从终端检测脚本中键盘输入的最简单方法是啥？
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【中文标题】从终端检测脚本中键盘输入的最简单方法是啥？【英文标题】：What's the simplest way of detecting keyboard input in a script from the terminal?从终端检测脚本中键盘输入的最简单方法是什么？ 【发布时间】：2012-10-23 20:19:26 【问题描述】：我有一个简单的 python 脚本，它有一些循环运行的函数（我正在获取传感器读数）。
while True:
print "Doing a function"
如果键盘被按下，我想打印“key press”。
在 Python 中执行此操作的最简单方法是什么？我搜索了高低。我已经找到了如何使用 pygame 来完成它，但我宁愿不这样做。如果我必须使用 pygame，是否可以没有单独的应用程序窗口？：
import pygame, time
from pygame.locals import *
pygame.init()
screen = pygame.display.set_mode((640, 480))
pygame.display.set_caption('Pygame Keyboard Test')
pygame.mouse.set_visible(0)
while True:
print "doing a function"
for event in pygame.event.get():
if (event.type == KEYUP) or (event.type == KEYDOWN):
print "key pressed"
time.sleep(0.1)
【问题讨论】：
阅读here 以获得仅使用标准库的替代方案。无论如何，我认为使用 pygame 或 curses 实际上是最简单的事情。 我认为你可能是对的。 Pygame还具有工作pc/mac的优势。 【参考方案1】：编辑：
我已经对这个问题进行了很多思考，并且可能需要一些不同的行为。我已经为 Unix 和 Windows 实现了其中的大部分，一旦完成就会在这里发布。
同步/阻塞键捕获：
-
一个简单的
input 或raw_input，一个阻塞函数，一旦用户按下换行符，它就会返回用户键入的文本。
一个简单的阻塞函数，等待用户按下单个键，然后返回该键
异步键捕获：
-
当用户在命令提示符中键入一个键时，即使在解释器（键盘记录器）中键入内容时，也会使用按下的键调用回调
在用户按下回车后使用键入的文本调用的回调（不太实时的键盘记录器）
在程序运行时（例如，在 for 循环或 while 循环中）通过按键调用的回调
轮询：
用户只是希望能够在按下某个键时执行某些操作，而不必等待该键（因此这应该是非阻塞的）。因此，他们调用 poll() 函数，该函数要么返回一个键，要么返回 None。这可能是有损的（如果他们在轮询之间花费太长时间，他们可能会错过一个键）或非有损的（轮询器将存储所有按下的键的历史记录，因此当 poll() 函数请求它们时，它们将始终被返回按按下的顺序）。
与 1 相同，只是 poll 仅在用户按下换行符后返回。
机器人：
这些是可以调用以编程方式触发键盘事件的东西。这可以与关键捕获一起使用，以将它们回显给用户
实现
同步/阻塞键捕获：
一个简单的input 或raw_input，一个阻塞函数，一旦用户按下换行符，它就会返回用户输入的文本。
typedString = raw_input()
一个简单的阻塞函数，等待用户按下单个键，然后返回该键
class _Getch:
"""Gets a single character from standard input. Does not echo to the
screen. From http://code.activestate.com/recipes/134892/"""
def __init__(self):
try:
self.impl = _GetchWindows()
except ImportError:
try:
self.impl = _GetchMacCarbon()
except(AttributeError, ImportError):
self.impl = _GetchUnix()
def __call__(self): return self.impl()
class _GetchUnix:
def __init__(self):
import tty, sys, termios # import termios now or else you'll get the Unix version on the Mac
def __call__(self):
import sys, tty, termios
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
try:
tty.setraw(sys.stdin.fileno())
ch = sys.stdin.read(1)
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings)
return ch
class _GetchWindows:
def __init__(self):
import msvcrt
def __call__(self):
import msvcrt
return msvcrt.getch()
class _GetchMacCarbon:
"""
A function which returns the current ASCII key that is down;
if no ASCII key is down, the null string is returned. The
page http://www.mactech.com/macintosh-c/chap02-1.html was
very helpful in figuring out how to do this.
