'}
}
}, dispatch)
也可以将bindActionCreators
的第一个参数进行抽离:
import * as counterActions from \'../store/actions/counter.actions\'
const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => bindActionCreators(conterActions, dispatch)
// src/store/actions/counter.actions.js
import { DECREMENT, INCREMENT } from "../count/counter.const"
export const increment = () => ({type: INCREMENT})
export const decrement = () => ({type: DECREMENT})
connect
方法接受mapStateToProps
和mapDispatchToProps
,返回一个高阶组件,然后传入Counter
组件进行导出:
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Counter)
最终组件代码如下:
// src/components/Counter.js
import React from \'react\'
import {connect} from \'react-redux\'
import {bindActionCreators} from \'redux\'
import * as counterActions from \'../store/actions/counter.actions\'
function Counter ({count, increment, decrement}) {
return (
<div>
<button onClick={decrement}>-</button>
<span>{count}</span>
<button onClick={increment}>+</button>
</div>
)
}
// 1. connect 会帮助我们去订阅 store,当store中的状态发生了变化后,可以帮我们重新渲染组件
// 2. connect 方法可以让我们获取 store 中的状态,将状态通过组建的props属性映射给组件
// 3. connect 方法可以让我们获取 dispatch 方法
const mapStateToProps = (state) => ({
count: state.count,
a: \'a\', // 这里怎么定义,组件中就可以或得到一个属性
})
const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => bindActionCreators(counterActions, dispatch)
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Counter)
2.5.4 为 action 传递参数
传递参数
<button onClick={() => increment(5)}> + 5</button>
接受参数,传递
reducer
export const increment = payload => ({type: INCREMENT, payload}) export const decrement = payload => ({type: DECREMENT, payload})
reducer
根据接受收到的数据进行处理export default function reducer (state = initialState, action) { switch (action.type) { case INCREMENT: return { count: state.count + action.payload }; case DECREMENT: return { count: state.count - action.payload }; default: return state; } }
2.6 redux 实现弹出框案例
store
中的状态越多,reducer
中的switch
分支就会越多,不利于维护,需要拆分reducer
src/index.js
// src/index.js
import React from \'react\';
import ReactDOM from \'react-dom\';
import App from \'./App\';
import { Provider } from \'react-redux\'
import {store} from \'./store\'
ReactDOM.render(
// 通过 provider 组件,将store 放在了全局的组件可以够得着的地方
<Provider store={store}>
<App />
</Provider>,
document.getElementById(\'root\')
);
src/store/index.js
// src/store/index.js
import { createStore } from \'redux\'
import reducer from \'./reducers/counter.reducer\'
export const store = createStore(reducer)
src/store/reducers/counter.reducer.js
// src/store/reducers/counter.reducer.js
import { DECREMENT, INCREMENT } from "../const/counter.const";
import { HIDEMODAL, SHOWMODAL } from "../const/modal.const";
const initialState = {
count: 0,
show: false
}
export default function reducer (state = initialState, action) {
switch (action.type) {
case INCREMENT:
return { ...state, count: state.count + action.payload };
case DECREMENT:
return { ...state, count: state.count - action.payload };
case SHOWMODAL:
return { ...state, show: true };
case HIDEMODAL:
return { ...state, show: false };
default:
return state;
}
}
src/App.js
// src/App.js
import Modal from \'./components/Modal\'
import Counter from \'./components/Counter\'
function App() {
return (
<div className="App">
<Counter />
<Modal />
</div>
);
}
export default App;
src/components/Modal.js
// src/components/Modal.js
