未加载库：@rpath/libmysqlclient.21.dylib 原因：找不到图像 Django 迁移错误使用 mysqlclient DB 驱动程序和 MySQL 8 与 macOS

Posted 2023-02-24

【中文标题】未加载库：@rpath/libmysqlclient.21.dylib 原因：找不到图像 Django 迁移错误使用 mysqlclient DB 驱动程序和 MySQL 8 与 macOS

【英文标题】：Library not loaded: @rpath/libmysqlclient.21.dylib Reason: image not found Django migrate error using mysqlclient DB driver and MySQL 8 with macOS

【发布时间】：2019-05-04 13:31:37

【问题描述】：

在从 Django 默认使用的默认 SQLite 数据库更改为 mysql 数据库时，我在尝试运行 python manage.py migrate --database mysql 时遇到了这个棘手的错误：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py", line 15, in <module>
    import MySQLdb as Database
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/MySQLdb/__init__.py", line 18, in <module>
    import _mysql
ImportError: dlopen(/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/_mysql.cpython-37m-darwin.so, 2): Library not loaded: @rpath/libmysqlclient.21.dylib
  Referenced from: /Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/_mysql.cpython-37m-darwin.so
  Reason: image not found

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "manage.py", line 20, in <module>
    execute_from_command_line( sys.argv )
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 381, in execute_from_command_line
    utility.execute()
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 375, in execute
    self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 316, in run_from_argv
    self.execute(*args, **cmd_options)
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 350, in execute
    self.check()
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 379, in check
    include_deployment_checks=include_deployment_checks,
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/management/commands/migrate.py", line 59, in _run_checks
    issues = run_checks(tags=[Tags.database])
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/checks/registry.py", line 71, in run_checks
    new_errors = check(app_configs=app_configs)
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/checks/database.py", line 9, in check_database_backends
    for conn in connections.all():
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/db/utils.py", line 217, in all
    return [self[alias] for alias in self]
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/db/utils.py", line 217, in <listcomp>
    return [self[alias] for alias in self]
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/db/utils.py", line 202, in __getitem__
    backend = load_backend(db['ENGINE'])
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/db/utils.py", line 110, in load_backend
    return import_module('%s.base' % backend_name)
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python/3.7.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/importlib/__init__.py", line 127, in import_module
    return _bootstrap._gcd_import(name[level:], package, level)
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1006, in _gcd_import
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 983, in _find_and_load
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 967, in _find_and_load_unlocked
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 677, in _load_unlocked
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>", line 728, in exec_module
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 219, in _call_with_frames_removed
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py", line 20, in <module>
    ) from err
django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: Error loading MySQLdb module.
Did you install mysqlclient?

我已经通过pip install mysqlclient 安装了mysqlclient 并通过带有brew install mysql-connector-c 的Homebrew 安装了它的连接器后收到了这个错误，所以这是一个有点令人费解的错误。 Even after following the connector instructions 通过修改连接器的 bin 文件夹中的 mysql_config 文件，我仍然遇到了这个问题。鉴于有关此连接器已知错误的文档，这似乎至少与我正在运行 macOS 有点相关。

在进一步检查我的堆栈跟踪后，我注意到顶部附近出现了 Library not loaded: @rpath/libmysqlclient.21.dylib 错误。在那之后不久，我发现了另一个可能的线索：Reason: image not found，但我不太确定这是什么意思。

我确实在/usr/local/Cellar/mysql-connector-c 中四处寻找，看看我安装的连接器是否缺少任何东西，果然，libmysqlclient.21.dylib 文件丢失了。取而代之的是我认为该文件的旧版本，因为它被命名为libmysqlclient.18.dylib。出于好奇，我复制了我的 MySQL 安装附带的 .dylib，并将该副本以相同的名称移动到连接器的文件夹和 /usr/local/lib，在那里我还找到了另一个 libmysqlclient.18.dylib 文件。但是，我的迁移仍然失败，但我确实得到了稍微不同的堆栈跟踪：

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py", line 15, in <module>
    import MySQLdb as Database
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/MySQLdb/__init__.py", line 18, in <module>
    import _mysql
ImportError: dlopen(/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/_mysql.cpython-37m-darwin.so, 2): Library not loaded: @rpath/libmysqlclient.21.dylib
  Referenced from: /Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/_mysql.cpython-37m-darwin.so
  Reason: no suitable image found.  Did find:
    /usr/local/lib/libmysqlclient.21.dylib: file too short
    /usr/local/lib/libmysqlclient.21.dylib: file too short