"""
def __init__(self):
import Carbon
Carbon.Evt #see if it has this (in Unix, it doesn't)
def __call__(self):
import Carbon
if Carbon.Evt.EventAvail(0x0008)[0]==0: # 0x0008 is the keyDownMask
return ''
else:
#
# The event contains the following info:
# (what,msg,when,where,mod)=Carbon.Evt.GetNextEvent(0x0008)[1]
#
# The message (msg) contains the ASCII char which is
# extracted with the 0x000000FF charCodeMask; this
# number is converted to an ASCII character with chr() and
# returned
#
(what,msg,when,where,mod)=Carbon.Evt.GetNextEvent(0x0008)[1]
return chr(msg & 0x000000FF)
def getKey():
inkey = _Getch()
import sys
for i in xrange(sys.maxint):
k=inkey()
if k<>'':break
return k
异步键捕获：
当用户在命令提示符中键入键时，即使在解释器（键盘记录器）中键入内容时，也会使用按下的键调用回调
在用户按下回车后使用键入的文本调用的回调（不太实时的键盘记录器）
窗户：
这使用下面给出的windows Robot，将脚本命名为keyPress.py
# Some if this is from http://nullege.com/codes/show/src@e@i@einstein-HEAD@Python25Einstein@Lib@subprocess.py/380/win32api.GetStdHandle
# and
# http://nullege.com/codes/show/src@v@i@VistA-HEAD@Python@Pexpect@winpexpect.py/901/win32console.GetStdHandle.PeekConsoleInput
from ctypes import *
import time
import threading
from win32api import STD_INPUT_HANDLE, STD_OUTPUT_HANDLE
from win32console import GetStdHandle, KEY_EVENT, ENABLE_WINDOW_INPUT, ENABLE_MOUSE_INPUT, ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT, ENABLE_LINE_INPUT, ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT
import keyPress
class CaptureLines():
def __init__(self):
self.stopLock = threading.Lock()
self.isCapturingInputLines = False
self.inputLinesHookCallback = CFUNCTYPE(c_int)(self.inputLinesHook)
self.pyosInputHookPointer = c_void_p.in_dll(pythonapi, "PyOS_InputHook")
self.originalPyOsInputHookPointerValue = self.pyosInputHookPointer.value
self.readHandle = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
self.readHandle.SetConsoleMode(ENABLE_LINE_INPUT|ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT|ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT)
def inputLinesHook(self):
self.readHandle.SetConsoleMode(ENABLE_LINE_INPUT|ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT|ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT)
inputChars = self.readHandle.ReadConsole(10000000)
self.readHandle.SetConsoleMode(ENABLE_LINE_INPUT|ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT)
if inputChars == "\r\n":
keyPress.KeyPress("\n")
return 0
inputChars = inputChars[:-2]
inputChars += "\n"
for c in inputChars:
keyPress.KeyPress(c)
self.inputCallback(inputChars)
return 0
def startCapture(self, inputCallback):
self.stopLock.acquire()
try:
if self.isCapturingInputLines:
raise Exception("Already capturing keystrokes")
self.isCapturingInputLines = True
self.inputCallback = inputCallback
self.pyosInputHookPointer.value = cast(self.inputLinesHookCallback, c_void_p).value
except Exception as e:
self.stopLock.release()
raise
self.stopLock.release()
def stopCapture(self):
self.stopLock.acquire()
try:
if not self.isCapturingInputLines:
raise Exception("Keystrokes already aren't being captured")
self.readHandle.SetConsoleMode(ENABLE_LINE_INPUT|ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT|ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT)
self.isCapturingInputLines = False
self.pyosInputHookPointer.value = self.originalPyOsInputHookPointerValue
except Exception as e:
self.stopLock.release()
raise
self.stopLock.release()
在程序运行时（例如，在 for 循环或 while 循环中）按下按键调用的回调
窗户：
import threading
