无法在 Cygwin 上安装 python 密码学

Posted 2023-02-24

【中文标题】无法在 Cygwin 上安装 python 密码学

【英文标题】：Can't install python cryptography on Cygwin

【发布时间】：2022-01-21 10:24:06

【问题描述】：

我已经通过 cygwin 安装了 python38-cryptogrpahy 包 v.3.3.2-1 但是当我尝试通过 pip 安装结构时 - 它尝试构建它并失败并出现下一个错误：

$ pip install -r ./requirements.txt
Collecting fabric3
  Using cached Fabric3-1.14.post1-py3-none-any.whl (92 kB)
Collecting paramiko<3.0,>=2.0
  Using cached paramiko-2.8.1-py2.py3-none-any.whl (206 kB)
Requirement already satisfied: six>=1.10.0 in ./env/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from fabric3->-r ./requirements.txt (line 1)) (1.16.0)
Collecting pynacl>=1.0.1
  Using cached PyNaCl-1.4.0-cp38-cp38-cygwin_3_3_3_x86_64.whl
Collecting bcrypt>=3.1.3
  Using cached bcrypt-3.2.0-cp38-cp38-cygwin_3_3_3_x86_64.whl
Collecting cryptography>=2.5
  Using cached cryptography-36.0.1.tar.gz (572 kB)
  Installing build dependencies ... done
  Getting requirements to build wheel ... done
  Preparing metadata (pyproject.toml) ... done
Collecting cffi>=1.1
  Using cached cffi-1.15.0-cp38-cp38-cygwin_3_3_3_x86_64.whl
Requirement already satisfied: pycparser in ./env/lib/python3.8/site-packages (from cffi>=1.1->bcrypt>=3.1.3->paramiko<3.0,>=2.0->fabric3->-r ./requirements.txt (line 1)) (2.21)
Building wheels for collected packages: cryptography
  Building wheel for cryptography (pyproject.toml) ... error
  ERROR: Command errored out with exit status 1:
   command: /home/dnester/repo/vastuf_server_common/containers/smart_home/rvalarm/env/bin/python /home/dnester/repo/vastuf_server_common/containers/smart_home/rvalarm/env/lib/python3.8/site-packages/pip/_vendor/pep517/in_process/_in_process.py build_wheel /tmp/tmpojt6ejpa
       cwd: /tmp/pip-install-cxk1g2b2/cryptography_9e2405fed34048fcbe4e2c9e871e31b6
  Complete output (168 lines):
  running bdist_wheel
  running build
  running build_py
  creating build
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography
  copying src/cryptography/exceptions.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography
  copying src/cryptography/fernet.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography
  copying src/cryptography/utils.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography
  copying src/cryptography/__about__.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography
  copying src/cryptography/__init__.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/_oid.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/__init__.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/base.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/certificate_transparency.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/extensions.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/general_name.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/name.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/ocsp.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/oid.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
  copying src/cryptography/x509/__init__.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/x509
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/interfaces.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/__init__.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/__init__.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/cmac.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/constant_time.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/hashes.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/hmac.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/keywrap.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/padding.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/poly1305.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/_asymmetric.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/_cipheralgorithm.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/_serialization.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/__init__.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/aead.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/backend.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/ciphers.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/cmac.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/decode_asn1.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/dh.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/dsa.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/ec.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/ed25519.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/ed448.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/encode_asn1.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/hashes.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/hmac.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/poly1305.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/rsa.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/utils.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/x25519.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/x448.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/x509.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl/__init__.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/backends/openssl
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl/binding.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl/_conditional.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl/__init__.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/openssl
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/dh.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/dsa.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/ec.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/ed25519.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/ed448.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/padding.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/rsa.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/types.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/utils.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/x25519.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/x448.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric/__init__.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/asymmetric
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/aead.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/algorithms.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/base.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/modes.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers/__init__.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/ciphers
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/concatkdf.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/hkdf.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/kbkdf.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/pbkdf2.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/scrypt.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/x963kdf.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf/__init__.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/kdf
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/base.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/pkcs12.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/pkcs7.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/ssh.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization/__init__.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/serialization
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor/hotp.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor/totp.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor/__init__.py -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/primitives/twofactor
  running egg_info
  writing src/cryptography.egg-info/PKG-INFO
  writing dependency_links to src/cryptography.egg-info/dependency_links.txt
  writing requirements to src/cryptography.egg-info/requires.txt
  writing top-level names to src/cryptography.egg-info/top_level.txt
  reading manifest file 'src/cryptography.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'
  reading manifest template 'MANIFEST.in'
  no previously-included directories found matching 'docs/_build'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'vectors'
  warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory 'vectors'
  warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory '.github'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'release.py'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching '.coveragerc'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'codecov.yml'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching '.readthedocs.yml'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'dev-requirements.txt'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'tox.ini'
  warning: no previously-included files found matching 'mypy.ini'
  warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory '.zuul.d'
  warning: no previously-included files matching '*' found under directory '.zuul.playbooks'
  adding license file 'LICENSE'
  adding license file 'LICENSE.APACHE'
  adding license file 'LICENSE.BSD'
  adding license file 'LICENSE.PSF'
  writing manifest file 'src/cryptography.egg-info/SOURCES.txt'
  copying src/cryptography/py.typed -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography
  creating build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust/__init__.pyi -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust/asn1.pyi -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust/ocsp.pyi -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust
  copying src/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust/x509.pyi -> build/lib.cygwin-3.3.3-x86_64-3.8/cryptography/hazmat/bindings/_rust
  running build_ext
  running build_rust

