Neo4j Cypher 查询结构和性能优化

Posted 2023-03-06

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【中文标题】Neo4j Cypher 查询结构和性能优化【英文标题】：Neo4j Cypher query structure and performance optimization 【发布时间】：2017-05-06 20:03:22 【问题描述】：

我创建了一个 Cypher 查询动态构建器。对于复杂的情况，此构建器会产生相当大的查询，例如：

MATCH (parentD)-[:CONTAINS]->(childD:Decision)-[ru:CREATED_BY]->(u:User) 
WHERE id(parentD) = decisionId 
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue415431:Value)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic415431:Characteristic) 
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic415431) = 415431 
WITH filterValue415431, childD, ru, u 
WHERE  (filterValue4154311 IN filterValue415431.value ) 
 OR (filterValue4154312 IN filterValue415431.value ) 
 OR (filterValue4154313 IN filterValue415431.value ) 
 OR (filterValue4154314 IN filterValue415431.value ) 
 OR (filterValue4154315 IN filterValue415431.value )  
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue415441:Value)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic415441:Characteristic) 
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic415441) = 415441 
WITH filterValue415441, childD, ru, u 
WHERE  (filterValue4154416 IN filterValue415441.value ) 
 OR (filterValue4154417 IN filterValue415441.value ) 
 OR (filterValue4154418 IN filterValue415441.value ) 
 OR (filterValue4154419 IN filterValue415441.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41544110 IN filterValue415441.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41544111 IN filterValue415441.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41544112 IN filterValue415441.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41544113 IN filterValue415441.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41544114 IN filterValue415441.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41544115 IN filterValue415441.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41544116 IN filterValue415441.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41544117 IN filterValue415441.value )  
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue416273:Value)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic416273:Characteristic) 
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic416273) = 416273 
WITH filterValue416273, childD, ru, u 
WHERE  (filterValue416273.value >= filterValue41627318) 
 AND (filterValue416273.value <= filterValue41627319)  
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue417410:Value)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic417410:Characteristic) 
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic417410) = 417410 
WITH filterValue417410, childD, ru, u 
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue416423:Value)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic416423:Characteristic) 
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic416423) = 416423 
WITH filterValue416423, childD, ru, u 
WHERE  (filterValue41642320 IN filterValue416423.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41642321 IN filterValue416423.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41642322 IN filterValue416423.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41642323 IN filterValue416423.value )  
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue415673:Value)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic415673:Characteristic) 
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic415673) = 415673 
WITH filterValue415673, childD, ru, u 
WHERE  (filterValue41567324 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567325 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567326 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567327 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567328 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567329 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567330 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567331 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567332 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567333 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567334 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567335 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567336 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567337 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567338 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
 OR (filterValue41567339 IN filterValue415673.value ) 
OPTIONAL MATCH (childD)<-[:VOTED_FOR]-(vg:VoteGroup)-[:VOTED_ON]->(c:Criterion) 
WHERE id(c) IN criteriaIds 
WITH childD, ru, u, vg.avgVotesWeight as weight, vg.totalVotes as totalVotes 
WITH ru, u, childD , toFloat(sum(weight)) as weight, toInt(sum(totalVotes)) as totalVotes  
ORDER BY  weight DESC 
SKIP 0 LIMIT 10 
RETURN ru, u, childD AS decision, weight, totalVotes, 
 [ (parentD)<-[:DEFINED_BY]-(entity)<-[:COMMENTED_ON]-(comg:CommentGroup)-[:COMMENTED_FOR]->(childD) | 
  entityId: id(entity),  types: labels(entity), totalComments: toInt(comg.totalComments) ] AS commentGroups, 
 [ (parentD)<-[:DEFINED_BY]-(c1:Criterion)<-[:VOTED_ON]-(vg1:VoteGroup)-[:VOTED_FOR]->(childD) | 
  criterionId: id(c1),  weight: vg1.avgVotesWeight, totalVotes: toInt(vg1.totalVotes) ] AS weightedCriteria, 
 [ (parentD)<-[:DEFINED_BY]-(ch1:Characteristic)<-[:SET_ON]-(v1:Value)-[:SET_FOR]->(childD) | 
  characteristicId: id(ch1),  value: v1.value, valueType: ch1.valueType, visualMode: ch1.visualMode ] AS valuedCharacteristics