from win32api import STD_INPUT_HANDLE
from win32console import GetStdHandle, KEY_EVENT, ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT, ENABLE_LINE_INPUT, ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT
class KeyAsyncReader():
def __init__(self):
self.stopLock = threading.Lock()
self.stopped = True
self.capturedChars = ""
self.readHandle = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
self.readHandle.SetConsoleMode(ENABLE_LINE_INPUT|ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT|ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT)
def startReading(self, readCallback):
self.stopLock.acquire()
try:
if not self.stopped:
raise Exception("Capture is already going")
self.stopped = False
self.readCallback = readCallback
backgroundCaptureThread = threading.Thread(target=self.backgroundThreadReading)
backgroundCaptureThread.daemon = True
backgroundCaptureThread.start()
except:
self.stopLock.release()
raise
self.stopLock.release()
def backgroundThreadReading(self):
curEventLength = 0
curKeysLength = 0
while True:
eventsPeek = self.readHandle.PeekConsoleInput(10000)
self.stopLock.acquire()
if self.stopped:
self.stopLock.release()
return
self.stopLock.release()
if len(eventsPeek) == 0:
continue
if not len(eventsPeek) == curEventLength:
if self.getCharsFromEvents(eventsPeek[curEventLength:]):
self.stopLock.acquire()
self.stopped = True
self.stopLock.release()
break
curEventLength = len(eventsPeek)
def getCharsFromEvents(self, eventsPeek):
callbackReturnedTrue = False
for curEvent in eventsPeek:
if curEvent.EventType == KEY_EVENT:
if ord(curEvent.Char) == 0 or not curEvent.KeyDown:
pass
else:
curChar = str(curEvent.Char)
if self.readCallback(curChar) == True:
callbackReturnedTrue = True
return callbackReturnedTrue
def stopReading(self):
self.stopLock.acquire()
self.stopped = True
self.stopLock.release()
轮询：
用户只是希望能够在按下某个键时执行某些操作，而不必等待该键（因此这应该是非阻塞的）。因此，他们调用 poll() 函数，该函数要么返回一个键，要么返回 None。这可能是有损的（如果他们在轮询之间花费太长时间，他们可能会错过一个键）或非有损的（轮询器将存储所有按下的键的历史记录，因此当 poll() 函数请求它们时，它们将始终被返回按按下的顺序）。
Windows 和 OS X（可能还有 Linux）：
global isWindows
isWindows = False
try:
from win32api import STD_INPUT_HANDLE
from win32console import GetStdHandle, KEY_EVENT, ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT, ENABLE_LINE_INPUT, ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT
isWindows = True
except ImportError as e:
import sys
import select
import termios
class KeyPoller():
def __enter__(self):
global isWindows
if isWindows:
self.readHandle = GetStdHandle(STD_INPUT_HANDLE)
self.readHandle.SetConsoleMode(ENABLE_LINE_INPUT|ENABLE_ECHO_INPUT|ENABLE_PROCESSED_INPUT)
self.curEventLength = 0
self.curKeysLength = 0
self.capturedChars = []
else:
# Save the terminal settings
self.fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
self.new_term = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
self.old_term = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
# New terminal setting unbuffered
self.new_term[3] = (self.new_term[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO)
termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.new_term)
return self
def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
if isWindows:
pass
else:
termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.old_term)
def poll(self):
if isWindows:
if not len(self.capturedChars) == 0:
return self.capturedChars.pop(0)
eventsPeek = self.readHandle.PeekConsoleInput(10000)
if len(eventsPeek) == 0:
return None
