关于英语语法的问题

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什么叫主语,什么叫宾语,什么叫表语,什么叫介词,什么叫分词

主语是一个句子的主题,它的位置一般在一句之首,可用做主语的有单词,短语,从句乃至句子.如:
The man (主语)grasped the boy(宾语) by the hand.那男人抓住那个男孩的手.
Is would be nice to see her again .如果可以再见她一面,那将是一件令人开心的事.(句子做主语)

宾语是动作的承受者,一般置于及物动词之后,但有时为了强调,宾语也可以置于句首可以用作宾语的有名词,代词,数词,名词化的形容词,副词,不定式,动名词,介词短语,从句等,如:
He kicked the door.他(主语)踢门(门是动作的承受者,是宾语)
Do you (宾语)really mean to go to swimming?你真的要去游泳吗?

表语的功能是表述主语的特征,状态,身份等.它可以说是一种主语的补足语.它位于连系动词之后,与之构成所谓的系表结构,在系表结构中,连系动词知识形式上谓语,而真正起谓语作用的则市表语,可用作表语的有名词,代词,数词,形容词,副词,不定式,动名词,分词,介词短语,从句等,如:
It is a pity (表语)thatNancy cannot come to the party.
令人遗憾的是兰西不能;来参加宴会了.
The new (主语)is(连系动词) ture(表语).那消息是真的.
分 词

