实体框架迁移中必填字段的默认值?
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【中文标题】实体框架迁移中必填字段的默认值?【英文标题】:Default value for Required fields in Entity Framework migrations? 【发布时间】:2012-09-09 20:05:18 【问题描述】:我在ASP.NET MVC application 中的一个模型中添加了[Required]
数据注释。创建迁移后,运行Update-Database
命令会导致以下错误:
无法将值 NULL 插入到列 'Director' 中,表 'MOVIES_cf7bad808fa94f89afa2e5dae1161e78.dbo.Movies';列不 允许空值。更新失败。声明已终止。
这是由于某些记录在其Director
列中具有 NULL。如何自动将这些值更改为某个默认值(比如“John Doe”)导演?
这是我的模型:
public class Movie
public int ID get; set;
[Required]
public string Title get; set;
[DataType(DataType.Date)]
public DateTime ReleaseDate get; set;
[Required]
public string Genre get; set;
[Range(1,100)]
[DataType(DataType.Currency)]
public decimal Price get; set;
[StringLength(5)]
public string Rating get; set;
[Required] /// <--- NEW
public string Director get; set;
这是我最新的迁移:
public partial class AddDataAnnotationsMig : DbMigration
public override void Up()
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Title", c => c.String(nullable: false));
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Genre", c => c.String(nullable: false));
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Rating", c => c.String(maxLength: 5));
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Director", c => c.String(nullable: false));
public override void Down()
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Director", c => c.String());
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Rating", c => c.String());
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Genre", c => c.String());
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Title", c => c.String());
【问题讨论】:
【参考方案1】:如果我没记错的话,这样的事情应该可以工作:
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Director", c => c.String(nullable: false, defaultValueSql: "'John Doe'"));
注意:defaultValueSql 参数值被视为逐字 SQL 语句,因此如果所需的值实际上是一个字符串,如 John Doe 示例,则需要在值周围加上单引号。
【讨论】:
我也这么认为,但这似乎不适用于现有记录。所以我仍然得到一个错误。 @drozzy 也许是错误,就像这里:EF 4.3.1 Migration Exception - AlterColumn defaultValueSql creates same default constraint name for different tables 你可以用IS NULL
更新行,检查你的查询。
很有趣,但我不确定我是否理解他们在说什么。但是,如果这是一个错误,那么是的,这是有道理的。
我认为应该是:"'John Doe'"
- 你需要使用 SQL 引号。
@webdeveloper,我不认为这是一个错误,为什么AlterColumn
会更新当前值?它是一个 DDL(不是 DML)命令。【参考方案2】:
从 EF Core 2.1 开始,您可以在更改列之前使用 MigrationBuilder.UpdateData
更改值(比使用原始 SQL 更简洁):
protected override void Up(MigrationBuilder migrationBuilder)
// Change existing NULL values to NOT NULL values
migrationBuilder.UpdateData(
table: tableName,
column: columnName,
value: valueInsteadOfNull,
keyColumn: columnName,
keyValue: null);
// Change column type to NOT NULL
migrationBuilder.AlterColumn<ColumnType>(
table: tableName,
name: columnName,
nullable: false,
oldClrType: typeof(ColumnType),
oldNullable: true);
【讨论】:
【参考方案3】:许多其他响应都集中在如何在这些问题发生时进行手动干预。
生成迁移后,对迁移执行以下任一更改:
修改 Column 定义以包含 defaultValue 或 defaultSql 语句:
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Director", c => c.String(nullable: false, default: ""));
在 AlterColumn 之前注入 SQL 语句以预填充现有列:
Sql("UPDATE dbo.Movies SET Director = '' WHERE Director IS NULL");
请记住,如果您重新构建迁移,则应用到迁移脚本的手动更改将被覆盖。 对于第一个解决方案,扩展 EF 以在迁移生成过程中自动定义字段的默认值非常容易。
注意:EF 不会自动为您执行此操作,因为每个 RDBMS 提供程序的默认值实现会有所不同,还因为默认值在纯 EF 运行时中的意义较小,因为每个行插入都会提供当前值每个属性,即使它为空,所以永远不会评估默认值约束。 这个 AlterColumn 语句是唯一一次使用默认约束,我想这对于设计 SQL Server 迁移实现的团队来说是一个较低的优先级。
以下解决方案结合了属性表示法、模型配置约定和列注释,以将元数据传递到自定义迁移代码生成器。如果您不使用属性表示法,则可以将步骤 1 和 2 替换为每个受影响字段的流畅表示法。 这里有很多技巧在玩,随意使用部分或全部,希望对大家有参考价值
声明默认值 创建或重新定义现有属性以定义要使用的默认值,在本例中,我们将创建一个名为 DefaultValue 的新属性,该属性继承自 ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute,因为其用法很直观,并且现有代码库可能已经实现这个属性。有了这个实现,你只需要使用这个特定的属性来访问 DefaultValueSql,这对于日期和其他自定义场景很有用。
实施
[DefaultValue("Insert DefaultValue Here")]
[Required] /// <--- NEW
public string Director get; set;
// Example of default value sql
[DefaultValue(DefaultValueSql: "GetDate()")]
[Required]
public string LastModified get; set;
属性定义
namespace EFExtensions
/// <summary>
