在 Visual Studio 上的 C++ 项目中将 NetCDF（通过 vcpkg 安装）与 CMake 一起使用时未解析的外部符号

Posted 2023-02-21

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【中文标题】在 Visual Studio 上的 C++ 项目中将 NetCDF（通过 vcpkg 安装）与 CMake 一起使用时未解析的外部符号【英文标题】：Unresolved External Symbols When Using NetCDF (Installed via vcpkg) with CMake in a C++ Project on Visual Studio 【发布时间】：2020-09-17 14:56:11 【问题描述】：

问题自最初发布以来已更新。我为将来的人们保留了所有上下文和信息，但最新的信息和问题在底部。

我发现了一些 similar questions 之前发布的相关主题，但似乎没有一个对我正在做的事情有一个清晰、简洁的解决方案。我希望通过提出这个问题，我可以得到答案，并且互联网上也将有一个更明确的答案，以供将来遇到类似问题的人使用。

我正在尝试在 Visual Studio 2019 中使用 NetCDF 创建一个简单的示例 C++ 代码，并将 CMake 作为构建系统。我使用vcpkg 安装了 NetCDF，特别是命令

vcpkg install netcdf-cxx:x64-windows

将所有必备软件包和 netcdf-cxx:x64-windows 安装到C:\Program Files\vcpkg\packages。

在项目本身中，我有两个主要文件：main.cpp 和 CMakeLists.txt。目录结构如下：

- C:\
     - Users\
          - Owner\
               - Education and Research\
                    - Personal Projects\
                         - learning_coding\
                              - C++\
                                   - cmake_netcdf\
                                        - CMakeLists.txt
                                        - main.cpp

文件main.cpp是

#include <iostream>

#include <netcdf>

int main()

    std::cout << "Hello world!" << std::endl;
    return 0;

而CMakeLists.txt 是

cmake_minimum_required (VERSION 3.17)

project(cmake_netcdf)

# Add source to this project's executable.
add_executable(cmake_netcdf main.cpp)

# Find and include the netcdf package
find_package(netcdf CONFIG REQUIRED)
target_link_libraries(cmake_netcdf
                      PRIVATE netcdf
                     )

Visual Studio 可以成功刷新 C++ IntelliSense 信息，

1> CMake generation started for configuration: 'x64-Debug'.
1> Found and using vcpkg toolchain file (C:/Program Files/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake).
1> The toolchain file has changed (CMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE).
1> Command line: "cmd.exe" /c ""C:\PROGRAM FILES (X86)\MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO\2019\COMMUNITY\COMMON7\IDE\COMMONEXTENSIONS\MICROSOFT\CMAKE\CMake\bin\cmake.exe"  -G "Ninja"  -DCMAKE_BUILD_TYPE:STRING="Debug" -DCMAKE_INSTALL_PREFIX:PATH="C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\out\install\x64-Debug" -DCMAKE_C_COMPILER:FILEPATH="C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio/2019/Community/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.27.29110/bin/Hostx64/x64/cl.exe" -DCMAKE_CXX_COMPILER:FILEPATH="C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio/2019/Community/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.27.29110/bin/Hostx64/x64/cl.exe"  -DCMAKE_MAKE_PROGRAM="C:\PROGRAM FILES (X86)\MICROSOFT VISUAL STUDIO\2019\COMMUNITY\COMMON7\IDE\COMMONEXTENSIONS\MICROSOFT\CMAKE\Ninja\ninja.exe" -DCMAKE_TOOLCHAIN_FILE="C:/Program Files/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/vcpkg.cmake" "C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf" 2>&1"
1> Working directory: C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\build\x64-Debug
1> [CMake] -- The C compiler identification is MSVC 19.27.29111.0
1> [CMake] -- The CXX compiler identification is MSVC 19.27.29111.0
1> [CMake] -- Check for working C compiler: C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio/2019/Community/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.27.29110/bin/Hostx64/x64/cl.exe
1> [CMake] -- Check for working C compiler: C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio/2019/Community/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.27.29110/bin/Hostx64/x64/cl.exe - works
1> [CMake] -- Detecting C compiler ABI info
1> [CMake] -- Detecting C compiler ABI info - done
1> [CMake] -- Detecting C compile features
1> [CMake] -- Detecting C compile features - done
1> [CMake] -- Check for working CXX compiler: C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio/2019/Community/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.27.29110/bin/Hostx64/x64/cl.exe
1> [CMake] -- Check for working CXX compiler: C:/Program Files (x86)/Microsoft Visual Studio/2019/Community/VC/Tools/MSVC/14.27.29110/bin/Hostx64/x64/cl.exe - works
1> [CMake] -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info
1> [CMake] -- Detecting CXX compiler ABI info - done
1> [CMake] -- Detecting CXX compile features
1> [CMake] -- Detecting CXX compile features - done
1> [CMake] -- Found ZLIB: optimized;C:/Program Files/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows/lib/zlib.lib;debug;C:/Program Files/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows/debug/lib/zlibd.lib (found version "1.2.11") 
1> [CMake] -- Found ZLIB: optimized;C:/Program Files/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows/lib/zlib.lib;debug;C:/Program Files/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows/debug/lib/zlibd.lib (found suitable version "1.2.11", minimum required is "1") 
1> [CMake] -- Configuring done
1> [CMake] -- Generating done
1> [CMake] -- Build files have been written to: C:/Users/Owner/Education and Research/Personal Projects/learning_coding/C++/cmake_netcdf/build/x64-Debug
1> Extracted CMake variables.
1> Extracted source files and headers.
1> Extracted code model.
1> Extracted includes paths.
1> CMake generation finished.

