python 神经网络的实现。参考:[在Python中从头开始实现神经网络 - 简介](http://www.wildml.c
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#!/usr/bin/env python
import numpy as np
import sklearn.datasets
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
def load_data(n_samples=100, noise=None):
np.random.seed(0)
return sklearn.datasets.make_moons(n_samples=n_samples, noise=noise)
def init_network_weights(network, seed=0):
'''
initialize the weights of the network
network[0]: number of input nodes
network[1]: number of hidden nodes
network[2]: number of output nodes
'''
np.random.seed(seed)
W1 = np.random.randn(network[0], network[1]) / np.sqrt(network[0])
b1 = np.zeros((1, network[1]))
W2 = np.random.rand(network[1], network[2]) / np.sqrt(network[1])
b2 = np.zeros((1, network[2]))
return W1, b1, W2, b2
def forward_propagation(X, W1, b1, W2, b2):
'''
make predictions using forward propagation:
zi is the input of layer i
ai is the output of layer i after applying the activation function
'''
z1 = X.dot(W1) + b1
a1 = np.tanh(z1)
z2 = a1.dot(W2) + b2
# softmax
exp_scores = np.exp(z2)
a2 = exp_scores / np.sum(exp_scores, axis=1, keepdims=True)
return z1, a1, z2, a2
def backpropagation(X, Y, a1, a2, W2):
'''
calculate gradients using backpropagation
'''
# encode target
Y = [[0, 1] if i == 1 else [1, 0] for i in Y]
delta3 = a2 - Y
dW2 = (a1.T).dot(delta3)
db2 = np.sum(delta3, axis=0, keepdims=True)
delta2 = delta3.dot(W2.T) * (1 - np.power(a1, 2))
dW1 = np.dot(X.T, delta2)
db1 = np.sum(delta2, axis=0)
return dW1, db1, dW2, db2
def add_regularization(reg_lambda, W1, b1, W2, b2, dW1, db1, dW2, db2):
dW2 += reg_lambda * W2
dW1 += reg_lambda * W1
return dW1, db1, dW2, db2
def update_weights(epsilon, W1, b1, W2, b2, dW1, db1, dW2, db2):
W1 += -epsilon * dW1
b1 += -epsilon * db1
W2 += -epsilon * dW2
b2 += -epsilon * db2
return W1, b1, W2, b2
def calculate_loss(X, Y, reg_lambda, W1, b1, W2, b2):
'''
evaluate the total loss on the dataset
'''
# calculate predictions
outputs = (z1, a1, z2, a2) = forward_propagation(X, W1, b1, W2, b2)
# calculate loss
correct_probs = a2[range(len(X)), Y] # if y=1, prob = a2[1]; else prob = a2[0]
data_loss = np.sum(-np.log(correct_probs))
# add regulatization term to loss (optional)
data_loss += reg_lambda/2 * (np.sum(np.square(W1)) + np.sum(np.square(W2)))
return 1./len(X) * data_loss
def run_nn(X, Y, network, epsilon=0.01, reg_lambda=0.01, iters=100, seed=10, verbose=False):
# init the network's weights
weights = (W1, b1, W2, b2) = init_network_weights(network, seed=seed)
for i in range(iters):
# forward propagation
outputs = (z1, a1, z2, a2) = forward_propagation(X, *weights)
# backpropagation
grad = (dW1, db1, dW2, db2) = backpropagation(X, Y, a1, a2, W2)
# add regularization terms
grad = (dW1, db1, dW2, db2) = add_regularization(reg_lambda, *(weights+grad))
# update weights
weights = (W1, b1, W2, b2) = update_weights(epsilon, *(weights+grad))
# print loss for each step
if verbose and i % 1000 == 0:
print('Loss after iteration %i: %f' % (i, calculate_loss(X, Y, reg_lambda, *weights)))
return weights
def predict(X, W1, b1, W2, b2):
outputs = (z1, a1, z2, a2) = forward_propagation(X, *weights)
return np.argmax(a2, axis=1)
def plot_decision_boundary(X, Y, pred_func):
# set min and max values and give it some padding
x_min, x_max = X[:, 0].min() - .5, X[:, 0].max() + .5
y_min, y_max = X[:, 1].min() - .5, X[:, 1].max() + .5
h = 0.01
# generate a grid of points with distance h between them
xx, yy = np.meshgrid(np.arange(x_min, x_max, h), np.arange(y_min, y_max, h))
# predict the function value for the whole gid
Z = pred_func(np.c_[xx.ravel(), yy.ravel()])
Z = Z.reshape(xx.shape)
# plot the contour and training examples
plt.contourf(xx, yy, Z, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral)
plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], c=Y, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral)
if __name__ == '__main__':
# load data
X, Y = load_data(200, 0.20)
#plt.scatter(X[:, 0], X[:, 1], s=40, c=Y, cmap=plt.cm.Spectral)
#plt.show()
# init model params
num_input = 2
num_hidden = 3
num_output = 2
params = {
'network': (num_input, num_hidden, num_output)
,'epsilon': 0.01 # learning rate
,'reg_lambda': 0.01 # regularization strength
,'iters': 20000
,'seed': 0
,'verbose': True
}
# run neural network
weights = run_nn(X, Y, **params)
# plot the decision boundary
plot_decision_boundary(X, Y, lambda x: predict(x, *weights))
plt.title('Decision Boundary for hidden layer size %d' % num_hidden)
plt.show()
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python 神经网络的实现。参考:[在Python中从头开始实现神经网络 - 简介](http://www.wildml.c