/// Specifies the default value for a property but allows a custom SQL statement to be provided as well. <see cref="MiniTuber.Database.Conventions.DefaultValueConvention"/>
/// </summary>
public class DefaultValueAttribute : System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute
/// <summary>
/// Specifies the default value for a property but allows a custom SQL statement to be provided as well. <see cref="MiniTuber.Database.Conventions.DefaultValueConvention"/>
/// </summary>
public DefaultValueAttribute() : base("")
/// <i
/// <summary>
/// Optional SQL to use to specify the default value.
/// </summary>
public string DefaultSql get; set;
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute
/// class using a Unicode character.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">
/// A Unicode character that is the default value.
/// </param>
public DefaultValueAttribute(char value) : base(value)
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute
/// class using an 8-bit unsigned integer.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">
/// An 8-bit unsigned integer that is the default value.
/// </param>
public DefaultValueAttribute(byte value) : base(value)
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute
/// class using a 16-bit signed integer.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">
/// A 16-bit signed integer that is the default value.
/// </param>
public DefaultValueAttribute(short value) : base(value)
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute
/// class using a 32-bit signed integer.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">
/// A 32-bit signed integer that is the default value.
/// </param>
public DefaultValueAttribute(int value) : base(value)
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute
/// class using a 64-bit signed integer.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">
/// A 64-bit signed integer that is the default value.
/// </param>
public DefaultValueAttribute(long value) : base(value)
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute
/// class using a single-precision floating point number.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">
/// A single-precision floating point number that is the default value.
/// </param>
public DefaultValueAttribute(float value) : base(value)
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute
/// class using a double-precision floating point number.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">
/// A double-precision floating point number that is the default value.
/// </param>
public DefaultValueAttribute(double value) : base(value)
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute
/// class using a System.Boolean value.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">
/// A System.Boolean that is the default value.
/// </param>
public DefaultValueAttribute(bool value) : base(value)
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute
/// class using a System.String.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">
/// A System.String that is the default value.
/// </param>
public DefaultValueAttribute(string value) : base(value)
/// <summary>
/// Initializes a new instance of the System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute
/// class.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="value">
/// An System.Object that represents the default value.
/// </param>
public DefaultValueAttribute(object value) : base(value)
/// /// <inheritdoc/>
/// Initializes a new instance of the System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute
/// class, converting the specified value to the specified type, and using an invariant
/// culture as the translation context.
/// </summary>
/// <param name="type">
/// A System.Type that represents the type to convert the value to.
/// </param>
/// <param name="value">
/// A System.String that can be converted to the type using the System.ComponentModel.TypeConverter
/// for the type and the U.S. English culture.