但项目构建失败并给出错误消息cannot open source file "netcdf" 和Cannot open include file: 'netcdf': No such file or directory。我该如何解决这个错误？

编辑 1：跟进 cmets：

“您能否检查解决方案属性->包含目录是否设置了 netcdf 包含的路径？” – 用户 3389943

此代码未保存为解决方案，但您确实提示我查看 CMake 变量。 netcdf 的目录变量是netcdf_DIR = C:/Program Files/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows/share/netcdf-c，看起来像

- C:/Program Files/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows/share/netcdf-c/
     - copyright
     - netCDFConfig.cmake
     - netCDFConfigVersion.cmake
     - netCDFTargets.cmake
     - netCDFTargets-debug.cmake
     - netCDFTargets-release.cmake
     - usage
     - vcpkg_abi_info.txt

netcdf_INCLUDES 或类似的东西没有变量。它正在为 C++ 程序寻找 netcdf-c 是一个问题吗？如何让 CMake 查找正确的包含目录？

“NetCDF 包中没有名为 netcdf 的标头。它应为 #include "netcdf.h"。” – vre

进行该更改并不能修复错误，将'netcdf' 替换为"netcdf.h" 会出现相同的错误。我认为正确的include 是netcdf，除非tutorials 已过时。

编辑 2：跟进 cmets：

""我认为正确的包含是 netcdf": 包含文件肯定命名为 netcdf.h。您的 find_package 调用应该尝试查找 netCDF，此处大小写很重要。在 netCDFTargets-debug.cmake 中有一个定义为add_library( IMPORTED ...)。将此目标名称用于您的 target_link_libraries 命令。” – vre

感谢您告诉我有关此文件的信息！文件netCDFTargets-debug.cmake 读取

#----------------------------------------------------------------
# Generated CMake target import file for configuration "DEBUG".
#----------------------------------------------------------------

# Commands may need to know the format version.
set(CMAKE_IMPORT_FILE_VERSION 1)

# Import target "netCDF::netcdf" for configuration "DEBUG"
set_property(TARGET netCDF::netcdf APPEND PROPERTY IMPORTED_CONFIGURATIONS DEBUG)
set_target_properties(netCDF::netcdf PROPERTIES
  IMPORTED_IMPLIB_DEBUG "$_IMPORT_PREFIX/debug/lib/netcdf.lib"
  IMPORTED_LOCATION_DEBUG "$_IMPORT_PREFIX/debug/bin/netcdf.dll"
  )

list(APPEND _IMPORT_CHECK_TARGETS netCDF::netcdf )
list(APPEND _IMPORT_CHECK_FILES_FOR_netCDF::netcdf "$_IMPORT_PREFIX/debug/lib/netcdf.lib" "$_IMPORT_PREFIX/debug/bin/netcdf.dll" )