分词是TOEEL必考内容,在历届试题中均占相当大的比例。分词的命题形式非常广泛。平均分布在written Expressions 和structure两部分。有时,即使分词不是题目焦点,但对分词的正确分析则可以帮助考生选择正确的答案。分词的命题要点集中在(1)分词的形容词特性、(2)分词短语作后置定语、(3) 现在分词和过去分词的主动与被动含义。
分词常考题型及解题要点:
1. 分词具有形容词特征,可单独作定语或表语。
全真例题分析
(1) The highly respect zoologist Ernest Just Joined the ruling board of the Marine Biological Laboratory in the 1930*s (93.1)
[答案] B 动词respect用来修饰后面的名词zoologist,故应改用分词respected形式,其作用相当于形容词作定语。
(2) A patent gives inventors exclusive rights to their inventions for a fix period of time. (90.1)
[答] C 修饰保词period应用动词的分词形式,即fixed。
(3) Characteristics of Op Art are the carefully arrange hues and geometric patterns that create optical illusions. (88.5)
[答案] A 修饰名词hues,应用分词形式arranged。
(4) The question of the origin of the Moon is interest not only in itself but also as a part of the larger genesis of the earth and the solar system . (88.5)
[答案] B interest应用其分词interesting形式作表语,作用相当于一个形空词。
2. 分词短语作定语,放置于中心名词后面
解题要点 分词短语作后置定语在TOEEL考题中出现频率非常高。因而,考生务必熟记这一结构和用法。实际上,分词短语作后置定语。皆是定语从句的省略形式。
全真例题分析
(1) The leaves and stems of the aifaifa plant are the only parts of the plant -------
(A) the uses for livestock feed
(B) for using livestock feed
(C) used for livestock feed
(D) they are used for livestock feed (93.1)
[答案] C过去分词used + 介语短语组成的分词短语修饰前面的名词成分the only parts of the plant,作后置定语。此结构亦扩展为定语从句(that are ) used for livestock feed
(2) The slide rule used sliding scales with marks ------- numbers and their logarithms.
(A) representing
(B) represented
(C) are represented
(D) they are representing (92.10)
[答案] A 分词短语作名词marks的后置定语,作用相当于一个定语从句:which represent numbers and their logarithms。
(3) Earlg philosophers believe that the mind was divided into three faculties ------- s feeling ,intellect and will
(A) to know
(B) known
(C) knowing
(D) knew them (94.1)
[答案] B分词短语known as…说明前面的名词three faculties。此结构可改写成定语从句。Which are known as…
(4) The bison know for the hump over its shoulders is usually called a buffalo in North America. (91.1)
[答案] A 此句主语是The bison ,谓语是系词is ,划线A部分应当为分词短语,修饰名词The bison .A应改为known for。
(5) Louisa May Alcott is chiefly remembered for Little Women. One of the most popular girls books ever wrote (88.5)
[答案] D 修饰名词books应用分词生语ever written。
3. 分词短语作状语
解题要点 在句了意义非常清楚明确时,状语从句通常可以简略为分词短语,但有一个先决条件。此分词短语的逻辑主语应与句子的主语为同一人或物,此类分词短语通常置于句首。
全真例题分析
(1) ------- as“the census taker of the sky”Annie Jump Cannon contributed considerably to the field of astronomy.
(A) Known
(B) Knowing
(C) To known
(D) Knowledge (92.5)
[答案] A 分词短语置于句首作表示身份的状语。它的逻辑主语即是句子的主语Annie Jump Cannon.
(2) ------- in 1635, the Boston Latin School is the oldest public school in the United States .
(A) Founded
(B) Founding
(C) To found
(D) Having founded (92.1)
[答案] A 分词短语表示时间,其逻辑主语即是句子主语The Boston Latin School.
(3) ------- the constitution of the Cherokee Nation provided for a chief executive, a senate, and a house of representatives.
(A) In 1827 they drafted
(B) The draft in 1827
(C) In 1872 was drafted
(D) Drafted in 1827 (90.5)
[答案] D分词短语作状语,表示时间。此结构可扩展为一状语从句;where the constitution of the Cherokee Nation was drafted in 1827 it provided for a chief executive a senate, and a house of representatives.
4. 现在分词表达主动的概念;过去分词表达被动的概念
全真例题分析
(1) Tudging to be the best boxer of his time, sugar Ray Robinson lost only 3 out of 137 fights (94.1)
[答案] A 此分词短语与其逻辑上的主语sugar Ray Robinson 是被动的关系(Sugar was judged to be…) 故应用过去词Tudped to be.
(2) During the Colonial days, the Iroquois had an agricultural economy basing mainly on corn with supplementary crops of pumpkins ,beans, and tobacco. (92.1)
[答案] B通常我们说to be based on ,这个短语表示被动概念(基于,以…为基础),所以应改用过去分词based。
(3) Per capita income is a nation*s entire income dividing by the number of people in the nation. (90.10)
[答案] B根据句意及分词dividing后面的介词by,可以推断这个分词短语表达的是被动的概念,因此,应用过去分词divided by。
(4) Clementine Hunter*s primitive paintings have been exhibited at various galleries. Included one at the Smithsonian Institution in Washington. D.C. (93.1)
[答案] D 分词in cluded与其逻辑的主语paintings并无被动的关系,不应用过去分词,应改为惯用现在分词短语in cluding + 名词宾语的结构。

介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语
参考技术A 主语
主语是句子陈述的对象,说明是谁或什么。表示句子说的是"什么人"或“什么事”。

主语是执行句子的行为或动作的主体,如“我写字”中的“我”,就是主语,它做出“写”
这个动作。“写”则是谓语,而“字”是接受谓语“写”这个动作的对象,它因此被称为宾
语,有的语法书也称它为“客体”或“受体”。

主语可以用这些词类或形式来担任:名词、代词、名词化了的动词、形容词、分词、副词或
数词等,动词不定式或不定式短语,从句,某些固定词组的第二格。
----------------------------

英语中的例句:
1. 名词做主语:
Our school is not far from my house.

2. 代词做主语:
We like our school very much.

3. 数词做主语:
Two plus two is four.

4. 名词性或名词化的词、词组或短语:
This is an article.

5. 动名词做主语:
Seeing is believing.

6. 动词不定式做主语:
To do such a job we need a better knowledge.

7. 从句做主语:
What I mean is to work harder.