/// </param>
public DefaultValueAttribute(Type type, string value) : base(value)
创建约定以将默认值注入列注释 列注释用于将有关列的自定义元数据传递给迁移脚本生成器。 使用约定来执行此操作展示了属性表示法背后的强大功能,可以简化如何为许多属性定义和操作流畅的元数据,而不是为每个字段单独指定它。
namespace EFExtensions
/// <summary>
/// Implement SQL Default Values from System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute
/// </summary>
public class DefaultValueConvention : Convention
/// <summary>
/// Annotation Key to use for Default Values specified directly as an object
/// </summary>
public const string DirectValueAnnotationKey = "DefaultValue";
/// <summary>
/// Annotation Key to use for Default Values specified as SQL Strings
/// </summary>
public const string SqlValueAnnotationKey = "DefaultSql";
/// <summary>
/// Implement SQL Default Values from System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute
/// </summary>
public DefaultValueConvention()
// Implement SO Default Value Attributes first
this.Properties()
.Where(x => x.HasAttribute<EFExtensions.DefaultValueAttribute>())
.Configure(c => c.HasColumnAnnotation(
c.GetAttribute<EFExtensions.DefaultValueAttribute>().GetDefaultValueAttributeKey(),
c.GetAttribute<EFExtensions.DefaultValueAttribute>().GetDefaultValueAttributeValue()
));
// Implement Component Model Default Value Attributes, but only if it is not the SO implementation
this.Properties()
.Where(x => x.HasAttribute<System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute>())
.Where(x => !x.HasAttribute<MiniTuber.DataAnnotations.DefaultValueAttribute>())
.Configure(c => c.HasColumnAnnotation(
DefaultValueConvention.DirectValueAnnotationKey,
c.GetAttribute<System.ComponentModel.DefaultValueAttribute>().Value
));
/// <summary>
/// Extension Methods to simplify the logic for building column annotations for Default Value processing
/// </summary>
public static partial class PropertyInfoAttributeExtensions
/// <summary>
/// Wrapper to simplify the lookup for a specific attribute on a property info.
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">Type of attribute to lookup</typeparam>
/// <param name="self">PropertyInfo to inspect</param>
/// <returns>True if an attribute of the requested type exists</returns>
public static bool HasAttribute<T>(this PropertyInfo self) where T : Attribute
return self.GetCustomAttributes(false).OfType<T>().Any();
/// <summary>
/// Wrapper to return the first attribute of the specified type
/// </summary>
/// <typeparam name="T">Type of attribute to return</typeparam>
/// <param name="self">PropertyInfo to inspect</param>
/// <returns>First attribuite that matches the requested type</returns>
public static T GetAttribute<T>(this System.Data.Entity.ModelConfiguration.Configuration.ConventionPrimitivePropertyConfiguration self) where T : Attribute
return self.ClrPropertyInfo.GetCustomAttributes(false).OfType<T>().First();
/// <summary>
/// Helper to select the correct DefaultValue annotation key based on the attribute values
/// </summary>
/// <param name="self"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static string GetDefaultValueAttributeKey(this EFExtensions.DefaultValueAttribute self)
return String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(self.DefaultSql) ? DefaultValueConvention.DirectValueAnnotationKey : DefaultValueConvention.SqlValueAnnotationKey;
/// <summary>
/// Helper to select the correct attribute property to send as a DefaultValue annotation value
/// </summary>
/// <param name="self"></param>
/// <returns></returns>
public static object GetDefaultValueAttributeValue(this EFExtensions.DefaultValueAttribute self)
return String.IsNullOrWhiteSpace(self.DefaultSql) ? self.Value : self.DefaultSql;
将约定添加到 DbContext 有很多方法可以实现这一点,我喜欢将约定声明为我的 ModelCreation 逻辑中的第一个自定义步骤,这将在您的 DbContext 类中。
protected override void OnModelCreating(DbModelBuilder modelBuilder)
base.OnModelCreating(modelBuilder);
// Use our new DefaultValueConvention
modelBuilder.Conventions.Add<EFExtensions.DefaultValueConvention>();
// My personal favourites ;)
modelBuilder.Conventions.Remove<PluralizingTableNameConvention>();
modelBuilder.Conventions.Remove<OneToManyCascadeDeleteConvention>();
覆盖 MigrationCodeGenerator
现在这些注释已应用于模型中的列定义,我们需要修改迁移脚本生成器以使用这些注释。为此,我们将从System.Data.Entity.Migrations.Design.CSharpMigrationCodeGenerator
继承,因为我们只需要注入最少量的更改。
一旦我们处理了我们的自定义注解,我们需要将它从列定义中移除,以防止它被序列化到最终输出。
查看基类代码探索其他用法:http://entityframework.codeplex.com/sourcecontrol/latest#src/EntityFramework/Migrations/Design/CSharpMigrationCodeGenerator.cs
namespace EFExtensions
/// <summary>
/// Implement DefaultValue constraint definition in Migration Scripts.