if not len(eventsPeek) == self.curEventLength:
for curEvent in eventsPeek[self.curEventLength:]:
if curEvent.EventType == KEY_EVENT:
if ord(curEvent.Char) == 0 or not curEvent.KeyDown:
pass
else:
curChar = str(curEvent.Char)
self.capturedChars.append(curChar)
self.curEventLength = len(eventsPeek)
if not len(self.capturedChars) == 0:
return self.capturedChars.pop(0)
else:
return None
else:
dr,dw,de = select.select([sys.stdin], [], [], 0)
if not dr == []:
return sys.stdin.read(1)
return None
简单用例：
with KeyPoller() as keyPoller:
while True:
c = keyPoller.poll()
if not c is None:
if c == "c":
break
print c
和上面一样，只是 poll 只在用户按下换行符后才返回。
机器人：
可以调用这些以编程方式触发键盘事件。这可以与关键捕获一起使用，以将它们回显给用户
窗户：
# Modified from http://***.com/a/13615802/2924421
import ctypes
from ctypes import wintypes
import time
user32 = ctypes.WinDLL('user32', use_last_error=True)
INPUT_MOUSE = 0
INPUT_KEYBOARD = 1
INPUT_HARDWARE = 2
KEYEVENTF_EXTENDEDKEY = 0x0001
KEYEVENTF_KEYUP = 0x0002
KEYEVENTF_UNICODE = 0x0004
KEYEVENTF_SCANCODE = 0x0008
MAPVK_VK_TO_VSC = 0
# C struct definitions
wintypes.ULONG_PTR = wintypes.WPARAM
SendInput = ctypes.windll.user32.SendInput
PUL = ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.c_ulong)
class KEYBDINPUT(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = (("wVk", wintypes.WORD),
("wScan", wintypes.WORD),
("dwFlags", wintypes.DWORD),
("time", wintypes.DWORD),
("dwExtraInfo", wintypes.ULONG_PTR))
class MOUSEINPUT(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = (("dx", wintypes.LONG),
("dy", wintypes.LONG),
("mouseData", wintypes.DWORD),
("dwFlags", wintypes.DWORD),
("time", wintypes.DWORD),
("dwExtraInfo", wintypes.ULONG_PTR))
class HARDWAREINPUT(ctypes.Structure):
_fields_ = (("uMsg", wintypes.DWORD),
("wParamL", wintypes.WORD),
("wParamH", wintypes.WORD))
class INPUT(ctypes.Structure):
class _INPUT(ctypes.Union):
_fields_ = (("ki", KEYBDINPUT),
("mi", MOUSEINPUT),
("hi", HARDWAREINPUT))
_anonymous_ = ("_input",)
_fields_ = (("type", wintypes.DWORD),
("_input", _INPUT))
LPINPUT = ctypes.POINTER(INPUT)
def _check_count(result, func, args):
if result == 0:
raise ctypes.WinError(ctypes.get_last_error())
return args
user32.SendInput.errcheck = _check_count
user32.SendInput.argtypes = (wintypes.UINT, # nInputs
LPINPUT, # pInputs
ctypes.c_int) # cbSize
def KeyDown(unicodeKey):
key, unikey, uniflag = GetKeyCode(unicodeKey)
x = INPUT( type=INPUT_KEYBOARD, ki= KEYBDINPUT( key, unikey, uniflag, 0))
user32.SendInput(1, ctypes.byref(x), ctypes.sizeof(x))
def KeyUp(unicodeKey):
key, unikey, uniflag = GetKeyCode(unicodeKey)
extra = ctypes.c_ulong(0)
x = INPUT( type=INPUT_KEYBOARD, ki= KEYBDINPUT( key, unikey, uniflag | KEYEVENTF_KEYUP, 0))
user32.SendInput(1, ctypes.byref(x), ctypes.sizeof(x))
def KeyPress(unicodeKey):
time.sleep(0.0001)
KeyDown(unicodeKey)
time.sleep(0.0001)
KeyUp(unicodeKey)
time.sleep(0.0001)
def GetKeyCode(unicodeKey):
k = unicodeKey
curKeyCode = 0
if k == "up": curKeyCode = 0x26
elif k == "down": curKeyCode = 0x28
elif k == "left": curKeyCode = 0x25
elif k == "right": curKeyCode = 0x27
elif k == "home": curKeyCode = 0x24
elif k == "end": curKeyCode = 0x23
elif k == "insert": curKeyCode = 0x2D
elif k == "pgup": curKeyCode = 0x21
elif k == "pgdn": curKeyCode = 0x22
elif k == "delete": curKeyCode = 0x2E
elif k == "\n": curKeyCode = 0x0D
if curKeyCode == 0:
return 0, int(unicodeKey.encode("hex"), 16), KEYEVENTF_UNICODE
else:
return curKeyCode, 0, 0
操作系统：
#!/usr/bin/env python
import time