8. 冠词做主语:
The mother with her child is coming to the school.

德语中的例子:
Das Auto ist repariert. (名词)
汽车修好了。

Er ist ein Lehrer. (代词)
他是教师。

Das Ein- und Ausschalten dieses Instrument ist automatisch. (动名词)
这个仪器的开和关是自动的。

Der Alte ist noch sehr gesund. (形容词)
这位老人还很健康。

Die Reisenden sind schon seit Stunden muede. (第一分词)
旅途上的人已在几小时前就累了。

Heute ist vieles anderes als frueher. (副词)
现在跟以前已有很多不同。

Die Tausend ist ein vierstellige Zahl. (数词)
千是个四位的数字。

Trinken ist in der Arbeit verboten. (第一不定式)
工作时间不准喝酒。

Mit dir zusammen zu arbeiten ist kein Spass. (不定式短语)
跟你一起工作没一点儿意思。

Es ist nicht einfach, den Wettbewerb zu gewinnen . (不定式短语/形式主语es)
赢得竞赛并不简单。

Dass meine Freundin zu mir kommt , freut mir sehr. (从句)
我女友的到来,令我非常高兴。

Unseres Bleibens ist hier nicht laenger. (固定词组第二格)
我们不在这儿停留多长。
======================

宾语

宾语是动作、行为的对象,是动作的承受者。宾语由名词、代词、不定式或相当于名词的词、短语来担任。当然,也可以由一个句子来充当,称之为宾语从句,所以一个句子中不一定只有一个宾语.

英语的及物动词后必须有宾语。宾语一般放及物动词之后,它和及物动词一起说明主语做什么。

说明,除及物动词有宾语之外,英语介词后面也要有宾语。另外,某些形容词如worth,careful等后也可有宾语。

宾语有直接宾语和间接宾语之分。即指人的间接宾语和指物的直接宾语,这两个宾语统称为"双宾语"。
-------------------------

My parents bought me a computer.我父母给我买了一台电脑。(me是间接宾语,computer是直接宾语)

She is playing the piano now.她正在弹钢琴。(名词作宾语)

We all like him.(代词作宾语)

Give me four.(数词作宾语)

We all like to go to school.(不定式to go to school作like的宾语。school作to的宾 语)

We all like swimming.(动名词作宾语)

I think he is right.(宾语从句作宾语)

He asked me what I was thinking about at that moment. (由wh疑问代词引导的宾语从句作宾语)

The book is worth reading.( 形容词worth可有宾语)

补充现代汉语词典解释:
宾语是动词的一种连带成分,一般在动词后边,用来回答“谁?”或“什么?”例如“我找厂长”的“厂长”,“他开拖拉机”的“拖拉机”,“接受批评”的“批评”,“他说他不知道”的“他不知道”。有时候一个动词可以带两个宾语,如“教我们化学”的“我们”和“化学”。
=======================
表语
表语是用来说明主语的身份、性质、品性、特征和状态的,表语常由名词、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式、动词的-ing、从句来充当,它常位于联系动词(be, become, appear, seem等)之后。
-------------------

一. 名词作表语

Africa is a big continent.

非洲是个大洲。

That remains a puzzle to me.

这对我还是个难题。

二. 代词作表语

What’s your fax number?

你的传真号是多少?

三. 形容词作表语

I feel much better today.

我今天感觉好多了。

四. 数词作表语

She was the first to learn about it.

她是第一个知道的人。

五. 不定式或ing形式作表语

Her job is selling computers.

她的工作是销售电脑。

Our next step was to get raw materials ready.

我们下一步是把原料准备好。

六. 介词短语作表语

The patient is out of danger.

病人脱险了。

I don’t feel at ease.

我感到不自在。

七. 副词作表语

The sun is up.

太阳升起来了。

I must be off now.

现在我得走了。

八. 从句作表语

This is what he said.

