git 基本指令

Posted 2022-11-30 GoldenaArcher

git 基本指令

Bash 指令

在开始之前先介绍一些基础的 bash 指令，如果没有特指 windows 的话，就双（三）端通用 （大概？现在不怎么用 win 了不太确定 win 上能不能跑）。

导航相关

# list 的缩写（大概
➜  ~ ls
Applications            Music                   error.png
# 打开当前所在的文档
➜  ~ open . # mac
> start .   # windows
# 打印现在所在文档的路径
➜  ~ pwd
/Users/louhan
# change directory 的缩写，变更所在文档
➜  ~ cd Music 
➜  Music ls
Music
➜  Music pwd
/Users/louhan/Music

文件/文件夹相关

# 新建文档
➜  Music touch test.txt
➜  Music ls
Music    test.txt
➜  Music touch test2.js test3.python
➜  Music ls
Music        test.txt     test2.js     test3.python
# 删除文档
➜  Music rm test.txt test2.js test3.python 
➜  Music ls
Music
# 创建文件夹
➜  Music ls
Music
➜  Music mkdir example
➜  Music ls
Music   example
➜  Music cd example 
➜  example pwd
/Users/louhan/Music/example
➜  example cd ..
# 删除文件夹
➜  Music rmdir example 
➜  Music ls
Music
# mac
# Windows 上使用 -rf 好像会报错
➜  Music mkdir deleteMe
➜  Music ls
Music    deleteMe
➜  Music rm deleteMe 
rm: deleteMe: is a directory
➜  Music rm -rf deleteMe 
➜  Music ls
Music

Git 相关

安装

Windows 下载安装器然后一路 OK 过去就好了。

# mac
➜  ~ brew install git
➜  ~ git --version
git version 2.37.0 (Apple Git-136)

配置用户名和邮箱

主要修改邮箱和显示的名字，换电脑还是要检查一下两个是不是一样，我就碰到过写学校作业的时候不一样，然后评分出了问题还得找教授的麻烦（……）

# set username
➜  ~ git config --global user.name "GoldenaArcher"
# get username
➜  ~ git config user.name                         
GoldenaArcher
# same thing with email
➜  ~ git config user.email
➜  ~ git config --global user.name "[e-mail]"

查看状态以及初始化 git 文件夹

git status 用来查看当前文件夹下的 git 状态

git init 将当前文件夹初始化为一个新的 git 文件夹

下面一段命令可以跳过了

# 在非 git 文件夹下输入该指令会有对应提示
➜  Music git status
fatal: not a git repository (or any of the parent directories): .git
# 换了一个 git 的文件夹
➜  cpAutomation git:(main) ✗ git status
On branch main
Your branch is up to date with 'origin/main'.

Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
	modified:   package.json

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
	cy.md
	cypress/integration/examples/Test2.js
	cypress/integration/examples/Test3.js
	cypress/videos/
	error.png
	timeout.png

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

# init 每个 repo 运行一次即可
➜  cypress mkdir testInit
➜  cypress cd testInit 
➜  testInit git status
fatal: not a git repository (or any of the parent directories): .git
➜  testInit git init 
Initialized empty Git repository in /Users/louhan/study/cypress/testInit/.git/
➜  testInit git:(main) git status
On branch main

No commits yet

nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track)

.git 文件夹包含了所有 git 相关的内容，如果删掉会导致当前文件夹不再是一个 git 文件夹：

➜  testInit git:(main) ls 
➜  testInit git:(main) ls -a
.    ..   .git
➜  testInit git:(main) git status
On branch main

No commits yet

nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track)
➜  testInit git:(main) rm -rf .git 
➜  testInit git status
fatal: not a git repository (or any of the parent directories): .git

最好不要在 git repo 之中再初始化一个 git repo，有可能会出错

git 基础指令

基本上就是一个简单的流程，可以把每一个 commit 都考虑成一个复活点，这样一旦挂了就不用回到开始重新来过。每次 commit 的流程就是添加一些修改过的文件，提供一段有意义的文字，最后推到远程的 repo 上去。

整体流程大致如下：

其中：

working directory 指的是本地正在工作的目录；

staging area 是 git 在本地保存的一个区域，用来存储目前添加的已修改文档，但是还没有推到当前分支上

git commit 将当前的变化推到当前分支上（还在本机），但是还没有推到对应的远程 repo（即云端上的 repo，比如 GitHub、GitLab 这种）

git add

git add 用来添加修改过的文档。
显示 修改过 但是没有保存到 staging area 的文档

➜  basic git:(main) touch out.txt
➜  basic git:(main) ✗ touch characters.txt
➜  basic git:(main) ✗ git status
On branch main

No commits yet

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
        characters.txt
        out.txt

nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

下一步将文件保存到 staging area 中：

➜  basic git:(main) ✗ git add out.txt 
➜  basic git:(main) ✗ git status
On branch main

No commits yet

Changes to be committed:
  (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
        new file:   out.txt

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
        characters.txt

➜  basic git:(main) ✗ git add characters.txt 
➜  basic git:(main) ✗ git status
On branch main

No commits yet

Changes to be committed:
  (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
        new file:   characters.txt
        new file:   out.txt

git cmomit

commit 就是将推到 staging area 的文档保存到本地的分支中：

# 会打开 vim
➜  basic git:(main) ✗ git commit
# 或者直接保存消息
➜  basic git:(main) ✗ git commit -m "start work on outline and characters"
[main (root-commit) f8b2e15] start work on outline and characters
 2 files changed, 3 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 characters.txt
 create mode 100644 out.txt
➜  basic git:(main) git status
On branch main
nothing to commit, working tree clean

之后更新一下 out.txt 以及添加一个新的文档。这个时候这两个文档与本地分支上的文档已经不一致了，所以使用 git status 会重新这两个修改过的文档产生了变化。

➜  basic git:(main) git status
On branch main
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
        modified:   out.txt

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
        ch1.txt

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")
➜  basic git:(main) ✗ git add out.txt ch1.txt 
➜  basic git:(main) ✗ git status
On branch main
Changes to be committed:
  (use "git restore --staged <file>..." to unstage)
        new file:   ch1.txt
        modified:   out.txt

➜  basic git:(main) ✗ git commit -m "update chapter 1"
[main b18e966] update chapter 1
 2 files changed, 5 insertions(+)
 create mode 100644 ch1.txt

最后可以使用 git log 查看当前分支上所有的记录（已经 commit 的消息）：

➜  basic git:(main) git log

commit b18e96680845af42622c630085d003073b21fc79 (HEAD -> main)
Author: Louise Han <[e-mail]>
Date:   Thu Nov 3 19:46:01 2022 -0400

    update chapter 1

commit f8b2e152b28faefa10bc8b0f258581efcb4aa460
Author: Louise Han <[e-mail]>
Date:   Thu Nov 3 19:41:26 2022 -0400

    start work on outline and characters
(END)