from Quartz.CoreGraphics import CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent
from Quartz.CoreGraphics import CGEventPost
# Python releases things automatically, using CFRelease will result in a scary error
#from Quartz.CoreGraphics import CFRelease
from Quartz.CoreGraphics import kCGHIDEventTap
# From http://***.com/questions/281133/controlling-the-mouse-from-python-in-os-x
# and from https://developer.apple.com/library/mac/documentation/Carbon/Reference/QuartzEventServicesRef/index.html#//apple_ref/c/func/CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent
def KeyDown(k):
keyCode, shiftKey = toKeyCode(k)
time.sleep(0.0001)
if shiftKey:
CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, 0x38, True))
time.sleep(0.0001)
CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, keyCode, True))
time.sleep(0.0001)
if shiftKey:
CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, 0x38, False))
time.sleep(0.0001)
def KeyUp(k):
keyCode, shiftKey = toKeyCode(k)
time.sleep(0.0001)
CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, keyCode, False))
time.sleep(0.0001)
def KeyPress(k):
keyCode, shiftKey = toKeyCode(k)
time.sleep(0.0001)
if shiftKey:
CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, 0x38, True))
time.sleep(0.0001)
CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, keyCode, True))
time.sleep(0.0001)
CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, keyCode, False))
time.sleep(0.0001)
if shiftKey:
CGEventPost(kCGHIDEventTap, CGEventCreateKeyboardEvent(None, 0x38, False))
time.sleep(0.0001)
# From http://***.com/questions/3202629/where-can-i-find-a-list-of-mac-virtual-key-codes
def toKeyCode(c):
shiftKey = False
# Letter
if c.isalpha():
if not c.islower():
shiftKey = True
c = c.lower()
if c in shiftChars:
shiftKey = True
c = shiftChars[c]
if c in keyCodeMap:
keyCode = keyCodeMap[c]
else:
keyCode = ord(c)
return keyCode, shiftKey
shiftChars =
'~': '`',
'!': '1',
'@': '2',
'#': '3',
'$': '4',
'%': '5',
'^': '6',
'&': '7',
'*': '8',
'(': '9',
')': '0',
'_': '-',
'+': '=',
'': '[',
'': ']',
'|': '\\',
':': ';',
'"': '\'',
'<': ',',
'>': '.',
'?': '/'
keyCodeMap =
'a' : 0x00,
's' : 0x01,
'd' : 0x02,
'f' : 0x03,
'h' : 0x04,
'g' : 0x05,
'z' : 0x06,
'x' : 0x07,
'c' : 0x08,
'v' : 0x09,
'b' : 0x0B,
'q' : 0x0C,
'w' : 0x0D,
'e' : 0x0E,
'r' : 0x0F,
'y' : 0x10,
't' : 0x11,
'1' : 0x12,
'2' : 0x13,
'3' : 0x14,
'4' : 0x15,
'6' : 0x16,
'5' : 0x17,
'=' : 0x18,
'9' : 0x19,
'7' : 0x1A,
'-' : 0x1B,
'8' : 0x1C,
'0' : 0x1D,
']' : 0x1E,
'o' : 0x1F,
'u' : 0x20,
'[' : 0x21,
'i' : 0x22,
'p' : 0x23,
'l' : 0x25,
'j' : 0x26,
'\'' : 0x27,
'k' : 0x28,
';' : 0x29,
'\\' : 0x2A,
',' : 0x2B,
'/' : 0x2C,
'n' : 0x2D,
'm' : 0x2E,
'.' : 0x2F,
'`' : 0x32,
'k.' : 0x41,
'k*' : 0x43,
'k+' : 0x45,
'kclear' : 0x47,
'k/' : 0x4B,
'k\n' : 0x4C,
'k-' : 0x4E,
'k=' : 0x51,
'k0' : 0x52,
'k1' : 0x53,
'k2' : 0x54,
'k3' : 0x55,
'k4' : 0x56,
'k5' : 0x57,
'k6' : 0x58,
'k7' : 0x59,
'k8' : 0x5B,
'k9' : 0x5C,
# keycodes for keys that are independent of keyboard layout
'\n' : 0x24,
'\t' : 0x30,
' ' : 0x31,
'del' : 0x33,
'delete' : 0x33,
'esc' : 0x35,
'escape' : 0x35,
'cmd' : 0x37,
'command' : 0x37,
'shift' : 0x38,
'caps lock' : 0x39,
'option' : 0x3A,
'ctrl' : 0x3B,
'control' : 0x3B,
'right shift' : 0x3C,
'rshift' : 0x3C,
'right option' : 0x3D,
'roption' : 0x3D,
'right control' : 0x3E,
'rcontrol' : 0x3E,
'fun' : 0x3F,
'function' : 0x3F,
'f17' : 0x40,
'volume up' : 0x48,
'volume down' : 0x49,
'mute' : 0x4A,
'f18' : 0x4F,