这就是他所说的话。
不定式作表语

作表语的不定式短语通常是说明主语的内容,这时主语通常是如下名词:
hope, idea, job, plan, wish, aim, purpose, thing, business

<><><>

The purpose of new technologies is to make life easier, not to make it more difficult.

新技术的目的是使生活更便利,而不是更繁琐。

Her wish is to become a singer.

她的愿望是当一名歌手。

Our plan is to finish the work in two weeks.

我们的计划就是在两星期内完成这项工作。

表语从句

在句子中起表语作用的从句叫做表语从句。表语从句的引导词和主语从句的引导词相同。
What the police want to know is when you entered the room.

警察想知道的是你什么时候进的房间。

The trouble is that we are short of funds.

困难是我们缺乏资金。

This is what we should do.

这是我们应当做的。

That's why I want you to work there.

那就是我要你在那儿工作的原因。

His first question was whether Mr. Smith had arrived yet.

他的第一个问题是史密斯先生到了没有。

<><><>

as if, as though, because也可用来引导表语从句。

She seems as if she had done a great thing.

她看起来好像做了一件大事。

It is because you eat too much.

那是因为你吃得太多了。

ing形式作表语

ing形式作表语表示泛指意义的动作,不定式作表语表示一次性的动作。
My hobby is growing flowers.

我的爱好是种花。

My favourite sport is playing tennis.

我喜爱的运动是打网球。

<><><>

比较:

What I am going to do is to play tennis this afternoon.

我今天下午要做的事是打网球。

ing形式作表语:注意事项

在句型"主 + 系 + 表"中,若主语和表语都是非谓语形式时,主语和表语要取得一致。如:主语
是ing形式表语也应是ing形式,主语是不定式时表语也应是不定式。

<><><>

Seeing is believing.

To see is to believe.

眼见为实。

<><><>

(误) Seeing is to believe.

ing形式作定语

ing形式可以作名词的前置定语,ing形式短语作后置定语。
<><><>

ing形式作前置定语

a swimming pool

a teaching method

<><><>

ing形式短语作后置定语

Do you know the man standing at the entrance?

你认识站在入口处的那个人吗?

There were a lot of people boating on the lake.

湖上有许多正在划船的人。

虚拟语气:表语从句

主语是idea, notion, proposal, suggestion, request等名词时,
作表语从句的动词为原形动词或should+原形动词。

My suggestion is that we (should) go and help him.

我的建议是我们应该去帮助他。

Our only request is that this should be settled as soon as possible.

我们唯一的请求就是尽快解决这个问题。
======================
介词

一、概念:
[编辑本段]
介词是一种用来表示词与词, 词与句之间的关系的词。在句中不能单独作句子成分。介词后面一般有名词代词或相当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。
-----------------------

二.相关知识点精讲
[编辑本段]
介词口诀:自从以当为按照,由于对于为了到;和跟把比在关于,除了同对向往朝;用在名词代词前,修饰动形要记牢。

1.表示地点位置的介词
[编辑本段]
1)at ,in, on, to
at (1)表示在小地方; (2)表示“在……附近,旁边”
in (1)表示 在大地方; (2)表示“在…范围之内”。
on 表示毗邻,接壤
to 表示在……范围外,不强调是否接壤
He arrived at the station at ten.
He is sitting at the desk.
2)above, over, on 在……上
above 指在……上方,不强调是否垂直,与 below相对;
over指垂直的上方,与under相对,但over与物体有一定的空间,不直接接触。
on表示某物体上面并与之接触。
The bird is flying above my head.
There is a bridge over the river.
He put his watch on the desk.
3)below, under 在……下面
under表示在…正下方
below表示在……下,不一定在正下方
There is a cat under the table.
Please write your name below the line.