The above exception was the direct cause of the following exception:

Traceback (most recent call last):
  File "manage.py", line 20, in <module>
    execute_from_command_line( sys.argv )
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 381, in execute_from_command_line
    utility.execute()
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/management/__init__.py", line 375, in execute
    self.fetch_command(subcommand).run_from_argv(self.argv)
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 316, in run_from_argv
    self.execute(*args, **cmd_options)
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 350, in execute
    self.check()
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/management/base.py", line 379, in check
    include_deployment_checks=include_deployment_checks,
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/management/commands/migrate.py", line 59, in _run_checks
    issues = run_checks(tags=[Tags.database])
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/checks/registry.py", line 71, in run_checks
    new_errors = check(app_configs=app_configs)
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/core/checks/database.py", line 9, in check_database_backends
    for conn in connections.all():
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/db/utils.py", line 217, in all
    return [self[alias] for alias in self]
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/db/utils.py", line 217, in <listcomp>
    return [self[alias] for alias in self]
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/db/utils.py", line 202, in __getitem__
    backend = load_backend(db['ENGINE'])
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/db/utils.py", line 110, in load_backend
    return import_module('%s.base' % backend_name)
  File "/usr/local/Cellar/python/3.7.0/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.7/lib/python3.7/importlib/__init__.py", line 127, in import_module
    return _bootstrap._gcd_import(name[level:], package, level)
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 1006, in _gcd_import
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 983, in _find_and_load
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 967, in _find_and_load_unlocked
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 677, in _load_unlocked
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap_external>", line 728, in exec_module
  File "<frozen importlib._bootstrap>", line 219, in _call_with_frames_removed
  File "/Users/xoadra/Programming/Syntax/Python/Environments/pfitzer/lib/python3.7/site-packages/django/db/backends/mysql/base.py", line 20, in <module>
    ) from err
django.core.exceptions.ImproperlyConfigured: Error loading MySQLdb module.
Did you install mysqlclient?

这次我收到以下错误：

Reason: no suitable image found.  Did find:
        /usr/local/lib/libmysqlclient.21.dylib: file too short
        /usr/local/lib/libmysqlclient.21.dylib: file too short

因此，我怀疑问题可能与我的 MySQL 连接器安装的 .dylib 版本有关，但我不确定如何准确解决此问题。我确实觉得很奇怪，简单地复制一个文件就能稍微改变我的堆栈跟踪，所以我想我应该更多地研究一下。想法？

【参考方案1】：

只需在 /usr/local/lib 中创建一个符号链接

sudo ln -s /usr/local/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.21.dylib /usr/local/lib/libmysqlclient.21.dylib

【讨论】：

完美运行，只需确保 MySQL 文件夹名称与您所拥有的相同。就我而言，它是sudo ln -s /usr/local/mysql-8.0.19-macos10.15-x86_64/lib/libmysqlclient.21.dylib /usr/local/lib/libmysqlclient.21.dylib。

【参考方案2】：

我最近在我的 MacBook Pro (MacOS Catallina) 上尝试安装 Django 和 mod_wsgi 时遇到了这个问题。设置 LD_LIBRARY_PATH、DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH、添加符号链接并将 libmysqlclient.21.dylib 移动到 /usr/lib/ 均无效。 我不得不挣扎了几天，但最终我得到了这个解决方案。问题是我必须修改 libmysqlclient.21.dylib 中的库路径。幸运的是，我们有一个工具可以做到这一点。罪魁祸首是 @rpath/libmysqlclient.21.dylib。 看起来 @rpath 不起作用。

好的，您可以使用 otool 检查 .so 文件中引用的路径。它带有 Xcode。这是你在 mysql .so 文件上运行它时得到的（应该在你的站点包下的 MySQLdb 目录中）。

$ otool -L _mysql.cpython-38-darwin.so

_mysql.cpython-38-darwin.so:
    @rpath/libmysqlclient.21.dylib (compatibility version 21.0.0, current version 21.0.0)
    libssl.1.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.1.0, current version 1.1.0)
    libcrypto.1.1.dylib (compatibility version 1.1.0, current version 1.1.0)
    /usr/lib/libSystem.B.dylib (compatibility version 1.0.0, current version 1281.100.1)