'f19' : 0x50,
'f20' : 0x5A,
'f5' : 0x60,
'f6' : 0x61,
'f7' : 0x62,
'f3' : 0x63,
'f8' : 0x64,
'f9' : 0x65,
'f11' : 0x67,
'f13' : 0x69,
'f16' : 0x6A,
'f14' : 0x6B,
'f10' : 0x6D,
'f12' : 0x6F,
'f15' : 0x71,
'help' : 0x72,
'home' : 0x73,
'pgup' : 0x74,
'page up' : 0x74,
'forward delete' : 0x75,
'f4' : 0x76,
'end' : 0x77,
'f2' : 0x78,
'page down' : 0x79,
'pgdn' : 0x79,
'f1' : 0x7A,
'left' : 0x7B,
'right' : 0x7C,
'down' : 0x7D,
'up' : 0x7E
【讨论】：
有史以来最好和最有帮助的答案！如果我可以投票两次，我会的。 只有一件事，getAsync 与打印混淆，它使它们缩进（在 Python3 中）
这太棒了 - 我有一个适用于 Mac OS/X 的解决方案，但在不摆弄的情况下无法正常关闭。您是否考虑过将其作为一个小型开源项目发布？
谢谢大家 =) @TomSwirly，如果你认为这对我有用，我并没有计划这样做，但如果有足够多的人想要它，我很乐意将它扔到 github 或其他地方.但是，我遇到了一个我想首先解决的主要错误，我发布了问题here 如果你们中的任何人愿意提供帮助。
好吧，我实际上并没有让它工作（在 OS/X 上）所以这更有理由把它放在 github 上并弄清楚细节！ :-) 我赞成你的问题，但没有 Windows 机器...【参考方案2】：
Python Documentation 提供了这个 sn-p 从键盘获取单个字符：
import termios, fcntl, sys, os
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
oldterm = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
newattr = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
newattr[3] = newattr[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, newattr)
oldflags = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFL)
fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags | os.O_NONBLOCK)
try:
while 1:
try:
c = sys.stdin.read(1)
if c:
print("Got character", repr(c))
except IOError: pass
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, oldterm)
fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags)
您还可以使用PyHook 模块来完成您的工作。
【讨论】：
介意解释所有额外的代码吗？ (oldterm, newattr, termios, oldflags, fcntl) 这是我找到的最佳答案，用于创建一种真正的非阻塞方式来获取键盘输入（对 while 结构进行修改）。几天来，我一直在努力寻找一种方法来区分普通 ESC 和转义字符（以 ESC 为前缀）。我可以将它用于我的解决方案。【参考方案3】：我发现的最简单的方法之一是使用 pynput 模块。can be found here with nice examples as well
from pynput import keyboard
def on_press(key):
try:
print('alphanumeric key 0 pressed'.format(
key.char))
except AttributeError:
print('special key 0 pressed'.format(
key))
def on_release(key):
print('0 released'.format(
key))
if key == keyboard.Key.esc:
# Stop listener
return False
# Collect events until released
with keyboard.Listener(
on_press=on_press,
on_release=on_release) as listener:
listener.join()
上面是为我制定的示例并安装，去吧 对于蟒蛇 2：
pip install pynput
对于python 3：
pip3 install pynput
【讨论】：
这是基于 X 系统：文件“/usr/local/lib/python3.7/dist-packages/Xlib/support/unix_connect.py”，第 76 行，在 get_display 中引发错误。DisplayNameEr 实际上不推荐这个。这是阻塞代码 是的，如何将此脚本与我当前的脚本集成以使用此侦听器并运行我的其他asyncio.get_event_loop() 函数？
实际上很有帮助。谢谢！【参考方案4】：
如果您使用的是 Windows，则可以使用来自 http://docs.python.org/2/library/msvcrt.html 的方法。
import msvcrt
....
while True:
print "Doing a function"
if msvcrt.kbhit():
print "Key pressed: %s" % msvcrt.getch()
【讨论】：
不幸的是，我在使用 Mac，但会很干净。 这个方法被阻塞了。 kbhit() 是非阻塞的。 getch() 仅在 kbhit() 为 false 时才会阻塞，这在此处是不可能的。【参考方案5】：这在 macOS Sierra 和 Python 2.7.10 和 3.6.3 上对我有用
import sys,tty,os,termios
def getkey():
old_settings = termios.tcgetattr(sys.stdin)
tty.setcbreak(sys.stdin.fileno())
try:
while True:
b = os.read(sys.stdin.fileno(), 3).decode()
if len(b) == 3:
k = ord(b[2])
else:
k = ord(b)
key_mapping =
127: 'backspace',
10: 'return',
32: 'space',
9: 'tab',
27: 'esc',
65: 'up',
66: 'down',
67: 'right',
68: 'left'
return key_mapping.get(k, chr(k))
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(sys.stdin, termios.TCSADRAIN, old_settings)
try:
while True:
k = getkey()
if k == 'esc':
quit()
else:
print(k)
except (KeyboardInterrupt, SystemExit):
os.system('stty sane')
print('stopping.')