现在我对表演不太满意。例如调用这个查询需要 ~500ms

能否请您看一下，看看是否有机会改进此查询？

更新

这是一个几乎相同的查询，但参数不同：

MATCH (parentD)-[:CONTAINS]->(childD:Decision)-[ru:CREATED_BY]->(u:User) 
WHERE id(parentD) = 415406 
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue416423:Value)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic416423:Characteristic) 
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic416423) = 416423 
WITH filterValue416423, childD, ru, u 
WHERE ('Adobe RGB' IN filterValue416423.value ) OR ('ECI RGB' IN filterValue416423.value )  
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue416273:Value)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic416273:Characteristic) 
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic416273) = 416273 WITH filterValue416273, childD, ru, u 
WHERE  (filterValue416273.value >= 4) AND (filterValue416273.value <= 53)  
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue415431:Value)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic415431:Characteristic) 
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic415431) = 415431 WITH filterValue415431, childD, ru, u 
WHERE  ('Compact' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('Compact SLR' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('Large SLR' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('Rangefinder-style mirrorless' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('SLR-like (bridge)' IN filterValue415431.value )  
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue415441:Value)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic415441:Characteristic) 
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic415441) = 415441 WITH filterValue415441, childD, ru, u 
WHERE  ('Brass' IN filterValue415441.value ) 
  OR ('Carbon fiber' IN filterValue415441.value )  
  OPTIONAL MATCH (childD)<-[:VOTED_FOR]-(vg:VoteGroup)-[:VOTED_ON]->(c:Criterion) 
WHERE id(c) IN [415414, 415415, 415412, 415426, 415411]  
WITH childD, ru, u, vg.avgVotesWeight as weight, vg.totalVotes as totalVotes 
WITH ru, u, childD , toFloat(sum(weight)) as weight, toInt(sum(totalVotes)) as totalVotes  
ORDER BY  weight DESC 
SKIP 0 LIMIT 10 
RETURN ru, u, childD AS decision, weight, totalVotes, 
[ (parentD)<-[:DEFINED_BY]-(entity)<-[:COMMENTED_ON]-(comg:CommentGroup)-[:COMMENTED_FOR]->(childD) | 
  entityId: id(entity),  types: labels(entity), totalComments: toInt(comg.totalComments) ] AS commentGroups, 
[ (parentD)<-[:DEFINED_BY]-(c1:Criterion)<-[:VOTED_ON]-(vg1:VoteGroup)-[:VOTED_FOR]->(childD) | 
  criterionId: id(c1),  weight: vg1.avgVotesWeight, totalVotes: toInt(vg1.totalVotes) ] AS weightedCriteria, 
[ (parentD)<-[:DEFINED_BY]-(ch1:Characteristic)<-[:SET_ON]-(v1:Value)-[:SET_FOR]->(childD) | 
  characteristicId: id(ch1),  value: v1.value, valueType: ch1.valueType, visualMode: ch1.visualMode ] AS valuedCharacteristics

Cypher 版本：CYPHER 3.1，规划器：COST，运行时：INTERPRETED。 390 毫秒内总共 646192 次 db 命中。

更新

这是:schema的输出

Indexes
   ON :Characteristic(lowerName) ONLINE
   ON :CharacteristicGroup(lowerName) ONLINE
   ON :Criterion(lowerName) ONLINE
   ON :CriterionGroup(lowerName) ONLINE
   ON :Decision(lowerName) ONLINE
   ON :FlagType(name) ONLINE (for uniqueness constraint)
   ON :HistoryValue(originalValue) ONLINE
   ON :Permission(code) ONLINE (for uniqueness constraint)
   ON :Role(name) ONLINE (for uniqueness constraint)
   ON :User(email) ONLINE (for uniqueness constraint)
   ON :User(username) ONLINE (for uniqueness constraint)
   ON :Value(value) ONLINE

Constraints
   ON ( flagtype:FlagType ) ASSERT flagtype.name IS UNIQUE
   ON ( permission:Permission ) ASSERT permission.code IS UNIQUE
   ON ( role:Role ) ASSERT role.name IS UNIQUE
   ON ( user:User ) ASSERT user.email IS UNIQUE
   ON ( user:User ) ASSERT user.username IS UNIQUE