# Commands beyond this point should not need to know the version.
set(CMAKE_IMPORT_FILE_VERSION)

所以我将CMakeLists.txt 更改为

# Unit test for building a program with netCDF using CMake in visual studio.

cmake_minimum_required (VERSION 3.17)

project(cmake_netcdf)

# Add source to this project's executable.
add_executable(cmake_netcdf main.cpp)

# Find and include the netcdf package
find_package(netCDF CONFIG REQUIRED)
target_link_libraries(cmake_netcdf
                      PRIVATE netCDF::netcdf
                     )

现在main.cpp 构建！它使用#include <netcdf> 和#include "netcdf.h" 构建。

从这里开始，我决定将main.cpp 更改为 NCAR 网站上的示例文件，所以 main.cpp 现在是

/* This is part of the netCDF package.
   Copyright 2006 University Corporation for Atmospheric Research/Unidata.
   See COPYRIGHT file for conditions of use.

   This is a very simple example which writes a 2D array of
   sample data. To handle this in netCDF we create two shared
   dimensions, "x" and "y", and a netCDF variable, called "data".

   This example is part of the netCDF tutorial:
   http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/docs/netcdf-tutorial

   Full documentation of the netCDF C++ API can be found at:
   http://www.unidata.ucar.edu/software/netcdf/docs/netcdf-cxx

   $Id: simple_xy_wr.cpp,v 1.5 2010/02/11 22:36:43 russ Exp $
*/

#include <iostream>
#include <netcdf>
#include <vector>
using namespace std;
using namespace netCDF;
using namespace netCDF::exceptions;

// We are writing 2D data, a 6 x 12 grid. 
static const int NX = 6;
static const int NY = 12;

// Return this in event of a problem.
static const int NC_ERR = 2;



int main()

    // This is the data array we will write. It will just be filled
    // with a progression of numbers for this example.
    int dataOut[NX][NY];

    // Create some pretend data. If this wasn't an example program, we
    // would have some real data to write, for example, model output.
    for (int i = 0; i < NX; i++)
        for (int j = 0; j < NY; j++)
            dataOut[i][j] = i * NY + j;

    // The default behavior of the C++ API is to throw an exception i
    // an error occurs. A try catch block is necessary.

    try
    
        // Create the file. The Replace parameter tells netCDF to overwrite
        // this file, if it already exists.
        NcFile dataFile("simple_xy.nc", NcFile::replace);
        
        // Create netCDF dimensions
        NcDim xDim = dataFile.addDim("x", NX);
        NcDim yDim = dataFile.addDim("y", NY);
        
        // Define the variable. The type of the variable in this case is
        // ncInt (32-bit integer).
        vector<NcDim> dims;
        dims.push_back(xDim);
        dims.push_back(yDim);
        NcVar data = dataFile.addVar("data", ncInt, dims);

        // Write the data to the file. Although netCDF supports
        // reading and writing subsets of data, in this case we write all
        // the data in one operation.
        data.putVar(dataOut);

        // The file will be automatically close when the NcFile object goes
        // out of scope. This frees up any internal netCDF resources
        // associated with the file, and flushes any buffers.
        
        //cout << "*** SUCCESS writing example file simple_xy.nc!" << endl;
        return 0;
    
    catch (NcException& e)
    
        e.what();
        return NC_ERR;