【讨论】：
【参考方案6】：这些函数，基于上述，似乎很适合从键盘获取字符（阻塞和非阻塞）：
import termios, fcntl, sys, os
def get_char_keyboard():
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
oldterm = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
newattr = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
newattr[3] = newattr[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, newattr)
c = None
try:
c = sys.stdin.read(1)
except IOError: pass
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, oldterm)
return c
def get_char_keyboard_nonblock():
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
oldterm = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
newattr = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
newattr[3] = newattr[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, newattr)
oldflags = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFL)
fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags | os.O_NONBLOCK)
c = None
try:
c = sys.stdin.read(1)
except IOError: pass
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, oldterm)
fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags)
return c
【讨论】：
【参考方案7】：我为@enrico.bacis 的回答编写了一个更易于使用的实现。它同时支持 Linux（python2.7 和 python3.5）和 Windows（python2.7）。它可能支持Mac OS，但我没有测试它。如果你在 Mac 上试过，请告诉我结果。
'''
Author: Yu Lou
Date: 2017-02-23
Based on the answer by @enrico.bacis in http://***.com/a/13207724/4398908
and @Phylliida in http://***.com/a/31736883/4398908
'''
# Import modules
try:
try:
import termios, fcntl, sys, os, curses # Import modules for Linux
except ImportError:
import msvcrt # Import module for Windows
except ImportError:
raise Exception('This platform is not supported.')
class KeyGetterLinux:
'''
Implemented kbhit(), getch() and getchar() in Linux.
Tested on Ubuntu 16.10(Linux 4.8.0), Python 2.7.12 and Python 3.5.2
'''
def __init__(self):
self.buffer = '' # A buffer to store the character read by kbhit
self.started = False # Whether initialization is complete
def kbhit(self, echo = False):
'''
Return whether a key is hitten.
'''
if not self.buffer:
if echo:
self.buffer = self.getchar(block = False)
else:
self.buffer = self.getch(block = False)
return bool(self.buffer)
def getch(self, block = True):
'''
Return a single character without echo.
If block is False and no input is currently available, return an empty string without waiting.
'''
try:
curses.initscr()
curses.noecho()
return self.getchar(block)
finally:
curses.endwin()
def getchar(self, block = True):
'''
Return a single character and echo.
If block is False and no input is currently available, return an empty string without waiting.
'''
self._start()
try:
return self._getchar(block)
finally:
self._stop()
def _getchar(self, block = True):
'''
Return a single character and echo.
If block is False and no input is currently available, return a empty string without waiting.
Should be called between self._start() and self._end()
'''
assert self.started, ('_getchar() is called before _start()')
# Change the terminal setting
if block:
fcntl.fcntl(self.fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, self.old_flags & ~os.O_NONBLOCK)
else:
fcntl.fcntl(self.fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, self.old_flags | os.O_NONBLOCK)
if self.buffer: # Use the character in buffer first
result = self.buffer
self.buffer = ''
else:
try:
result = sys.stdin.read(1)
except IOError: # In python 2.7, using read() when no input is available will result in IOError.
return ''
return result
def _start(self):
'''
Initialize the terminal.
'''
assert not self.started, '_start() is called twice'
self.fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
self.old_attr = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
new_attr = termios.tcgetattr(self.fd)
new_attr[3] = new_attr[3] & ~termios.ICANON
termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSANOW, new_attr)
self.old_flags = fcntl.fcntl(self.fd, fcntl.F_GETFL)
self.started = True
def _stop(self):
'''
Restore the terminal.
'''
assert self.started, '_start() is not called'
termios.tcsetattr(self.fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, self.old_attr)
fcntl.fcntl(self.fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, self.old_flags)
self.started = False
# Magic functions for context manager
def __enter__(self):
self._start()
self.getchar = self._getchar # No need for self._start() now
return self
def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
self._stop()
return False
class KeyGetterWindows:
'''
kbhit() and getchar() in Windows.