更新

我已经按照以下答案的建议优化了查询：

MATCH (parentD)-[:CONTAINS]->(childD:Decision)
WHERE id(parentD) = 415406 
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue416423)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic416423) 
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic416423) = 416423 
WITH DISTINCT filterValue416423, childD 
WHERE ('Adobe RGB' IN filterValue416423.value ) OR ('ECI RGB' IN filterValue416423.value )  
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue416273)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic416273) 
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic416273) = 416273 
WITH DISTINCT childD, filterValue416273  
WHERE  (filterValue416273.value >= 4) AND (filterValue416273.value <= 53)  
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue415431)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic415431) 
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic415431) = 415431 
WITH DISTINCT childD, filterValue415431 
WHERE  ('Compact' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('Compact SLR' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('Large SLR' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('Rangefinder-style mirrorless' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('SLR-like (bridge)' IN filterValue415431.value )  
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue415441)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic415441) 
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic415441) = 415441 
WITH DISTINCT childD, filterValue415441 
WHERE  ('Brass' IN filterValue415441.value ) 
  OR ('Carbon fiber' IN filterValue415441.value )  
  OPTIONAL MATCH (childD)<-[:VOTED_FOR]-(vg:VoteGroup)-[:VOTED_ON]->(c:Criterion) 
WHERE id(c) IN [415414, 415415, 415412, 415426, 415411]  

WITH DISTINCT * MATCH (childD)-[ru:CREATED_BY]->(u:User)  
WITH DISTINCT childD, ru, u, vg.avgVotesWeight as weight, vg.totalVotes as totalVotes 
WITH DISTINCT ru, u, childD , toFloat(sum(weight)) as weight, toInt(sum(totalVotes)) as totalVotes  
ORDER BY  weight DESC 
SKIP 0 LIMIT 10 
RETURN ru, u, childD AS decision, weight, totalVotes, 
[ (parentD)<-[:DEFINED_BY]-(entity)<-[:COMMENTED_ON]-(comg:CommentGroup)-[:COMMENTED_FOR]->(childD) | 
  entityId: id(entity),  types: labels(entity), totalComments: toInt(comg.totalComments) ] AS commentGroups, 
[ (parentD)<-[:DEFINED_BY]-(c1:Criterion)<-[:VOTED_ON]-(vg1:VoteGroup)-[:VOTED_FOR]->(childD) | 
  criterionId: id(c1),  weight: vg1.avgVotesWeight, totalVotes: toInt(vg1.totalVotes) ] AS weightedCriteria, 
[ (parentD)<-[:DEFINED_BY]-(ch1:Characteristic)<-[:SET_ON]-(v1)-[:SET_FOR]->(childD) | 
  characteristicId: id(ch1),  value: v1.value, valueType: ch1.valueType, visualMode: ch1.visualMode ] AS valuedCharacteristics

PROFILE 输出：

使用DISTINCT childD 时，查询运行速度很慢，没有更好，但仍远非完美

再试一次

PROFILE MATCH (parentD)-[:CONTAINS]->(childD:Decision)
WHERE id(parentD) = 415406 
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue416423)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic416423)
USING JOIN ON childD
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic416423) = 416423
AND ('Adobe RGB' IN filterValue416423.value ) OR ('ECI RGB' IN filterValue416423.value )
WITH DISTINCT childD
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue416273)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic416273) 
USING JOIN ON childD
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic416273) = 416273 AND (filterValue416273.value >= 4) AND (filterValue416273.value <= 53)
WITH DISTINCT childD  
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue415431)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic415431) 
USING JOIN ON childD
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic415431) = 415431
AND ('Compact' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('Compact SLR' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('Large SLR' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('Rangefinder-style mirrorless' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('SLR-like (bridge)' IN filterValue415431.value )
WITH DISTINCT childD
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue415441)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic415441) 
USING JOIN ON childD
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic415441) = 415441
AND ('Brass' IN filterValue415441.value ) 
  OR ('Carbon fiber' IN filterValue415441.value )  

OPTIONAL MATCH (childD)<-[:VOTED_FOR]-(vg:VoteGroup)-[:VOTED_ON]->(c:Criterion) 
WHERE id(c) IN [415414, 415415, 415412, 415426, 415411]  