2.表示时间的介词
[编辑本段]
1)in , on,at 在……时
in表示较长时间,如世纪、朝代、时代、年、季节、月及一般(非特指)的早、中、晚等。
如 in the 20th century, in the 1950s, in 1989, in summer, in January, in the morning, in the night, in one’s life , in one’s thirties等。
on表示具体某一天及其早、中、晚。
如on May 1st, on Monday, on New Year’s Day, on a cold night in January, on a fine morning, on Sunday afternoon等。
at表示某一时刻或较短暂的时间,或泛指圣诞节,复活节等。
如at 3:20, at this time of year, at the beginning of, at the end of …, at the age of …, at Christmas, at night, at noon, at this moment等。
注意:在last, next, this, that, some, every 等词之前一律不用介词。如:We meet every day.

2)in, after 在……之后
“in +段时间”表示将来的一段时间以后;
“after+段时间”表示过去的一段时间以后;
“after+将来点时间”表示将来的某一时刻以后。
My mother will come back in three or four days.
He arrived after five months.
She will appear after five o’clock this afternoon.

3)from, since 自从……
from仅说明什么时候开始,不说明某动作或情况持续多久;
since表示某动作或情况持续至说话时刻,通常与完成时连用。
He studied the piano from the age of three.
They have lived here since 1978.

4)after, behind 在……之后
after主要用于表示时间;
behind主要用于表示位置。
We shall leave after lunch.
Lucy is hiding behind an old house.

3.表运动方向的介词:
[编辑本段]
across, through 通过,穿过
across表示横过,即从物体表面通过,与on有关;
through穿过,即从物体内部穿过,与in有关。
She swam across the river.
He walked through the forest.

4.表示“在……之间”的介词:
[编辑本段]
between, among
between指在两个人或两个事物之间;
among指在三个或三个以上的人或事物之间。
There is a football match between Class One and Class Two on the playground.
The teacher is standing among the students.

5.表示其他意义的介词
[编辑本段]
1)on ,about 关于
on 表示这本书,这篇文章或演说是严肃的,或学术性的,可供专门研究这一问题的人阅读;
about表示内容较为普通,不那么正式。
There will be a lecture on economics this afternoon.
He is writing a book on cooking.
He told me a lot about his life in the summer vocation.

2)by, with, in 表示方法、手段、工具
by 以……方法、手段或泛指某种交通工具;
with 表示用 …工具、手段,一般接具体的工具和手段;
in 表示用…方式,用…语言(语调、笔墨、颜色)等;
He makes a living by selling newspapers.
He broke the window with a stone.
The foreigner spoke to us in English.

3)except, besides 除了
except 除……之外,不包括在内;
besides 除……之外,包括在内。
Except Mr. Wang, we went to see the film.(王先生没去)
Besides Mr. Wang, we also went to see the film.(王先生也去了)