/// </summary>
/// <remarks>
/// Original guide that provided inspiration for this https://romiller.com/2012/11/30/code-first-migrations-customizing-scaffolded-code/
/// </remarks>
public class CustomCodeGenerator : System.Data.Entity.Migrations.Design.CSharpMigrationCodeGenerator
/// <summary>
/// Inject Default values from the DefaultValue attribute, if the DefaultValueConvention has been enabled.
/// </summary>
/// <seealso cref="DefaultValueConvention"/>
/// <param name="column"></param>
/// <param name="writer"></param>
/// <param name="emitName"></param>
protected override void Generate(ColumnModel column, IndentedTextWriter writer, bool emitName = false)
var annotations = column.Annotations?.ToList();
if (annotations != null && annotations.Any())
for (int index = 0; index < annotations.Count; index ++)
var annotation = annotations[index];
bool handled = true;
try
switch (annotation.Key)
case DefaultValueConvention.SqlValueAnnotationKey:
if (annotation.Value?.NewValue != null)
column.DefaultValueSql = $"annotation.Value.NewValue";
break;
case DefaultValueConvention.DirectValueAnnotationKey:
if (annotation.Value?.NewValue != null)
column.DefaultValue = Convert.ChangeType(annotation.Value.NewValue, column.ClrType);
break;
default:
handled = false;
break;
catch(Exception ex)
// re-throw with specific debug information
throw new ApplicationException($"Failed to Implement Column Annotation for column: column.Name with key: annotation.Key and new value: annotation.Value.NewValue", ex);
if(handled)
// remove the annotation, it has been applied
column.Annotations.Remove(annotation.Key);
base.Generate(column, writer, emitName);
/// <summary>
/// Generates class summary comments and default attributes
/// </summary>
/// <param name="writer"> Text writer to add the generated code to. </param>
/// <param name="designer"> A value indicating if this class is being generated for a code-behind file. </param>
protected override void WriteClassAttributes(IndentedTextWriter writer, bool designer)
writer.WriteLine("/// <summary>");
writer.WriteLine("/// Definition of the Migration: 0", this.ClassName);
writer.WriteLine("/// </summary>");
writer.WriteLine("/// <remarks>");
writer.WriteLine("/// Generated Time: 0", DateTime.Now);
writer.WriteLine("/// Generated By: 0", Environment.UserName);
writer.WriteLine("/// </remarks>");
base.WriteClassAttributes(writer, designer);
注册 CustomCodeGenerator 最后一步,在 DbMigration 配置文件中我们需要指定要使用的代码生成器,默认在你的 Migration 文件夹中查找 Configuration.cs...
