C++ - 执行makefile时找不到目录

Posted 2023-02-22

【中文标题】C++ - 执行makefile时找不到目录

【英文标题】：C++ - No directory found when executing makefile

【发布时间】：2020-05-08 11:37:44

【问题描述】：

操作系统：Windows 10 - 编译器：mingw64

我有一个使用 OpenGL 的非常简单的程序。我唯一的文件 main.cpp 如下：

/*
 * OGL02Animation.cpp: 3D Shapes with animation
 */
//#include <windows.h>  // for MS Windows
#include <GL/glut.h>  // GLUT, include glu.h and gl.h

/* Global variables */
char title[] = "3D Shapes with animation";
GLfloat anglePyramid = 0.0f;  // Rotational angle for pyramid [NEW]
GLfloat angleCube = 0.0f;     // Rotational angle for cube [NEW]
int refreshMills = 15;        // refresh interval in milliseconds [NEW]

/* Initialize OpenGL Graphics */
void initGL() 
   glClearColor(0.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f); // Set background color to black and opaque
   glClearDepth(1.0f);                   // Set background depth to farthest
   glEnable(GL_DEPTH_TEST);   // Enable depth testing for z-culling
   glDepthFunc(GL_LEQUAL);    // Set the type of depth-test
   glShadeModel(GL_SMOOTH);   // Enable smooth shading
   glHint(GL_PERSPECTIVE_CORRECTION_HINT, GL_NICEST);  // Nice perspective corrections


/* Handler for window-repaint event. Called back when the window first appears and
   whenever the window needs to be re-painted. */
void display() 
   glClear(GL_COLOR_BUFFER_BIT | GL_DEPTH_BUFFER_BIT); // Clear color and depth buffers
   glMatrixMode(GL_MODELVIEW);     // To operate on model-view matrix

   // Render a color-cube consisting of 6 quads with different colors
   glLoadIdentity();                 // Reset the model-view matrix
   glTranslatef(1.5f, 0.0f, -7.0f);  // Move right and into the screen
   glRotatef(angleCube, 1.0f, 1.0f, 1.0f);  // Rotate about (1,1,1)-axis [NEW]

   glBegin(GL_QUADS);                // Begin drawing the color cube with 6 quads
      // Top face (y = 1.0f)
      // Define vertices in counter-clockwise (CCW) order with normal pointing out
      glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);     // Green
      glVertex3f( 1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f);
      glVertex3f(-1.0f, 1.0f, -1.0f);
      glVertex3f(-1.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f);
      glVertex3f( 1.0f, 1.0f,  1.0f);

      // Bottom face (y = -1.0f)
      glColor3f(1.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f);     // Orange
      glVertex3f( 1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f);
      glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f);
      glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);
      glVertex3f( 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);

      // Front face  (z = 1.0f)
      glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);     // Red
      glVertex3f( 1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f);
      glVertex3f(-1.0f,  1.0f, 1.0f);
      glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);
      glVertex3f( 1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);

      // Back face (z = -1.0f)
      glColor3f(1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);     // Yellow
      glVertex3f( 1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);
      glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);
      glVertex3f(-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f);
      glVertex3f( 1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f);

      // Left face (x = -1.0f)
      glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);     // Blue
      glVertex3f(-1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f);
      glVertex3f(-1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f);
      glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);
      glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f);

      // Right face (x = 1.0f)
      glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);     // Magenta
      glVertex3f(1.0f,  1.0f, -1.0f);
      glVertex3f(1.0f,  1.0f,  1.0f);
      glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f,  1.0f);
      glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);
   glEnd();  // End of drawing color-cube

   // Render a pyramid consists of 4 triangles
   glLoadIdentity();                  // Reset the model-view matrix
   glTranslatef(-1.5f, 0.0f, -6.0f);  // Move left and into the screen
   glRotatef(anglePyramid, 1.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);  // Rotate about the (1,1,0)-axis [NEW]

   glBegin(GL_TRIANGLES);           // Begin drawing the pyramid with 4 triangles
      // Front
      glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);     // Red
      glVertex3f( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
      glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);     // Green
      glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);
      glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);     // Blue
      glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);

      // Right
      glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);     // Red
      glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
      glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);     // Blue
      glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, 1.0f);
      glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);     // Green
      glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);

      // Back
      glColor3f(1.0f, 0.0f, 0.0f);     // Red
      glVertex3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
      glColor3f(0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);     // Green
      glVertex3f(1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);
      glColor3f(0.0f, 0.0f, 1.0f);     // Blue
      glVertex3f(-1.0f, -1.0f, -1.0f);

      // Left
      glColor3f(1.0f,0.0f,0.0f);       // Red
      glVertex3f( 0.0f, 1.0f, 0.0f);
      glColor3f(0.0f,0.0f,1.0f);       // Blue
      glVertex3f(-1.0f,-1.0f,-1.0f);
      glColor3f(0.0f,1.0f,0.0f);       // Green
      glVertex3f(-1.0f,-1.0f, 1.0f);
   glEnd();   // Done drawing the pyramid

   glutSwapBuffers();  // Swap the front and back frame buffers (double buffering)

   // Update the rotational angle after each refresh [NEW]
   anglePyramid += 0.2f;
   angleCube -= 0.15f;


