使用 python-telegram-bot 构建菜单的正确方法
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【中文标题】使用 python-telegram-bot 构建菜单的正确方法【英文标题】:Proper way to build menus with python-telegram-bot 【发布时间】:2018-12-10 01:02:03 【问题描述】:我与python-telegram-bot
合作,并尝试像BotFather 机器人那样构建一个嵌套菜单系统。例如,您有一个通用的机器人菜单
您可以在其中选择“编辑机器人”并获得新的相应菜单
带有返回上一个菜单的选项。
我尝试用代码来实现:
# main menu
def start(bot, update):
menu_main = [[InlineKeyboardButton('Option 1', callback_data='m1')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Option 2', callback_data='m2')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Option 3', callback_data='m3')]]
reply_markup = InlineKeyboardMarkup(menu_main)
update.message.reply_text('Choose the option:', reply_markup=reply_markup)
# all other menus
def menu_actions(bot, update):
query = update.callback_query
if query.data == 'm1':
# first submenu
menu_1 = [[InlineKeyboardButton('Submenu 1-1', callback_data='m1_1')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Submenu 1-2', callback_data='m1_2')]]
reply_markup = InlineKeyboardMarkup(menu_1)
bot.edit_message_text(chat_id=query.message.chat_id,
message_id=query.message.message_id,
text='Choose the option:',
reply_markup=reply_markup)
elif query.data == 'm2':
# second submenu
# first submenu
menu_2 = [[InlineKeyboardButton('Submenu 2-1', callback_data='m2_1')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Submenu 2-2', callback_data='m2_2')]]
reply_markup = InlineKeyboardMarkup(menu_2)
bot.edit_message_text(chat_id=query.message.chat_id,
message_id=query.message.message_id,
text='Choose the option:',
reply_markup=reply_markup)
elif query.data == 'm1_1':
...
elif query.data == 'm1_2':
...
# and so on for every callback_data option
...
# handlers
dispatcher.add_handler(CommandHandler('start', start))
dispatcher.add_handler(CallbackQueryHandler(menu_actions))
这段代码有效,但我觉得它有点不合理——构建一棵长 elif
树。
此外,我不知道如何为用户提供从二级菜单返回主菜单的选项(因为主菜单位于另一个处理程序中,我无法通过回调捕获它来自CallbackQueryHandler
)。
所以问题是——构建这种菜单系统的最佳实践是什么?
【问题讨论】:
【参考方案1】:您应该在CallbackQueryHandler
中使用参数pattern
。为键盘和消息使用类或函数也是一件好事。
要返回主菜单,请将返回按钮添加到具有特定回调模式的子菜单。
请注意:您在菜单中使用edit_message_text
。这意味着如果您从任何菜单中使用reply_text
方法调用start
函数,则不会发生任何事情。
带有函数的完整工作示例:
#!/usr/bin/env python3.8
from telegram.ext import Updater
from telegram.ext import CommandHandler, CallbackQueryHandler
from telegram import InlineKeyboardButton, InlineKeyboardMarkup
############################### Bot ############################################
def start(bot, update):
bot.message.reply_text(main_menu_message(),
reply_markup=main_menu_keyboard())
def main_menu(bot, update):
bot.callback_query.message.edit_text(main_menu_message(),
reply_markup=main_menu_keyboard())
def first_menu(bot, update):
bot.callback_query.message.edit_text(first_menu_message(),
reply_markup=first_menu_keyboard())
def second_menu(bot, update):
bot.callback_query.message.edit_text(second_menu_message(),
reply_markup=second_menu_keyboard())
def first_submenu(bot, update):
pass
def second_submenu(bot, update):
pass
def error(update, context):
print(f'Update update caused error context.error')
############################ Keyboards #########################################
def main_menu_keyboard():
keyboard = [[InlineKeyboardButton('Menu 1', callback_data='m1')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Menu 2', callback_data='m2')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Menu 3', callback_data='m3')]]
return InlineKeyboardMarkup(keyboard)
def first_menu_keyboard():
keyboard = [[InlineKeyboardButton('Submenu 1-1', callback_data='m1_1')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Submenu 1-2', callback_data='m1_2')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Main menu', callback_data='main')]]
return InlineKeyboardMarkup(keyboard)
def second_menu_keyboard():
keyboard = [[InlineKeyboardButton('Submenu 2-1', callback_data='m2_1')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Submenu 2-2', callback_data='m2_2')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Main menu', callback_data='main')]]
return InlineKeyboardMarkup(keyboard)
############################# Messages #########################################
def main_menu_message():
return 'Choose the option in main menu:'
def first_menu_message():
return 'Choose the submenu in first menu:'
def second_menu_message():
return 'Choose the submenu in second menu:'
############################# Handlers #########################################
updater = Updater('XXXXXXXXX:XXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXXX', use_context=True)
updater.dispatcher.add_handler(CommandHandler('start', start))
updater.dispatcher.add_handler(CallbackQueryHandler(main_menu, pattern='main'))
updater.dispatcher.add_handler(CallbackQueryHandler(first_menu, pattern='m1'))
updater.dispatcher.add_handler(CallbackQueryHandler(second_menu, pattern='m2'))
updater.dispatcher.add_handler(CallbackQueryHandler(first_submenu, pattern='m1_1'))
updater.dispatcher.add_handler(CallbackQueryHandler(second_submenu, pattern='m2_1'))
updater.dispatcher.add_error_handler(error)
updater.start_polling()
################################################################################
抱歉,我在制表符中有两个空格。 :)
UPD:修复子菜单对象。
【讨论】:
很好的答案!非常感谢您的帮助!我有一个通知:在向调度程序添加回调处理程序时,我们需要更清楚地定义模式属性:pattern='^m1$'
或 pattern='^m1_1$'
— 以便回调数据 m1
不会触发 'm1_1'
。
m1
和 m1_1
是不同的字符串。 pattern
也支持正则表达式,如果需要,您可以使用此语法。很高兴帮助你!享受吧!