其它常用介词
介词在英语词汇中所占比例很小,但它们的用法却非常灵活,复杂。下列为常用介词及含义:
about 关于,附近,大约,周围,随身.
I have bought a book about Shakespearean.
我买了一本有关莎士比亚的书。
There are about fifteen trees in the picture.
图片里大约有十五棵树。
above 在....上,高出,以上,超过,在...上游.
The plane is flying above the clouds.
飞机在云上飞行。
I think the man is above sixty years old.
我想那人有六十多岁了。
across 横过,对面,交叉,在...的对面.
Can you swim across the river?
你能游过河吗?
We live across the street.
我们住在街的对面。
after 在...后面,依照.
He went home after school.
他放学后就回家了。
Read after me, please.
请跟我朗读。
against 撞到,靠着,反对,违背,
The car hit against the tree.
汽车撞了树。
He is standing against the wall.
他靠墙站着。
along 沿着,顺着.
They are walking along the river.
他们沿着河行走。
among 在...当中.
He is the tallest among them.
他是他们当中个子最高的。
around 在...的周围,在...那一边.
They sat around the table talking the news.
他们绕桌而坐谈论新闻。
There is a drugstore around the corner.
拐角处有一家药店。
as 作为.
He doesn't like people treat him as a child.
他不喜欢人们把他当小孩子对待。
at 在...时刻,在...点钟,在...岁时, 向,在...之中,按...速度,值(卖)...钱,
He always gets up at six in the morning.
他时常早上六点钟起床。
He shot at the bird but missed it.
他向鸟射击,但是没射中。
The car goes at eighty miles an hour.
汽车以每小时八十公里的速度行驶。
before 在...的前面(位置),在...之前(时间)
He took a picture before the car.
他在汽车前照了张照片。
He can't finish his work before supper.
晚饭前他完不成工作。
behind 在...的后面(位置), 落后于,不如,
迟于,晚于(时间)
Are there any brooms behind the door.
门后有扫帚吗?
All of us are behind him in mathematics.
我们数学都不如他。
below 在...之下,低于,
There are four lights below the ceiling.
天花板下面有四盏灯。
The murderer run away below the police's eyes.
杀人犯从警察眼皮底下跑了。
beside 在...的旁边,在...之外,与...相比.
He found the body beside the river.
他在河边发现了尸体。
Beside yours, my computer is too slow.
与你的计算机速度相比,我的就慢多了。
besides 除...之外,
We are all here besides Bowe.
除鲍外,我们也都来了。
between 在...两者之间,
The relations between the two countries has improved since then.
两国的关系从那以后得到了改善。
beyond 在...那边,
The shop you are looking for is beyond the street, you can't miss it.
你要找的商店在街的那边,你不会找不到的。
but 除去.
He has nothing but money.
他除钱以外什么都没有。
by 被..., 在...的近旁 , 在...之前, 不迟于, 以...为手段。
The classroom was cleaned by the students.
教室由学生们打扫干净了。
Miss Lucy came to China by air.
露西小姐是乘飞机来中国的。
down 沿着...望下。
She walked down the street.
她沿着街道走。
during 在...期间,在...时候。
During the holiday, we went to the south.
我们假期去了南方。
except 除...之外。
He knows nothing except English.
他除英语以外什么都不知道。
for 为..., 因为..., 至于... 。
He works for this company.
他为这家公司工作。
She came back to the classroom for she had left her books in the classroom.
她返回到教室是因为把书留在了那里。
from 从..., 来自..., 因为...。
Where are you from?
你是哪里人?
He died from an accident.
他死于一场事故。
in 在..., 在...之内,从事于..., 按照..., 穿着...。
He was born in 1992.
他生于1992年。
I could finish the program in two weeks.
我可以用两周时间完成这个项目。
He spend less time in reading.
他读书时间很少。
The man in black jacket is our teacher.
穿黑夹克的那个人是我们的老师。
like 象...,如同...。
The twins are like their father.
双胞胎像他们的父亲。
near 靠近....。
There are some flowers near the house.
房子附近有一些花。
of ...的,属于...。
This is a map of China.
这是一张中国地图。
off 离开...,在...之外。
The young man got off the train quickly.
那个年青人很快下了火车。
I live in a village a little way off the main road.
我住在离大路不远的一个村庄里。
on 在...之上。
My book is on the table.
我的书在桌子上。
out of 从...出来,在...之外。
The dog run out of the house.
狗从房子里跑出来。
outside ... 外边.
They are waiting outside the gate.
他们在门外等着。
over 在...之上,遍于...之上,越过...。
There is a light over the desk.
桌子上方有盏灯。
He is over sixty years old.
他有六十多岁。
past 越过...,过...,超越...。
The students walked past the post office.
学生们走过了邮局。
It is ten past two.
现在是两点十分。
round 围着...,绕过...,在...周围。
We sat round the table.
我们围着桌子坐下。
The earth goes round the sun.
地球绕着太阳转。
since 自... 以后,自...以来。
He has made great progress in English since he came into the college.
从他来到大学后,他的英语有了很大进步。
through 经过...,穿过...。
They went through the forest.
他们穿过了森林。
throughout 遍及...,在各处。
The police searched for the criminal throughout the mountain.
to 到...,向...,趋于。
How long is it from here to the station?
从这儿到车站有多远?
under 在...之下,低于。
There are some footballs under the bed.
床底下有几颗足球。
These students are under seventeen years old.
这些学生们不到十七岁。
until 直到,在...以前,
Please wait for us until we come back.
请等着我们回来。
It was not until last week that I handed in mathematics paper.
直到上周,我才交了数学论文。
up 在...上面,在...上。
He went up the stairs.
他上了楼梯。
upon 在...之上,迫近...。
It's not polite to look down upon him.
蔑视他是不礼貌的。
within 在...之内。
You must finish the work within two weeks.
你必须两周内完成这项工作。
========================