在尝试构建此示例文件时，我收到一堆链接器错误

>------ Build All started: Project: cmake_netcdf, Configuration: x64-Debug ------
  [1/2] Building CXX object CMakeFiles\cmake_netcdf.dir\main.cpp.obj
  [2/2] Linking CXX executable cmake_netcdf.exe
  FAILED: cmake_netcdf.exe 
  cmd.exe /C "cd . && "C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\Common7\IDE\CommonExtensions\Microsoft\CMake\CMake\bin\cmake.exe" -E vs_link_exe --intdir=CMakeFiles\cmake_netcdf.dir --rc=C:\PROGRA~2\WI3CF2~1\10\bin\100183~1.0\x64\rc.exe --mt=C:\PROGRA~2\WI3CF2~1\10\bin\100183~1.0\x64\mt.exe --manifests  -- C:\PROGRA~2\MICROS~1\2019\COMMUN~1\VC\Tools\MSVC\1427~1.291\bin\Hostx64\x64\link.exe /nologo CMakeFiles\cmake_netcdf.dir\main.cpp.obj  /out:cmake_netcdf.exe /implib:cmake_netcdf.lib /pdb:cmake_netcdf.pdb /version:0.0  /machine:x64 /debug /INCREMENTAL /subsystem:console  "C:\Program Files\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\debug\lib\netcdf.lib"  "C:\Program Files\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\debug\lib\hdf5_hl_D.lib"  "C:\Program Files\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\debug\lib\hdf5_D.lib"  "C:\Program Files\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\debug\lib\libcurl-d.lib"  "C:\Program Files\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\debug\lib\zlibd.lib"  wldap32.lib  winmm.lib  ws2_32.lib  advapi32.lib  crypt32.lib  advapi32.lib  crypt32.lib  kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib && cmd.exe /C "cd /D "C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\build\x64-Debug" && powershell -noprofile -executionpolicy Bypass -file "C:/Program Files/vcpkg/scripts/buildsystems/msbuild/applocal.ps1" -targetBinary "C:/Users/Owner/Education and Research/Personal Projects/learning_coding/C++/cmake_netcdf/build/x64-Debug/cmake_netcdf.exe" -installedDir "C:/Program Files/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows/debug/bin" -OutVariable out""
  LINK Pass 1: command "C:\PROGRA~2\MICROS~1\2019\COMMUN~1\VC\Tools\MSVC\1427~1.291\bin\Hostx64\x64\link.exe /nologo CMakeFiles\cmake_netcdf.dir\main.cpp.obj /out:cmake_netcdf.exe /implib:cmake_netcdf.lib /pdb:cmake_netcdf.pdb /version:0.0 /machine:x64 /debug /INCREMENTAL /subsystem:console C:\Program Files\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\debug\lib\netcdf.lib C:\Program Files\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\debug\lib\hdf5_hl_D.lib C:\Program Files\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\debug\lib\hdf5_D.lib C:\Program Files\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\debug\lib\libcurl-d.lib C:\Program Files\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\debug\lib\zlibd.lib wldap32.lib winmm.lib ws2_32.lib advapi32.lib crypt32.lib advapi32.lib crypt32.lib kernel32.lib user32.lib gdi32.lib winspool.lib shell32.lib ole32.lib oleaut32.lib uuid.lib comdlg32.lib advapi32.lib /MANIFEST /MANIFESTFILE:CMakeFiles\cmake_netcdf.dir/intermediate.manifest CMakeFiles\cmake_netcdf.dir/manifest.res" failed (exit code 1120) with the following output:
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\build\x64-Debug\main.cpp.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: __cdecl netCDF::NcDim::NcDim(class netCDF::NcDim const &)" (??0NcDim@netCDF@@QEAA@AEBV01@@Z) referenced in function "public: static void __cdecl std::_Default_allocator_traits<class std::allocator<class netCDF::NcDim> >::construct<class netCDF::NcDim,class netCDF::NcDim &>(class std::allocator<class netCDF::NcDim> &,class netCDF::NcDim * const,class netCDF::NcDim &)" (??$construct@VNcDim@netCDF@@AEAV12@@?$_Default_allocator_traits@V?$allocator@VNcDim@netCDF@@@std@@@std@@SAXAEAV?$allocator@VNcDim@netCDF@@@1@QEAVNcDim@netCDF@@AEAV34@@Z)
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\build\x64-Debug\main.cpp.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: class netCDF::NcVar __cdecl netCDF::NcGroup::addVar(class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > const &,class netCDF::NcType const &,class std::vector<class netCDF::NcDim,class std::allocator<class netCDF::NcDim> > const &)const " (?addVar@NcGroup@netCDF@@QEBA?AVNcVar@2@AEBV?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@AEBVNcType@2@AEBV?$vector@VNcDim@netCDF@@V?$allocator@VNcDim@netCDF@@@std@@@5@@Z) referenced in function main
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\build\x64-Debug\main.cpp.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: class netCDF::NcDim __cdecl netCDF::NcGroup::addDim(class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > const &,unsigned __int64)const " (?addDim@NcGroup@netCDF@@QEBA?AVNcDim@2@AEBV?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@_K@Z) referenced in function main
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\build\x64-Debug\main.cpp.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: __cdecl netCDF::NcFile::NcFile(class std::basic_string<char,struct std::char_traits<char>,class std::allocator<char> > const &,enum netCDF::NcFile::FileMode)" (??0NcFile@netCDF@@QEAA@AEBV?$basic_string@DU?$char_traits@D@std@@V?$allocator@D@2@@std@@W4FileMode@01@@Z) referenced in function main
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\build\x64-Debug\main.cpp.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: virtual __cdecl netCDF::NcFile::~NcFile(void)" (??1NcFile@netCDF@@UEAA@XZ) referenced in function main
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\build\x64-Debug\main.cpp.obj : error LNK2019: unresolved external symbol "public: void __cdecl netCDF::NcVar::putVar(void const *)const " (?putVar@NcVar@netCDF@@QEBAXPEBX@Z) referenced in function main
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\build\x64-Debug\main.cpp.obj : error LNK2001: unresolved external symbol "class netCDF::NcInt netCDF::ncInt" (?ncInt@netCDF@@3VNcInt@1@A)
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\build\x64-Debug\cmake_netcdf.exe : fatal error LNK1120: 7 unresolved externals
  ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.