import React from \'react\'
import { connect } from \'react-redux\'
import { bindActionCreators } from \'redux\'
import * as modalActions from \'../store/actions/modal.actions\'
function Modal ({ showStatus, show, hide }) {
const styles = {
display: showStatus ? \'block\': \'none\',
width: 200,
height: 200,
position: \'absolute\',
top: 0,
right: 0,
bottom: 0,
left: 0,
margin: \'auto\',
backgroundColor: \'skyblue\'
}
return (
<div>
<button onClick={show}>显示</button>
<button onClick={hide}>隐藏</button>
<div style={styles}></div>
</div>
)
}
const mapStateToProps = state => ({
showStatus: state.show
})
const mapDispatchToProps = dispatch => bindActionCreators(modalActions, dispatch)
export default connect(mapStateToProps, mapDispatchToProps)(Modal)
src/store/actions/modal.action.js
// src/store/actions/modal.action.js
import { HIDEMODAL, SHOWMODAL } from "../const/modal.const"
export const show = () => ({ type: SHOWMODAL })
export const hide = () => ({ type: HIDEMODAL })
src/store/const/modal.const.js
// src/store/const/modal.const.js
export const SHOWMODAL = \'showModal\'
export const HIDEMODAL = \'hideModal\'
2.7 拆分reducer
使用reducer
提供的工具combineReducers
合并每一个小的reducer
src/store/reducers/root.reducer.js
// src/store/reducers/root.reducer.js
import {combineReducers} from \'redux\'
import CounterReducer from \'./counter.reducer\'
import ModalReducer from \'./modal.reducer\'
// { counter: { count: 0 }, modal: { show: false } }
export default combineReducers({
counter: CounterReducer,
modal: ModalReducer
})
src/store/reducers/counter.reducer.js
// src/store/reducers/counter.reducer.js
import { DECREMENT, INCREMENT } from "../const/counter.const";
const initialState = {
count: 0,
}
export default function counterReducer (state = initialState, action) {
switch (action.type) {
case INCREMENT:
return { ...state, count: state.count + action.payload };
case DECREMENT:
return { ...state, count: state.count - action.payload };
default:
return state;
}
}
src/store/reducers/modal.reducer.js
// src/store/reducers/modal.reducer.js
import { HIDEMODAL, SHOWMODAL } from "../const/modal.const";
const initialState = {
show: false
}
export default function modalReducer (state = initialState, action) {
switch (action.type) {
case SHOWMODAL:
return { ...state, show: true };
case HIDEMODAL:
return { ...state, show: false };
default:
return state;
}
}
创建store
时传入的reducer
则来自于我们刚才定义的root.reducer.js
import { createStore } from \'redux\'
import RootReducer from \'./reducers/root.reducer\'
export const store = createStore(RootReducer)
在每个组件中的mapStateToProps
中也要发生相应的改变(state.counter
和state.modal
):
const mapStateToProps = (state) => ({
count: state.counter.count,
})
const mapStateToProps = state => ({
showStatus: state.modal.show
})
3. Redux 中间件
3.1 什么是中间件
中间价允许我们扩展和增强 redux 应用程序
3.2 开发 Redux 中间件
开发中间件的模板
export default store => next => action => { }
3.3 注册中间件
中间件在开发完成以后只有被注册才能在 Redux 的工作流程中生效
src/store/index.js
// src/store/index.js
import { createStore, applyMiddleware } from \'redux\'
import logger from \'./middlewares/logger\'
createStore(reducer, applyMiddleware(
logger
))
src/store/middleware/logger.js
const logger = store => next => action => {
console.log(store)
console.log(action)
next(action) // 千万别忘了调用 next(action)
}
export default logger
如果注册多个中间件,中间件的执行顺序就是注册顺序,如:
createStore(reducer, applyMiddleware(
logger,
test
))
那么执行顺序就是先执行logger
中间件,再执行test
中间件。
如果中间件中的结尾不调用next(action)
,则整个流程就会卡在此处不会再往后执行了
3.4 Redux 中间件开发实例 thunk (异步中间件)
当前这个中间件函数不关心你想执行什么样的异步操作,只关心你执行的是不是异步操作,
如果你执行的是异步操作,你在触发 action 的时候,给我传递一个函数,如果执行的是同步操作,就传递一个 action 对象,
异步操作代码要写在你传进来的函数中
当这个中间件函数,在调用你传进来的函数时要将 dispatch 方法传递过去
src/store/middleware/thunk.js
// src/store/middleware/thunk.js
import { DECREMENT, INCREMENT } from "../const/counter.const";
const thunk = ({dispatch}) => next => action => {
if (typeof action === \'function\') {
return action(dispatch) // action 方法内部会发起新的 dispatch
}
next(action)
}
export default thunk
在action文件中定义异步函数action:
src/store/actions/modal.actions.js
// src/store/actions/modal.actions.js
import { HIDEMODAL, SHOWMODAL } from "../const/modal.const"
export const show = () => ({ type: SHOWMODAL })
export const hide = () => ({ type: HIDEMODAL })
export const show_async = () => dispatch => {
setTimeout(() => {
dispatch(show())
}, 2000);
}
原本使用show
的地方,现在改用show_async
,实现了异步的功能
4. Redux 常用中间件
4.1 redux-thunk
4.1.1 redux-thunk 下载
npm install redux-thunk
4.1.2 引入 redux-thunk
import thunk from \'redux-thunk\';
4.1.3 注册 redux-thunk
import { applyMiddleware } from \'redux\'
createStore(rootReducer, applyMiddleware(thunk));
4.1.4 使用 redux-thunk 中间件
const loadPosts = () => async dispatch => {
const posts = await axios.get(\'/api/posts\').then(response => response.data);
dispatch({type: LOADPOSTSSUCCE, payload: posts});
}
4.2 redux-saga
4.2.1 redux-saga 解决的问题
redux-saga
可以将异步操作从Action Creator
文件中抽离出来,放在一个单独的文件中。
4.2.2 下载redux-saga
npm install redux-saga
4.2.3 创建 redux-saga 中间件
src/store/index.js
// src/store/index.js
import createSagaMiddleware from \'redux-saga\';
const sagaMiddleware = createSagaMiddleware();
4.2.4 注册 sagaMiddleware
src/store/index.js
// src/store/index.js
createStore(reducer, applyMiddleware(sagaMiddleware))
4.2.5 使用 saga 接受 action 异步执行操作
src/store/sagas/counter.saga.js
// src/store/sagas/counter.saga.js
import { takeEvery, put, delay } from \'redux-saga/effects\'
import { increment } from \'../actions/counter.actions\'
import { INCREMENT_ASYNC } from \'../const/counter.const\'
// takeEvery 接收 action
// put 触发 action
function * increment_async_fn (action) {
yield delay(2000) // 此处会暂停2秒钟
yield put(increment(action.payload))
}
export default function * counterSaga () {
// 接收 action
yield takeEvery(INCREMENT_ASYNC, increment_async_fn) // 第二个函数形参会接受一个 action 函数
}
src/store/actions/counter.actions.js
// src/store/actions/counter.actions.js
// 给 saga 使用
export const increment_async = (payload) => ({ type: INCREMENT_ASYNC, payload });
src/store/const/counter.const.js
// src/store/const/counter.const.js
export const INCREMENT_ASYNC = \'increment_async\'
src/components/Counter.js
<button onClick={() => increment_async(20)}>+</button>
4.2.6 启动 saga
src/store/index.js
// src/store/index.js
import counterSaga from \'./sagas/counter.saga\'
sagaMiddleware.run(counterSaga);
4.2.7 合并 saga
src/store/saga/root.saga.js
// src/store/saga/root.saga.js
import { all } from \'redux-saga/effects\'
import counterSaga from \'./counter.saga\'
import modalSaga from \'./modal.saga\'
export default function * rootSaga () {
yield all([
counterSaga(),
modalSaga()
])
}
modal.saga.js 没变,modal.saga.js 如下
src/store/saga/modal.saga.js
// src/store/saga/modal.saga.js