分词
一.分词总介:
[编辑本段]
分词分为现在分词和过去分词两种,是一种非谓语动词形式

现在分词和过去分词主要差别在于:现在分词表示"主动和进行",过去分词表示"被动和完成"(不及物动词的过去分词不表示被动,只表示完成)。分词可以有自己的状语、宾语或逻辑主语等。
-------------------

1、 分词作状语分词在句子中作状语,可以表示时间、条件、原因、结果、让步、伴随等。

分词在句子中作状语,使用何种分词,要取决于分词与句子主语的关系:主谓关系用现在分词,动宾或被动关系用过去分词。

(1)现在分词The students went out of the classroom, laughing and talking.

(2)过去分词Accompanied by his friend, he went to the railway station.

2、"while ( when, once, until, if , though等连词)+分词"结构现在分词或过去分词作状语时,有时可以在分词前加while,when, once, although, until, if等连词。

When leaving the airport, she waved again and again to us.
3、分词作定语分词作定语时,单个的分词通常放在被修饰的名词之前,分词短语一般置于所修饰的中心词后面。现在分词修饰的是发出该动作的名词(即与名词有主谓关系),过去分词修饰承受该动作的名词(即与名词是动宾关系)。

We will go on with our experiment as soon as we get the added fund.

4、分词作宾语补足语现在分词在see, watch, hear, observe, notice, feel, find, glimpse, glance等感官动词和look at, listen to等短语动词以及have, keep, get, catch, leave, set, start, send等使役动词后面与名词或代词构成复合宾语,作宾语补语的成分。

5、分词作表语分词作表语通常看作形容词来用。现在分词表示主语的性质,而且主语多为物;过去分词表示主语的感受或状态,主语多为人。

一.现在分词的用法:
[编辑本段]
1) 做表语:

很多动词的现在分词都可以作表语:

2) 作定语:
上面所出现的现在分词都可以用作定语, 修饰一个名词:
I found him a charming person.
现在分词短语还可以放在名词的后面修饰名词, 相当于一个定语从句:
There are a few boys swimming in the river.
3) 作状语:
现在分词短语可以表示一个同时发生的次要的或伴随的动作:
Following Tom, we started to climb the mountain.
Taking a key out of his pocket, he opened the door.
现在分词短语还可以表示原因, 相当于一个原因状语从句:
Not knowing her address, we couldn’t get in touch with her.
现在分词短语还可以表示时间, 相当于一个时间状语从句:
Hearing the news, they all jumped with joy.
4)作宾补:
现在分词在一些动词之后可以做宾语的补语:
例如, see, hear, catch, find, keep , have 等.
I see him passing my house every day.

二.过去分词的用法:
[编辑本段]
1) 作表语:
We were so bored that we couldn’t help yawning.
2) 作定语:
She has a pleased look on her face.
cooked food a written report

3)作状语:
Seen from the hill, the city looks magnificent.