Build All failed.

我尝试将#include <netcdf> 替换为#include "netcdf.h"，但出现更多错误：

  [1/2] Building CXX object CMakeFiles\cmake_netcdf.dir\main.cpp.obj
  FAILED: CMakeFiles/cmake_netcdf.dir/main.cpp.obj 
  C:\PROGRA~2\MICROS~1\2019\COMMUN~1\VC\Tools\MSVC\1427~1.291\bin\Hostx64\x64\cl.exe  /nologo /TP -DDEBUG -DH5_BUILT_AS_DYNAMIC_LIB -I"C:\Program Files\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\include" /DWIN32 /D_WINDOWS /GR /EHsc /Zi /Ob0 /Od /RTC1 -MDd /showIncludes /FoCMakeFiles\cmake_netcdf.dir\main.cpp.obj /FdCMakeFiles\cmake_netcdf.dir\ /FS -c ..\..\main.cpp
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(22): error C2871: 'netCDF': a namespace with this name does not exist
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(23): error C2653: 'netCDF': is not a class or namespace name
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(23): error C2871: 'exceptions': a namespace with this name does not exist
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(53): error C2065: 'NcFile': undeclared identifier
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(53): error C2146: syntax error: missing ';' before identifier 'dataFile'
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(53): error C2653: 'NcFile': is not a class or namespace name
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(53): error C2065: 'replace': undeclared identifier
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(53): error C3861: 'dataFile': identifier not found
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(56): error C2065: 'NcDim': undeclared identifier
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(56): error C2146: syntax error: missing ';' before identifier 'xDim'
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(56): error C2065: 'xDim': undeclared identifier
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(56): error C2065: 'dataFile': undeclared identifier
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(57): error C2065: 'NcDim': undeclared identifier
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(57): error C2146: syntax error: missing ';' before identifier 'yDim'
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(57): error C2065: 'yDim': undeclared identifier
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(57): error C2065: 'dataFile': undeclared identifier
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(61): error C2065: 'NcDim': undeclared identifier
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(61): error C2923: 'std::vector': 'NcDim' is not a valid template type argument for parameter '_Ty'
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(61): error C2976: 'std::vector': too few template arguments
  C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.27.29110\include\vector(413): note: see declaration of 'std::vector'
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(61): error C2133: 'dims': unknown size
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(61): error C2512: 'std::vector': no appropriate default constructor available
  C:\Program Files (x86)\Microsoft Visual Studio\2019\Community\VC\Tools\MSVC\14.27.29110\include\vector(413): note: see declaration of 'std::vector'
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(62): error C2065: 'xDim': undeclared identifier
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(63): error C2065: 'yDim': undeclared identifier
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(64): error C2065: 'NcVar': undeclared identifier
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(64): error C2146: syntax error: missing ';' before identifier 'data'
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(64): error C2065: 'dataFile': undeclared identifier
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(64): error C2065: 'ncInt': undeclared identifier
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(78): error C2061: syntax error: identifier 'NcException'
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(78): error C2310: catch handlers must specify one type
C:\Users\Owner\Education and Research\Personal Projects\learning_coding\C++\cmake_netcdf\main.cpp(80): error C2065: 'e': undeclared identifier
  ninja: build stopped: subcommand failed.