import { takeEvery, put, delay } from \'redux-saga/effects\'
import { show } from \'../actions/modal.actions\'
import { SHOWMODAL_ASYNC } from \'../const/modal.const\'
// takeEvery 接收 action
// put 触发 action
function * showModal_async_fn () {
yield delay(2000)
yield put(show())
}
export default function * modalSaga () {
// 接收 action
yield takeEvery(SHOWMODAL_ASYNC, showModal_async_fn)
}
store 入口文件中的 saga 中间件启动 root.saga
src/store/index.js
// src/store/index.js
import rootSaga from \'./sagas/root.saga\'
sagaMiddleware.run(rootSaga)
4.3 redux-actions
4.3.1 redux-actions 解决的问题
redux 流程中大量的样板代码读写很痛苦,使用 redux-action 可以简化 Action 和 Reducer 的处理
4.3.2 redux-action 下载
npm install redux-actions
4.3.3 创建 Action
import { createAction } from \'redux-actions\'
const increment_action = createAction(\'increment\');
const decrement_action = createAction(\'decrement\');
4.3.4 创建 Reducer
src/store/actions/counter.actions.js
src/store/actions/counter.actions.js
// 使用 redux-actions
import { createAction } from \'redux-actions\'
export const increment = createAction(\'increment\')
export const decrement = createAction(\'decrement\')
src/store/reducers/counter.reducer.js
// src/store/reducers/counter.reducer.js
import { handleActions as createReducer } from \'redux-actions\'
import { increment, decrement } from \'../actions/counter.actions\'
const initialState = {
count: 0,
}
const handleIncrement = (state, action) => ({
count: state.count + action.payload
})
const handleDecrement = (state, action) => ({
count: state.count - action.payload
})
export default createReducer({
[increment]: handleIncrement,
[decrement]: handleDecrement,
}, initialState)
组件使用:
src/components/Counter.js
// src/components/Counter.js
function Counter ({count, increment, decrement}) {
return (
<div>
<button onClick={() => decrement(1)}>-</button>
<span>{count}</span>
<button onClick={() => increment(1)}>+</button>
</div>
)
}
redux-actions 也可以结合在 redux-saga 中使用
MobX
1. Mobx 简介
1.1 Mobx 介绍
简单,可扩展的状态管理库
Mobx 是由 Mendix(代码开发平台), Coinbase(比特币公司), Facebook 开源和众多个人赞助商所赞助的
React 和 Mobx 是一对强力组合, React 负责渲染应用状态, Mobx 负责管理应用状态供 React 使用
1.2 MobX 浏览器支持
MobX 5 版本运行在任何支持 ES6 Proxy的浏览器,不支持 IE11, Node.js 6
MobX 4 可以运行在任何支持 ES5 的浏览器上
MobX 4 和 5 的 API 是相同的
2. 开发前的准备
2.1 启用装饰器语法支持(方式一)
- 弹射项目底层配置:
npm run eject
- 下载装饰器语法 babel 插件:
npm install @babel/plugin-proposal-decorators
- 在 package.json 文件中加入配置
"babel": {
"plugins": [
[
"@babel/plugin-proposal-decorators",
{
"legacy": true
}
]
]
}
启用装饰器语法支持(方式二)
npm install react-app-rewired customize-cra @babel/plugin-proposal-decorators
在项目根目录下创建 config-overrides.js 并加入配置
const { override, addDecoratorsLegacy } = require("customize-cra"); module.exports = override(addDecoratorsLegacy());
package.json
"scripts": { "start": "react-app-rewired start", "build": "react-app-rewired build", "test": "react-app-rewired test" }
2.2 解决 vscode 编辑器关于装饰器语法的警告
在 vscode 按 command + 逗号,然后在输入框中输入
javascript.implicitProjectConfig.experimentalDecorators
修改配置:"javascript.implicitProjectConfig.experimentalDecorators": true
3. Mobx + React
3.1 下载 Mobx
npm install mobx mobx-react
3.2 Mobx 工作流程
Action -> state -> Views
5. Mobx 数据监测
5.1 computed 计算值
什么时候使用计算值
将复杂的业务逻辑从模板中进行抽离
5.2 autorun 方法
当监听的状态发生变化时,你想根据状态产生“效果”,请使用 autorun.
autorun 会在初始化的时候执行一次,会在每次状态发生变化时执行。
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