4)作宾补:
过去分词也同样可以作宾语的补语, 接在某些动词后面本回答被提问者采纳
参考技术B 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体。在英语句子中是动作的发出者,一般位于句首。一般放在谓语(某个动词)的前面。
宾语则是动作的对象或接受者。一般位于及物动词或者是介词之后。
表语用以说明主语的身份,特征和状态,它一般位于系动词(be,become,get,look,grow,turn等的)之后。
介词又叫前置词,是一种虚词,不能在句中独立作成分,介词后必须与名词,代词或者动名词构成介词短语在句中充当一个成分。,表示人,物,事件等与其他人,物,事件等之间的关系。
分词有现在分词和过去分词。现在分词就是动词的ing形式,如doing,reading,过去分词一般表被动,如broken

一个关于idle单词语法的救急问题!!!

“They stood idle,waiting for the mechanic.他们干站着等技工来。”中为什么动词stand后可以加形容词idle呢?怎么回事啊?idle的副词应该是idly....为什么???????

把stand理解成系动词,下面是一些关于系动词的汇总,希望对你有帮助。

特殊的连系动词
be 是最常见的连系动词。除 be 之外,还有一些动词,从表面上看像是地地道道的实义动词,而实际上却具有系动词的某些特征。这些动词后面也可以跟形容词或名词等作表语。 请比较下面两例:
The sun is hot . 太阳很热。
The sun shines hot . 太阳火辣辣地照着大地。
句中的 is 是连系动词,不是实义动词;句中的 shines 则为特殊连系动词,本身具有实义,只是在译成汉语时,它的词义不一定直译出来。
再比较下面两例:
They are our friends .
They stand our friends .
句中的 are 是连系动词;stand 是 “ 特殊连系动词 ” ,有 “ 竖持不动摇,仍然是 ” 之意。
可见, “ 特殊连系动词 ” 具有双重性能,即连系动词性能和实义动词性能。
常见的 “ 特殊连系动词 ” 可分为三类:
1. 表示 “ 变成某种状态 ” 意义的系动词:become , come , fall , get , go , grow , make , prove , run , shine , turn , turn out , wear , work。例如:
Our country is becoming stronger and stronger .
This great prediction has come true .
One after another , the three of them fell asleep .
Please don\'t get angry .
Xiang Lin\'s wife finally went mad .
You have grown so tall .
The instrument has proved most useful .
Their money was running short .
After the heated discussion many facts shone clear .
When she saw this , her face turned red .
He used to be a teacher till he turned writer .
The day turned out fine .

The cloth is wearing thin .
The button worked loose . 钮扣松了。
2. 表示 “ 保持某种状态 ” 意义的系动词:continue , die , go , hold , keep , lie , live , remain , rest , return , sit , stand , stay。例如:
I hope the weather will continue fine .
He went a child but returned a veteran worker .
The nation\'s unemployment rate held steady at 9 . 8 percent in August .
Why do you keep silent ?
The thought lies heavy on his mind .
Liu Hulan lived a communist , and died a communist .
Little inconsequential items often loom large to invalids .
We must always remain modest and prudent .
We shouldn\'t rest satisfied with what we have achieved .
All the time she sat silent in the corner .
He stood 4 feet 9 inches . 他身高4英尺9英寸。
I still stand your friend .
The shop stays open till eight o\'clock .
3. 表示 “ 自己感觉或令人感觉 ” 意义的系动词:appear , feel , look . seem , smell , sound , taste。例如:
He didn\'t want to appear a fool .
This appears an exception to the rule mentioned above .
Silk feels smooth .
He feels uneasy .
He looks quiet strong .
He seems quite happy .
The dish tastes delicious .
The explanation sounds all right .
参考技术A 半系动词(半系动词后加形容词):remain/stand/look/appear

they were told to stand still这个句子中still是形容词

Never stand aloof from the masses.
千万不可脱离群众。
The airport stands far apart from the city.
机场离城很远。
Stand still!
站住,不许动!
参考技术B 你可以查查字典

eg:The factory stood idle while the machines were being repaired.

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