Build All failed.

对这些新问题有任何见解吗？谷歌搜索将我带到this page，这表明 CMake 正在链接库的 32 位版本（而我的系统是 64 位），但我只安装了 64 位版本的库。

另外，关于#include <netcdf> 与#include "netcdf.h"，我在C:\Program Files\vcpkg\installed\x64-windows\include 中有两个文件（以及一堆与HDF5 相关的头文件）。 <netcdf> 似乎是全部，而 netcdf.h 只是其中的一部分？

“netcdf_DIR 是 find_package 搜索头文件和库的地方。你能像@vre 提到的那样交叉检查目标名称吗？” – 用户 3389943

我当然可以！ netcdf_DIR是C:/Program Files/vcpkg/installed/x64-windows/share/netcdf-c，我在编辑1中提到了它的内容。

netCDFTargets.cmake 文件包含 add_library(netCDF::netcdf SHARED IMPORTED) 行，我将其用于最新版本的 target_link_libraries 命令。

编辑 3：跟进 cmets：

“那么 netCDFTargets.cmake 中定义了哪些其他目标” – user3389943

我不完全确定如何解析netCDFTargets.cmake，所以这里是内容：

# Generated by CMake

if("$CMAKE_MAJOR_VERSION.$CMAKE_MINOR_VERSION" LESS 2.5)
   message(FATAL_ERROR "CMake >= 2.6.0 required")
endif()
cmake_policy(PUSH)
cmake_policy(VERSION 2.6)
#----------------------------------------------------------------
# Generated CMake target import file.
#----------------------------------------------------------------

# Commands may need to know the format version.
set(CMAKE_IMPORT_FILE_VERSION 1)

# Protect against multiple inclusion, which would fail when already imported targets are added once more.
set(_targetsDefined)
set(_targetsNotDefined)
set(_expectedTargets)
foreach(_expectedTarget netCDF::netcdf)
  list(APPEND _expectedTargets $_expectedTarget)
  if(NOT TARGET $_expectedTarget)
    list(APPEND _targetsNotDefined $_expectedTarget)
  endif()
  if(TARGET $_expectedTarget)
    list(APPEND _targetsDefined $_expectedTarget)
  endif()
endforeach()
if("$_targetsDefined" STREQUAL "$_expectedTargets")
  unset(_targetsDefined)
  unset(_targetsNotDefined)
  unset(_expectedTargets)
  set(CMAKE_IMPORT_FILE_VERSION)
  cmake_policy(POP)
  return()
endif()
if(NOT "$_targetsDefined" STREQUAL "")
  message(FATAL_ERROR "Some (but not all) targets in this export set were already defined.\nTargets Defined: $_targetsDefined\nTargets not yet defined: $_targetsNotDefined\n")
endif()
unset(_targetsDefined)
unset(_targetsNotDefined)
unset(_expectedTargets)


# Compute the installation prefix relative to this file.
get_filename_component(_IMPORT_PREFIX "$CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_FILE" PATH)
get_filename_component(_IMPORT_PREFIX "$_IMPORT_PREFIX" PATH)
get_filename_component(_IMPORT_PREFIX "$_IMPORT_PREFIX" PATH)
if(_IMPORT_PREFIX STREQUAL "/")
  set(_IMPORT_PREFIX "")
endif()

# Create imported target netCDF::netcdf
add_library(netCDF::netcdf SHARED IMPORTED)

set_target_properties(netCDF::netcdf PROPERTIES
  INTERFACE_INCLUDE_DIRECTORIES "$_IMPORT_PREFIX/include;$_IMPORT_PREFIX/include"
  INTERFACE_LINK_LIBRARIES "ZLIB::ZLIB;hdf5::hdf5-shared;hdf5::hdf5_hl-shared;CURL::libcurl"
)

if(CMAKE_VERSION VERSION_LESS 2.8.12)
  message(FATAL_ERROR "This file relies on consumers using CMake 2.8.12 or greater.")
endif()

# Load information for each installed configuration.
get_filename_component(_DIR "$CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_FILE" PATH)
file(GLOB CONFIG_FILES "$_DIR/netCDFTargets-*.cmake")
foreach(f $CONFIG_FILES)
  include($f)
endforeach()