      =============================DEBUG ASSISTANCE=============================
      If you are seeing a compilation error please try the following steps to
      successfully install cryptography:
      1) Upgrade to the latest pip and try again. This will fix errors for most
         users. See: https://pip.pypa.io/en/stable/installing/#upgrading-pip
      2) Read https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation/ for specific
         instructions for your platform.
      3) Check our frequently asked questions for more information:
         https://cryptography.io/en/latest/faq/
      4) Ensure you have a recent Rust toolchain installed:
         https://cryptography.io/en/latest/installation/#rust

      Python: 3.8.12
      platform: CYGWIN_NT-10.0-22000-3.3.3-341.x86_64-x86_64-64bit-WindowsPE
      pip: n/a
      setuptools: 59.7.0
      setuptools_rust: 1.1.2
      =============================DEBUG ASSISTANCE=============================

  error: can't find Rust compiler

  If you are using an outdated pip version, it is possible a prebuilt wheel is available for this package but pip is not able to install from it. Installing from the wheel would avoid the need for a Rust compiler.

  To update pip, run:

      pip install --upgrade pip

  and then retry package installation.

  If you did intend to build this package from source, try installing a Rust compiler from your system package manager and ensure it is on the PATH during installation. Alternatively, rustup (available at https://rustup.rs) is the recommended way to download and update the Rust compiler toolchain.

  This package requires Rust >=1.41.0.
  ----------------------------------------
  ERROR: Failed building wheel for cryptography
Failed to build cryptography
ERROR: Could not build wheels for cryptography, which is required to install pyproject.toml-based projects

我没有在 Cygwin 包中找到 Rust 编译器，也不想从源代码构建它。所以我想弄清楚为什么pip无法识别安装的加密包。

【问题讨论】：

3.3.2 是最后一个不需要 rust 的 cryptography 版本，它在 Cygwin 上不可用。 ./requirements.txt的内容是什么？

感谢@matzeri 的提示！ requirements.txt 只有 fabric3 依赖。我添加了cryptography==3.3.2，它现在工作正常。请添加答案以将其标记为解决方案。

不错。 PS：cygwin上应该没有pip，而只有pip3（或旧的pip2）命令。它是从哪里来的？

@matzeri，它来自 virtualenv。

【参考方案1】：

3.3.2 是最后一个不需要rust 的cryptography 版本。所以最后一个可能在 Cygwin 上可用，没有 rust 编译器。

似乎pip 正在尝试安装cryptography 的最新上游版本，因此强制要求cryptography==3.3.2 应该可以工作。

【参考方案2】：

尝试升级pip：python -m pip install --upgrade pip

【讨论】：

它是最新的：要求已经满足：pip in ./env/lib/python3.8/site-packages (21.3.1)