Tested on Windows 7 64 bit, Python 2.7.1
'''
def kbhit(self, echo):
return msvcrt.kbhit()
def getchar(self, block = True):
if not block and not msvcrt.kbhit():
return ''
return msvcrt.getchar()
def getch(self, block = True):
if not block and not msvcrt.kbhit():
return ''
return msvcrt.getch()
_getchar = getchar
# Magic functions for context manager
def __enter__(self):
return self
def __exit__(self, type, value, traceback):
return False
try:
import termios
KeyGetter = KeyGetterLinux # Use KeyGetterLinux if termios exists
except ImportError:
KeyGetter = KeyGetterWindows # Use KeyGetterWindows otherwise
这是一个示例（假设您将上面的代码保存在 'key_getter.py' 中）：
from key_getter import KeyGetter
import time
def test1(): # Test with block=False
print('test1')
k = KeyGetter()
try:
while True:
if k.kbhit():
print('Got', repr(k.getch(False)))
print('Got', repr(k.getch(False)))
else:
print('Nothing')
time.sleep(0.5)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass
print(input('Enter something:'))
def test2(): # Test context manager with block=True
print('test2')
with KeyGetter() as k:
try:
while True:
if k.kbhit():
print('Got', repr(k.getchar(True)))
print('Got', repr(k.getchar(True)))
else:
print('Nothing')
time.sleep(0.5)
except KeyboardInterrupt:
pass
print(input('Enter something:'))
test1()
test2()
【讨论】：
【参考方案8】：受上述代码的启发（学分），我正在寻找的简单阻塞（也就是不消耗 CPU）macOS 版本：
import termios
import sys
import fcntl
import os
def getKeyCode(blocking = True):
fd = sys.stdin.fileno()
oldterm = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
newattr = termios.tcgetattr(fd)
newattr[3] = newattr[3] & ~termios.ICANON & ~termios.ECHO
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSANOW, newattr)
if not blocking:
oldflags = fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_GETFL)
fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags | os.O_NONBLOCK)
try:
return ord(sys.stdin.read(1))
except IOError:
return 0
finally:
termios.tcsetattr(fd, termios.TCSAFLUSH, oldterm)
if not blocking:
fcntl.fcntl(fd, fcntl.F_SETFL, oldflags)
def getKeyStroke():
code = getKeyCode()
if code == 27:
code2 = getKeyCode(blocking = False)
if code2 == 0:
return "esc"
elif code2 == 91:
code3 = getKeyCode(blocking = False)
if code3 == 65:
return "up"
elif code3 == 66:
return "down"
elif code3 == 68:
return "left"
elif code3 == 67:
return "right"
else:
return "esc?"
elif code == 127:
return "backspace"
elif code == 9:
return "tab"
elif code == 10:
return "return"
elif code == 195 or code == 194:
code2 = getKeyCode(blocking = False)
return chr(code)+chr(code2) # utf-8 char
else:
return chr(code)
while True:
print getKeyStroke()
2017-11-09，已编辑：未使用 Python 3 测试
【讨论】：
在 python 2.7 和 python 3space 中不起作用，在 python 3 中 esc 给出错误：TypeError: ord() expected a character, but string of length 0 found
@neoDev space 不工作？，你观察到什么？我没有用python 3（只有python 2.7）进行测试，我想我应该提到它。
看看我发布的答案，它适用于 Python 2 和 3
你的意思是当按下空格键时你期望"space"字符串而不是" "（空格字符）？【参考方案9】：
这需要以 root 身份运行：（警告，这是一个系统范围的键盘记录器）
#!/usr/bin/python3
import signal
import keyboard
import time
import os
if not os.geteuid() == 0:
print("This script needs to be run as root.")
exit()
def exitNice(signum, frame):
global running
running = False
def keyEvent(e):
global running
if e.event_type == "up":
print("Key up: " + str(e.name))
if e.event_type == "down":
print("Key down: " + str(e.name))
if e.name == "q":
exitNice("", "")
print("Quitting")
running = True
signal.signal(signal.SIGINT, exitNice)
keyboard.hook(keyEvent)
print("Press 'q' to quit")
fps = 1/24
while running:
time.sleep(fps)
【讨论】：
【参考方案10】：好吧，自从这个问题发布之日起，一个 Python 库就解决了这个话题。 来自 Moses Palmer 的 pynput 库非常适合以非常简单的方式捕获键盘和鼠标事件。
GitHub 仓库在这里：https://github.com/moses-palmer/pynput PyPi 项目在那里：enter link description here lib 的安装很简单：'pip install pynput'（请注意 pynput 中缺少的 'i' - 我也错过了... ;-)）
【讨论】：
【参考方案11】：from time import sleep
import keyboard
flag = True
def main():
global flag
while flag:
print('sleeping')
sleep(2)
def changeFlag():
global flag
flag = False
keyboard.on_press_key("r", lambda _:changeFlag())
main()
【讨论】：
【参考方案12】：import turtle
wn = turtle.Screen()
turtle = turtle.Turtle()
def printLetter():
print("a")
turtle.listen()
turtle.onkey(printLetter, "a")
【讨论】：
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