自定义异常中的默认消息 - Python

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【中文标题】自定义异常中的默认消息 - Python【英文标题】:Default message in custom exception - Python 【发布时间】:2018-08-19 20:32:15 【问题描述】:

我想在 Python 中创建一个自定义异常,在没有任何参数的情况下引发该异常时,它将打印一条默认消息。

代码示例:

class CustomException(Exception):
    pass # some code

raise CustomException()

并得到以下输出:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
__main__.CustomException: This is a default message!

【问题讨论】:

【参考方案1】:

这是最简单的解决方案恕我直言,如何使用可以在需要时覆盖的默认消息定义自定义异常:

class CustomException(Exception):
    def __init__(self, msg='My default message', *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(msg, *args, **kwargs)

使用示例:

In [10]: raise CustomException
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CustomException                           Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-10-259ae5202c8e> in <module>
----> 1 raise CustomException

CustomException: My default message

In [11]: raise CustomException()
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CustomException                           Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-11-c1921a8781a6> in <module>
----> 1 raise CustomException()

CustomException: My default message

In [12]: raise CustomException('Foo bar')
---------------------------------------------------------------------------
CustomException                           Traceback (most recent call last)
<ipython-input-12-7efbf94f7432> in <module>
----> 1 raise CustomException('Foo bar')

CustomException: Foo bar

【讨论】:

我认为这实际上是最好的答案。 这很好用而且看起来很优雅。但是,我想指出,pylint 对此并不满意,并称其为无用的超级委托。 还有 pylint 报告关于keyword-arg-before-vararg【参考方案2】:

下面的代码给出了解决方案:

class CustomException(Exception):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        default_message = 'This is a default message!'

        # if any arguments are passed...
        # If you inherit from the exception that takes message as a keyword
        # maybe you will need to check kwargs here
        if args:
            # ... pass them to the super constructor
            super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)
        else: # else, the exception was raised without arguments ...
                 # ... pass the default message to the super constructor
                 super().__init__(default_message, **kwargs)

一个等效但更简洁的解决方案是:

class CustomException(Exception):
    def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        default_message = 'This is a default message!'

        # if no arguments are passed set the first positional argument
        # to be the default message. To do that, we have to replace the
        # 'args' tuple with another one, that will only contain the message.
        # (we cannot do an assignment since tuples are immutable)
        # If you inherit from the exception that takes message as a keyword
        # maybe you will need to check kwargs here
        if not args: args = (default_message,)

        # Call super constructor
        super().__init__(*args, **kwargs)

一个更简洁但受限制的解决方案是:

class CustomException(Exception):
     def __init__(self):
         default_message = 'This is a default message!'
         super().__init__(default_message)

如果您只是将字符串文字传递给构造函数而不是使用default_message 变量,那么您当然可以在上述每个解决方案中保存一行。

如果您希望代码与 Python 2.7 兼容,则只需将 super() 替换为 super(CustomException, self)

正在运行:

>>> raise CustomException

将输出:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
__main__.CustomException: This is a default message!

并运行:

raise CustomException('This is a custom message!')

将输出:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
__main__.CustomException: This is a custom message!

这是前 2 个解决方案的代码将产生的输出。最后一个解决方案的不同之处在于至少使用一个参数来调用它,例如:

raise CustomException('This is a custom message!')

它会输出:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "<stdin>", line 1, in <module>
TypeError: __init__() takes 1 positional argument but 2 were given

因为它不允许在引发 CustomException 时将任何参数传递给它。

【讨论】:

【参考方案3】:

在对this question 的回答中,这是声明自定义异常的好方法:

class MyException(Exception):
    """Docstring here"""

如果要定义许多异常,可以使用Exception 的子类作为它们的异常的超类,以使这些异常的文档字符串成为它们的默认消息:

class Doc_Default_Exception(Exception):
    """Subclass exceptions use docstring as default message"""
    def __init__(self, msg=None, *args, **kwargs):
        super().__init__(msg or self.__doc__, *args, **kwargs)

class MyException(Doc_Default_Exception):
    """Docstring here."""

raise MyException

输出:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\************************.py", line 9, in <module>
    raise MyException
__main__.MyException: Docstring here

装饰器还可以使用自定义异常的文档字符串作为其默认消息:

import functools

def docstring_message(cls):
    """Decorates an exception to make its docstring its default message."""
    # Must use cls_init name, not cls.__init__ itself, in closure to avoid recursion
    cls_init = cls.__init__ 
    @functools.wraps(cls.__init__)
    def wrapped_init(self, msg=cls.__doc__, *args, **kwargs):
        cls_init(self, msg, *args, **kwargs)
    cls.__init__ = wrapped_init
    return cls

@docstring_message
class MyException(Exception):
    """Docstring here"""

raise MyException

输出:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "C:\************************.py", line 16, in <module>
    raise MyException
__main__.MyException: Docstring here

当然,应该使用描述性消息引发异常,但有时默认回退就足够了,如果编写正确,文档字符串就足够了。

【讨论】:

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