# Cleanup temporary variables.
set(_IMPORT_PREFIX)

# Loop over all imported files and verify that they actually exist
foreach(target $_IMPORT_CHECK_TARGETS )
  foreach(file $_IMPORT_CHECK_FILES_FOR_$target )
    if(NOT EXISTS "$file" )
      message(FATAL_ERROR "The imported target \"$target\" references the file
   \"$file\"
but this file does not exist.  Possible reasons include:
* The file was deleted, renamed, or moved to another location.
* An install or uninstall procedure did not complete successfully.
* The installation package was faulty and contained
   \"$CMAKE_CURRENT_LIST_FILE\"
but not all the files it references.
")
    endif()
  endforeach()
  unset(_IMPORT_CHECK_FILES_FOR_$target)
endforeach()
unset(_IMPORT_CHECK_TARGETS)

# This file does not depend on other imported targets which have
# been exported from the same project but in a separate export set.

# Commands beyond this point should not need to know the version.
set(CMAKE_IMPORT_FILE_VERSION)
cmake_policy(POP)

这有帮助吗？

【问题讨论】：

您能否在解决方案属性->包含目录中检查是否设置了 netcdf 包含的路径？ NetCDF 包中没有名为netcdf 的标头。它应该是#include "netcdf.h" @user3389943 在第一次编辑中解决了您的评论，感谢您的帮助！ @vre 在第一次编辑中解决了您的评论，感谢您的帮助！ “我认为正确的包含是 netcdf”：包含文件肯定命名为 netcdf.h。您的find_package 电话应该尝试找到netCDF，这里的情况很重要。在netCDFTargets-debug.cmake 中有一个用add_library(<> IMPORTED ...) 定义的目标。将此目标名称用于您的 target_link_libraries 命令。 【参考方案1】：

好的，我找到了解决方案！这当然不是一个完美的解决方案，但它是一个解决方案。

不幸的是，我无法让它在带有 Windows 的 Visual Studio 上运行。我可能会在某个时候再试一次，但我认为netCDF-cxx4 的版本在vcpkg 上已经过时了。我目前不在我的主要工作站，所以我必须在那里再试一次，看看我是否可以在 Visual Studio 中获得解决方案。无论如何，这就是我所做的似乎有效的事情：

vimrc

通过在C:\ 上方添加两层，即/mnt/，这会稍微改变文件系统的工作方式。您可以通过转到/mnt/c/Users/ 导航到Windows 上的文件，并通过转到/ 导航到Ubuntu 子系统。我将我的 Ubuntu 帐户命名为 usr，因此“桌面”Ubuntu 文件保存在 /home/usr 中。对于所有后续步骤，我使用的是 Windows 终端应用程序中的 Ubuntu 终端窗口。

启用 WSL 后通过vcpkg 安装zlib 也出现问题，但我不知道如何解决，也没有在任何地方找到解决方案。

我通过运行sudo apt install build-essential 下载了一个C++ 编译器，并通过sudo apt install cmake libnetcdf-dev 安装了CMake 和netCDF-C。

我通过将GitHub repository 克隆到我的主目录/home/usr 并使用命令安装了netCDF-cxx4

mkdir build
cd build
cmake ..
make
ctest
sudo make install

如果那里没有 sudo，则会出现权限错误。

/usr/local/lib/cmake/netcdf

netCDFCxxConfig.cmake

CMakeLists.txt

cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.8)

# Set project name and version
project(cmake_netcdfcxx4)

# Find the netcdf-cxx4 library
list(APPEND CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH "/usr/local/lib/cmake/netCDF")
find_package(netCDFCxx REQUIRED)

# Add source to this project's executable.
add_executable(cmake_netcdfcxx4 main.cpp)

# Link the netcdf-cxx4 library to the executable
target_link_libraries(cmake_netcdfcxx4
                      PRIVATE
                         netCDF::netcdf-cxx4
                     )

将此目录添加到CMAKE_PREFIX_PATH 变量。我仍在研究如何自动将目录/usr/local/lib/cmake/ 添加到 CMake 搜索路径中，这样用户就不必编辑CMakeLists.txt 文件来正确编译它，所以我想这需要一些更新。

我希望这对未来的人们有所帮助！

【讨论】：

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