所以我们修改_mysql.cpython-38-darwin.so中的文件路径。有一个工具可以做到这一点。它是install_name_tool。我运行了这些命令。基本上我将@rpath 更改为绝对路径，并将libssl 和licrypto 路径更改为绝对路径。

$ install_name_tool -change @rpath/libmysqlclient.21.dylib /usr/local/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.21.dylib _mysql.cpython-38-darwin.so

$ install_name_tool -change libssl.1.1.dylib /usr/local/mysql/lib/libssl.1.1.dylib  _mysql.cpython-38-darwin.so

$ install_name_tool -change libcrypto.1.1.dylib /usr/local/mysql/lib/libcrypto.1.1.dylib _mysql.cpython-38-darwin.so

在这些更改之后，我的 Django 运行良好。

【讨论】：

谢谢！这是在 Mac 上对我有用的唯一解决方案。

谢谢！它也对我有用（MacOS Big Sur、MySQL 8、python 3.8、Django 3.2.2）。尽管我只运行了您解决方案的第一行。似乎已经足够了。

伙计，你是救生员。过去 1 天一直卡在这个问题上

最好使用现有的通用软链接。类似install_name_tool -change @rpath/libmysqlclient.21.dylib /usr/local/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.dylib /Library/Frameworks/Python.framework/Versions/3.9/lib/python3.9/site-packages/MySQLdb/_mysql.cpython-39-darwin.so

【参考方案3】：

符号链接解决方案对我有用，但在链接第一个文件后，我收到了不同文件名的相同错误消息。总的来说，我必须对三个不同的文件进行符号链接。

sudo ln -s /usr/local/mysql/lib/libmysqlclient.21.dylib /usr/local/lib/libmysqlclient.21.dylib
sudo ln -s /usr/local/mysql/lib/libssl.1.1.dylib /usr/local/lib/libssl.1.1.dylib
sudo ln -s /usr/local/mysql/lib/libcrypto.1.1.dylib /usr/local/lib/libcrypto.1.1.dylib

【讨论】：

感谢您的解决方案！我用它来安装 DBD::mysql perl 模块，在 MySQL 8.0.22、macOS Catalina、Perl 5.32 中我也遇到了这个问题

【参考方案4】：

事实证明，我设法解决了我的问题，尽管是以一种非正统的方式。如果其他人正在使用带有 Python 3 和 MySQL 8 版本的 mysqlclient，请尝试一下，看看它是否有帮助！ :)

我只是复制了位于我安装的 MySQL 8.0.13 中的 libmysqlclient.21.dylib 文件的副本，该文件位于 /usr/local/mysql/lib 中，并将该副本以相同的名称移动到 /usr/lib。

但是，您需要在您的 Mac 上暂时禁用安全完整性保护才能执行此操作，因为如果不禁用它，您将无法或无法更改 /usr/lib 中的任何内容的权限。您可以通过启动到恢复系统来执行此操作，单击顶部菜单上的实用程序，然后打开终端并在终端中输入 csrutil disable。完成此操作后，请记住重新打开安全完整性保护！与上述过程的唯一区别是您运行csrutil enable。

完成此操作后，我像以前一样在新数据库上运行我的迁移，并且成功了！老实说，我不知道这到底是一个多么好的解决方案，但到目前为止，自从我更改了连接器使用的 .dylib 的副本以来，一切都运行良好。如果您也遇到此问题，希望对您有所帮助！

您可以阅读更多关于如何禁用和启用 macOS 的安全完整性保护here。

【讨论】：

您还可以按照本文中的说明创建符号链接，我认为这比制作副本更好：afshinm.name/2016/02/05/…

【参考方案5】：

我的 Python 3.6 项目正在寻找 libmysqlclient.21.dylib。我安装了 brew install mysql-client。它安装了 mysql-client 8.0。它有 libmysqlclient.21.dylib。我想在哪里使用mysql@5.6。所以我将 libmysqlclient.21.dylib 从 /usr/local/Cellar/mysql-client/8.0.19/lib 复制到 /usr/local/lib/

sudo ln -s /usr/local/Cellar/mysql-client/8.0.19/lib/libmysqlclient.21.dylib /usr/local/lib/libmysqlclient.21.dylib

【参考方案6】：

我尝试了很多东西，但最终就像在 usr/local/mysql-8.0.26-macos11-x86_64/lib/ 中将文件夹 mysql-8.0.26-macos11-x86_64 重命名为“mysql”一样简单libmysqlclient.21.dylib。一旦我这样做了，一切都很好。