WITH DISTINCT * MATCH (childD)-[ru:CREATED_BY]->(u:User)  
WITH DISTINCT childD, ru, u, vg.avgVotesWeight as weight, vg.totalVotes as totalVotes 
WITH DISTINCT ru, u, childD , toFloat(sum(weight)) as weight, toInt(sum(totalVotes)) as totalVotes  
ORDER BY  weight DESC 
SKIP 0 LIMIT 10 
RETURN childD

【问题讨论】：

对您的查询运行配置文件并发布响应以获得更好的答案在浏览器中执行时可以设置查询参数。尝试:help param 和:help params 获取使用信息。请花一些时间来格式化您的查询。所有这些都在一行中是不可读的。当然，已格式化查询。顺便说一句 - 是否有任何工具能够自动格式化 Cypher 查询？你有数据供其他人运行吗？ 【参考方案1】：

您的查询的主要问题是，您基本上是在进行大量检查，而行运行异常。因此，这里有一些技巧可以减少您在每个 MATCH 中生成的行数。

1) 除非您需要重复，否则请使用 WITH DISTINCT 而不是只使用 WITH。 WITH 可以创建重复的行（因为您只切断了一列），并且您处理的每个重复行都浪费了时间和额外的数据库命中。（即，您删除的每个过滤器列都会添加重复的行）

2) :Value.value 被重载。它没有语义意义，甚至不保证该值是任何类型的。这意味着每个 :Value 检查都必须出去并触摸一堆与您的搜索无关的 :Value 节点。因此，随着附加 :Value 节点的数量增加，找到正确节点的成本就越高（如果可以对其进行索引，则成本会更低，这样它就可以找到正确的 :Value，并查看它连接到什么。如果您无法更改正在使用的架构，这将无济于事，而架构是指您的数据/关系的设置方式。

3) 只检查您需要检查的内容。说 (a:A)-[:TO]->(b:B) 似乎更有效，但如果所有 [:TO] 都从 :A 到 :B，Neo4j 现在必须验证第一个节点是一个：A，第二个节点是一个：B。 Cypher 不知道什么是隐式正确的，因此它必须进行检查，但是这些冗余检查中的每一个都必须出去并针对每一行访问数据库。所以最好说 (a)-[:TO]->(b)。

4) 限制变量范围。在这里，您在开头匹配 -[ru:CREATED_BY]->(u:User) 但直到最后才使用它，没有过滤器。这会将每个决定中的行数乘以 -[ru:CREATED_BY]->(u:User) 的数量，所有必须在进一步的匹配中检查。除非 -[ru:CREATED_BY]->(u:User) 以某种方式极大地限制了匹配的决策（或者每个决策只能有一个），否则在最后匹配此支持信息。

5) 按从强到弱的顺序排列您的过滤器（如果可以的话）。尽可能早地削减行数。

6) 最小化行数的技巧。拉出的每一行都会使查询中的以下步骤变得更加困难，因此尽量减少查询中的行。如果您使用 OR 来组合不相关但相似的列查询（例如所有具有条件 A 的组织或具有条件 B 的组织）并且这两个查询的工作只会使另一半的事情变得更加昂贵，那么使用 UNION 可能会更好组合更小、更快的查询的结果（并且 UNION 可以并行运行直到合并结果）。请注意，像 [1,2,3] 中的 WHERE org.id 之类的简单查询仍然比 UNION 快，因为所有工作都可以在一次查找中完成。

除了联合之外，如果您正在收集不过滤的节点，您可以使用 collect(column) 将“重复项”减少到 1 行，然后将 UNWIND（列）用作末尾的列查询以恢复您的行！（此处的列指变量名）

7) 在 1 个节点上进行大量过滤？ Cypher 有USING 的提示！提示USING JOIN ON column 告诉 Cypher，用更多的起始叶子并加入它们可能会更有效。因此，在每个匹配项上使用USING JOIN ON childD 将告诉 Cypher 并行执行所有过滤器，并使用所有过滤器的重叠行。请注意，USING 只是您告诉 Cypher “相信我，如果我们尝试这样做应该会更快”，如果您错了，这实际上会使查询变得更糟。（虽然对于使大型查询更加并行，但使用 JOIN 应该很有用）

更新： 首先，关于 node.id = "constant" AND node.value = "constant" OR node.id = "constant2" AND node.value = "constant2" vs node.value = map[node.id] 的注释。第一个查询能够对节点查找进行节点过滤，而后者必须过滤所有已经查找过的节点。如果没有对该查找进行先前的过滤，这意味着地图必须拉入所有节点。虽然地图提供了某种程度的（有争议的）简单性/灵活性，但它是过滤节点效率最低的方法之一。