我很抱歉,但是当我尝试处理回调数据m1_1
时,由于某种原因它会触发m1
回调数据的处理程序,直到我使用更强大的模式与^
和@987654338 @正则表达式语法
@dzNET 我试试你的代码,但不明白如何处理第一个或第二个菜单上的按钮。你能帮帮我吗?
在使用此方法之前,自 V12 以来已弃用。它不适用于 Updater(key, use_context=True)。使用 use_context=False 可以强制它工作。将触发警告:menu.py:94: TelegramDeprecationWarning: Old Handler API is deprecated - see git.io/fxJuV for details updater = Updater(cfg['api'], use_context=False)【参考方案2】:
@dzNET 给出了很好的答案。但它在 V12 中不起作用,所以我稍微改变了一点
from telegram.ext import CommandHandler, CallbackQueryHandler
from telegram import InlineKeyboardButton, InlineKeyboardMarkup
############################### Bot ############################################
def start(update, context):
update.message.reply_text(main_menu_message(),
reply_markup=main_menu_keyboard())
def main_menu(update,context):
query = update.callback_query
query.answer()
query.edit_message_text(
text=main_menu_message(),
reply_markup=main_menu_keyboard())
def first_menu(update,context):
query = update.callback_query
query.answer()
query.edit_message_text(
text=first_menu_message(),
reply_markup=first_menu_keyboard())
def second_menu(update,context):
query = update.callback_query
query.answer()
query.edit_message_text(
text=second_menu_message(),
reply_markup=second_menu_keyboard())
# and so on for every callback_data option
def first_submenu(bot, update):
pass
def second_submenu(bot, update):
pass
############################ Keyboards #########################################
def main_menu_keyboard():
keyboard = [[InlineKeyboardButton('Option 1', callback_data='m1')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Option 2', callback_data='m2')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Option 3', callback_data='m3')]]
return InlineKeyboardMarkup(keyboard)
def first_menu_keyboard():
keyboard = [[InlineKeyboardButton('Submenu 1-1', callback_data='m1_1')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Submenu 1-2', callback_data='m1_2')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Main menu', callback_data='main')]]
return InlineKeyboardMarkup(keyboard)
def second_menu_keyboard():
keyboard = [[InlineKeyboardButton('Submenu 2-1', callback_data='m2_1')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Submenu 2-2', callback_data='m2_2')],
[InlineKeyboardButton('Main menu', callback_data='main')]]
return InlineKeyboardMarkup(keyboard)
############################# Messages #########################################
def main_menu_message():
return 'Choose the option in main menu:'
def first_menu_message():
return 'Choose the submenu in first menu:'
def second_menu_message():
return 'Choose the submenu in second menu:'
############################# Handlers #########################################
updater = Updater('YOUR_TOKEN_HERE', use_context=True)
updater.dispatcher.add_handler(CommandHandler('start', start))
updater.dispatcher.add_handler(CallbackQueryHandler(main_menu, pattern='main'))
updater.dispatcher.add_handler(CallbackQueryHandler(first_menu, pattern='m1'))
updater.dispatcher.add_handler(CallbackQueryHandler(second_menu, pattern='m2'))
updater.dispatcher.add_handler(CallbackQueryHandler(first_submenu,
pattern='m1_1'))
updater.dispatcher.add_handler(CallbackQueryHandler(second_submenu,
pattern='m2_1'))
updater.start_polling()
再次感谢@dzNET
【讨论】:
对于子菜单,您应该使用query = bot.callback_query
而不是 query = update.callback_query
- 否则会引发错误 query = update.callback_query AttributeError: 'CallbackContext' object has no attribute 'callback_query'以上是关于使用 python-telegram-bot 构建菜单的正确方法的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章
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