/* Called back when timer expired [NEW] */
void timer(int value) 
   glutPostRedisplay();      // Post re-paint request to activate display()
   glutTimerFunc(refreshMills, timer, 0); // next timer call milliseconds later


/* Handler for window re-size event. Called back when the window first appears and
   whenever the window is re-sized with its new width and height */
void reshape(GLsizei width, GLsizei height)   // GLsizei for non-negative integer
   // Compute aspect ratio of the new window
   if (height == 0) height = 1;                // To prevent divide by 0
   GLfloat aspect = (GLfloat)width / (GLfloat)height;

   // Set the viewport to cover the new window
   glViewport(0, 0, width, height);

   // Set the aspect ratio of the clipping volume to match the viewport
   glMatrixMode(GL_PROJECTION);  // To operate on the Projection matrix
   glLoadIdentity();             // Reset
   // Enable perspective projection with fovy, aspect, zNear and zFar
   gluPerspective(45.0f, aspect, 0.1f, 100.0f);


/* Main function: GLUT runs as a console application starting at main() */
int main(int argc, char** argv) 
   glutInit(&argc, argv);            // Initialize GLUT
   glutInitDisplayMode(GLUT_DOUBLE); // Enable double buffered mode
   glutInitWindowSize(640, 480);   // Set the window's initial width & height
   glutInitWindowPosition(50, 50); // Position the window's initial top-left corner
   glutCreateWindow(title);          // Create window with the given title
   glutDisplayFunc(display);       // Register callback handler for window re-paint event
   glutReshapeFunc(reshape);       // Register callback handler for window re-size event
   initGL();                       // Our own OpenGL initialization
   glutTimerFunc(0, timer, 0);     // First timer call immediately [NEW]
   glutMainLoop();                 // Enter the infinite event-processing loop
   return 0;

这是我创建的makefile：

# Makefile

INCLUDE = -I"C:\Program Files\mingw-w64\mingw64\include"

LIBRARIES = -L"C:\Program Files\mingw-w64\mingw64\lib" -lGL -lGLU -lglut -lm -lXi -lXmu -lglu32 -lopengl32 -lfreeglut

COMPILER = g++ --std=c++17
COMPILERFLAGS = -no-pie $(INCLUDE)


PROGRAM =   test

SOURCE =    main.cpp

OBJECT =    main.o


.cc.o: $(SOURCE)
    $(COMPILER) -c $(COMPILERFLAGS) $<

all: $(PROGRAM)

$(PROGRAM): $(OBJECT) $(SOURCE)
    $(COMPILER) $(COMPILERFLAGS) -o $(PROGRAM) $(OBJECT) $(LIBRARIES)

clean:
    -rm -rf core *.o *~ .*~ $(PROGRAM)

作为 IDE，我正在使用 CodeBlocks。当我在 IDE 上编译和运行程序时，它运行良好。另外，当我在命令行中构建和运行程序时，它也运行良好： p>

g++ main.cpp -o output.exe -I"C:\Program Files\mingw-w64\mingw64\include" -lglu32 -lopengl32 -lfreeglut

当我使用 gnu 命令make 时，唯一的问题来了。当我在cmd 中执行make test 时，出现以下错误：

g++ -c -o main.o main.cpp main.cpp:5:10：致命错误：GL/glut.h：否 这样的文件或目录 #include // GLUT，包括 glu.h 和gl.h ^~~~~~~~~~~ 编译终止。 make: *** [: main.o] 错误 1

库和路径在makefile 中是否定义得不好？我无法完全理解为什么make 不起作用。

谢谢。

【问题讨论】：

您没有为 GL 添加包含路径。 GL/glut.h的路径是什么？

C:\Program Files\mingw-w64\mingw64\include\GL

我在你的makefile中找不到g++ -c -o main.o main.cpp这一行？你确定你使用了正确的 Makefile 吗？

应该是这个：$(PROGRAM): $(OBJECT) $(SOURCE) $(COMPILER) $(COMPILERFLAGS) -o $(PROGRAM) $(OBJECT) $(LIBRARIES)，对吧？

这一行的输出应该是g++ --std=c++17 -no-pie -I"C:\Program Files\mingw-w64\mingw64\include" -o test -L"C:\Program Files\mingw-w64\mingw64\lib" -lGL -lGLU -lglut -lm -lXi -lXmu -lglu32 -lopengl32 -lfreeglut。但实际输出是g++ -c -o main.o main.cpp。目前您正在使用不同的 makefile。给定的 Makefile 无法生成您的错误消息。 Makefile 必须准确命名为 Makefile，大写 M。或者你必须打电话给make -f makefile

【参考方案1】：

您定义了一个规则.cc.o，它使用您自己的变量名称定义编译。 但是，您的文件名称为main.cpp，因此它将使用默认规则：

.cpp.o:
    $(COMPILE.cpp) $(OUTPUT_OPTION) $<

具有以下默认定义：

COMPILE.cpp = $(COMPILE.cc)
COMPILE.cc = $(CXX) $(CXXFLAGS) $(CPPFLAGS) $(TARGET_ARCH) -c
OUTPUT_OPTION = -o $@

所以要么将main.cpp 的文件名更改为main.cc，COMPILE.cpp 的定义，或者.cpp.o 目标的定义。或者，您可以将标志添加到默认变量名称并删除 .cc.o 规则。