其次，您现在查询的最大问题是 :Value 超级重载，您无法通过 ID 找到它。 :Value 应该是一个关系，或者有一个索引 ID 字段，这样您就不必触摸 ALL 。我认为使用 Join 提示至少会使 SET_FOR 具有更高的优先级，这似乎是两者中更有效的。

这是我尝试更有效地重写 PROFILE 查询。 (v1)

MATCH (parentD)-[:CONTAINS]->(childD:Decision)
WHERE id(parentD) = 415406 
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue416423)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic416423)
USING JOIN ON childD
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic416423) = 416423
WHERE ('Adobe RGB' IN filterValue416423.value ) OR ('ECI RGB' IN filterValue416423.value )
WITH DISTINCT childD
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue416273)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic416273) 
USING JOIN ON childD
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic416273) = 416273 AND (filterValue416273.value >= 4) AND (filterValue416273.value <= 53)
WITH DISTINCT childD  
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue415431)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic415431) 
USING JOIN ON childD
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic415431) = 415431
WHERE ('Compact' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('Compact SLR' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('Large SLR' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('Rangefinder-style mirrorless' IN filterValue415431.value ) 
  OR ('SLR-like (bridge)' IN filterValue415431.value )
WITH DISTINCT childD
MATCH (childD)<-[:SET_FOR]-(filterValue415441)-[:SET_ON]->(filterCharacteristic415441) 
USING JOIN ON childD
WHERE id(filterCharacteristic415441) = 415441
WHERE  ('Brass' IN filterValue415441.value ) 
  OR ('Carbon fiber' IN filterValue415441.value )  

OPTIONAL MATCH (childD)<-[:VOTED_FOR]-(vg:VoteGroup)-[:VOTED_ON]->(c:Criterion) 
WHERE id(c) IN [415414, 415415, 415412, 415426, 415411]  

WITH DISTINCT * MATCH (childD)-[ru:CREATED_BY]->(u:User)  
WITH DISTINCT childD, ru, u, vg.avgVotesWeight as weight, vg.totalVotes as totalVotes 
WITH DISTINCT ru, u, childD , toFloat(sum(weight)) as weight, toInt(sum(totalVotes)) as totalVotes  
ORDER BY  weight DESC 
SKIP 0 LIMIT 10 
RETURN ru, u, childD AS decision, weight, totalVotes, 
[ (parentD)<-[:DEFINED_BY]-(entity)<-[:COMMENTED_ON]-(comg:CommentGroup)-[:COMMENTED_FOR]->(childD) | 
  entityId: id(entity),  types: labels(entity), totalComments: toInt(comg.totalComments) ] AS commentGroups, 
[ (parentD)<-[:DEFINED_BY]-(c1:Criterion)<-[:VOTED_ON]-(vg1:VoteGroup)-[:VOTED_FOR]->(childD) | 
  criterionId: id(c1),  weight: vg1.avgVotesWeight, totalVotes: toInt(vg1.totalVotes) ] AS weightedCriteria, 
[ (parentD)<-[:DEFINED_BY]-(ch1:Characteristic)<-[:SET_ON]-(v1)-[:SET_FOR]->(childD) | 
  characteristicId: id(ch1),  value: v1.value, valueType: ch1.valueType, visualMode: ch1.visualMode ] AS valuedCharacteristics

【讨论】：

感谢您的回答。我已经更新了问题并添加了重构查询。请注意，使用“DISTINCT childD”的查询运行速度很慢，没有 - 好得多，但仍远非完美。有什么可以改进的吗？此外，与此同时，我正在尝试基于“地图”方法实施解决方案，但现在没有运气 - ***.com/questions/43908077/… @alexanoid (1) 将所有 WITH 更改为 WITH DISTINCT。它足够便宜，安全总比后悔好。此外，新的 PROFILE 图像有助于查看查询的哪些部分现在是瓶颈/浪费时间我更新了查询并添加了新的配置文件输出信息 @alexanoid 我想我现在已经得到了所有东西......我认为任何进一步的优化都必须对数据而不是查询进行。但是让我看看带有 JOIN 的查询的概况。谢谢。我已经用个人资料信息更新了我的问题。还请考虑到我对您的查询进行了一些修改，因为原始查询无法编译。

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