internal sealed class Configuration : DbMigrationsConfiguration<YourApplication.Database.Context>
public Configuration()
// I recommend that auto-migrations be disabled so that we control
// the migrations explicitly
AutomaticMigrationsEnabled = false;
CodeGenerator = new EFExtensions.CustomCodeGenerator();
protected override void Seed(YourApplication.Database.Context context)
// Your custom seed logic here
【讨论】:
【参考方案4】:由于某种原因,我无法解释自己,批准的答案不再适合我。
它适用于另一个应用程序,而我正在使用的应用程序却没有。
因此,另一种效率很低的解决方案是覆盖 SaveChanges() 方法,如下所示。这个方法应该在 Context 类上。
public override int SaveChanges()
foreach (var entry in ChangeTracker.Entries().Where(entry => entry.Entity.GetType().GetProperty("ColumnName") != null))
if (entry.State == EntityState.Added)
entry.Property("ColumnName").CurrentValue = "DefaultValue";
【讨论】:
【参考方案5】:我发现仅对实体属性使用 Auto-Property Initializer 就足以完成工作。
例如:
public class Thing
public bool IsBigThing get; set; = false;
【讨论】:
这是一个很好的答案(帮助了我),但这不会在数据库中添加默认值,它会在代码中设置值。 对它没有在迁移更改后在数据库中添加默认值【参考方案6】:不确定这个选项是否一直存在,但遇到了类似的问题,发现我能够设置默认值,而无需使用以下方法运行任何手动更新
defaultValueSql: "'NY'"
当提供的值是 "NY"
时出现错误,然后我意识到他们期待像 "GETDATE()"
这样的 SQL 值,所以我尝试了 "'NY'"
并且成功了
整行看起来像这样
AddColumn("TABLE_NAME", "State", c => c.String(maxLength: 2, nullable: false, defaultValueSql: "'NY'"));
感谢this answer,让我走上正轨
【讨论】:
【参考方案7】:除了来自@webdeveloper 和@Pushpendra 的回答之外,您还需要手动将更新添加到迁移中以更新现有行。例如:
public override void Up()
Sql("UPDATE [dbo].[Movies] SET Title = 'No Title' WHERE Title IS NULL");
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Title", c => c.String(nullable: false,defaultValue:"MyTitle"));
这是因为AlterColumn
生成 DDL 以将列的默认值设置为表规范中的某个特定值。 DDL 不会影响数据库中的现有行。
实际上,您同时进行了两项更改(设置默认值并使列 NOT NULL)并且每个更改都单独有效,但是由于您同时进行了两项更改,因此您可以期待系统“智能”实现您的意图并将所有 NULL
值设置为默认值,但这并不是一直以来所期望的。
假设您只是设置列的默认值,而不是使其为 NOT NULL。您显然不希望使用您提供的默认值更新所有 NULL 记录。
因此,在我看来,这不是错误,我不希望 EF 以我没有明确告诉它这样做的方式更新我的数据。开发人员负责指示系统如何处理数据。
【讨论】:
对于通过谷歌找到这个答案的人:我刚刚在 EF6 中尝试过这个,更新语句似乎没有必要(不再)。我猜他们毕竟认为这是一个错误。 我也可以保证这一点。如果即使对于可为空的字段也需要默认值,只需先使用默认值将其更改为不可为空,然后再将其改回可为空。当您向子类添加不可为空的字段时非常方便:) 现场解释。 AlterColumn() 只是改变列定义。它不会影响现有记录【参考方案8】:public partial class AddDataAnnotationsMig : DbMigration
public override void Up()
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Title", c => c.String(nullable: false,defaultValue:"MyTitle"));
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Genre", c => c.String(nullable: false,defaultValue:"Genre"));
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Rating", c => c.String(maxLength: 5));
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Director", c => c.String(nullable: false,defaultValue:"Director"));
public override void Down()
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Director", c => c.String());
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Rating", c => c.String());
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Genre", c => c.String());
AlterColumn("dbo.Movies", "Title", c => c.String());
【讨论】:
嗯...谢谢,但这与@webdeveloper 的回答有何不同? 它没有告诉你必须在哪里添加默认值参数 @Pushpendra,有趣的是,开发人员往往会忘记从前,他们并不了解太多。我喜欢满足所有级别的详细答案。干得好!以上是关于实体框架迁移中必填字段的默认值?的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章
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可以使用实体框架迁移将 DateTime 字段默认为 GETDATE() 吗?