Spring，无法在测试中加载 ApplicationContext

Posted 2023-04-18

【中文标题】Spring，无法在测试中加载 ApplicationContext

【英文标题】：Spring, Failed to load ApplicationContext in tests

【发布时间】：2015-09-24 08:36:39

【问题描述】：

我有以下 web.xml：

<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app
        version="3.0"
        xmlns="http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee"
        xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
        xsi:schemaLocation="
        http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee
        http://java.sun.com/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_3_0.xsd
        ">

    <listener>
        <listener-class>org.springframework.web.context.ContextLoaderListener</listener-class>
    </listener>

    <listener>
        <listener-class>
            org.springframework.web.context.request.RequestContextListener
        </listener-class>
    </listener>

    ...
    <listener>
        <listener-class>org.springframework.security.web.session.HttpSessionEventPublisher</listener-class>
    </listener>

    <context-param>
        <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
        <param-value>WEB-INF/applicationContext.xml</param-value>
    </context-param>
    ...

    <!-- Spring MVC -->
    <servlet>
        <servlet-name>appServlet</servlet-name>
        <servlet-class>org.springframework.web.servlet.DispatcherServlet</servlet-class>
        <init-param>
            <param-name>contextConfigLocation</param-name>
            <param-value>WEB-INF/webContext.xml</param-value>
        </init-param>
        <load-on-startup>1</load-on-startup>
    </servlet>

    <servlet-mapping>
        <servlet-name>appServlet</servlet-name>
        <url-pattern>/</url-pattern>
    </servlet-mapping>
</web-app>

因此我从 web.xml 加载了两个配置文件：

applicationContext.xml 和 webContext.xml

我将这些文件复制到resources/META-INF 并使用以下签名编写集成测试：

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ContextConfiguration(locations = "classpath:META-INF/applicationContext.xml", "classpath:META-INF/webContext.xml")
public class OwnerTerminalsControllerTest 

当我尝试从测试中执行任何方法时，我看到如下错误：

     org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'conversionService' defined in class path resource [META-INF/webContext.xml]: Cannot resolve reference to bean 'terminalGroupFormatter' while setting bean property 'formatters' with key [0]; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'terminalGroupFormatter': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private com.terminal.dao.TerminalGroupDao com.terminal.formatter.TerminalGroupFormatter.terminalGroupDao; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Error creating bean with name 'terminalGroupDaoImpl': Injection of autowired dependencies failed; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.BeanCreationException: Could not autowire field: private org.hibernate.SessionFactory com.terminal.dao.impl.TerminalGroupDaoImpl.sessionFactory; nested exception is org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [org.hibernate.SessionFactory] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: @org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.BeanDefinitionValueResolver.resolveReference(BeanDefinitionValueResolver.java:359)

Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [org.hibernate.SessionFactory] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: @org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1301)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1047)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:942)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:533)
    ... 70 more
24.09.2015 12:28:49 ERROR: org.springframework.test.context.TestContextManager - Caught exception while allowing TestExecutionListener [org.springframework.test.context.support.DependencyInjectionTestExecutionListener@7181ae3f] to prepare test instance [com.terminal.controller.owner.OwnerTerminalsControllerTest@6bc248ed]
java.lang.IllegalStateException: Failed to load ApplicationContext
    at org.springframework.test.context.DefaultCacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.loadContext(DefaultCacheAwareContextLoaderDelegate.java:94)
    at java.lang.reflect.Method.invoke(Method.java:483)
    at com.intellij.rt.execution.application.AppMain.main(AppMain.java:140)
    .....
Caused by: org.springframework.beans.factory.NoSuchBeanDefinitionException: No qualifying bean of type [org.hibernate.SessionFactory] found for dependency: expected at least 1 bean which qualifies as autowire candidate for this dependency. Dependency annotations: @org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.Autowired(required=true)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.raiseNoSuchBeanDefinitionException(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1301)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.doResolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:1047)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.support.DefaultListableBeanFactory.resolveDependency(DefaultListableBeanFactory.java:942)
    at org.springframework.beans.factory.annotation.AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor$AutowiredFieldElement.inject(AutowiredAnnotationBeanPostProcessor.java:533)
    ... 70 more

对我来说，两个配置看起来一样，我不知道为什么要从测试上下文中加载大炮

附言

在applicatioContext里面我有以下几行：

<import resource="classpath:META-INF/dataContext.xml"/>
<import resource="classpath:META-INF/restTemplateContext.xml" />
<import resource="classpath:META-INF/securityContext.xml"/>

数据上下文：

<beans
        xmlns="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans"
        xmlns:p="http://www.springframework.org/schema/p"
        xmlns:context="http://www.springframework.org/schema/context"
        xmlns:tx="http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx"
        xmlns:jdbc="http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc"
        xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
        xmlns:task="http://www.springframework.org/schema/task"
        xsi:schemaLocation="http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/beans/spring-beans.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/context/spring-context.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/tx/spring-tx.xsd
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc
        http://www.springframework.org/schema/jdbc/spring-jdbc-3.2.xsd

         http://www.springframework.org/schema/task http://www.springframework.org/schema/task/spring-task.xsd">

    <tx:annotation-driven transaction-manager="transactionManager"/>

    <context:component-scan base-package="com.terminal.domain, com.terminal.dao, com.terminal.utils"/>

    <bean id="transactionManager"
          class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.HibernateTransactionManager">
        <property name="sessionFactory" ref="sessionFactory"/>
    </bean>

    <bean id="messageSource"
          class="org.springframework.context.support.ResourceBundleMessageSource">
        <property name="basenames">
            <list>
                <value>mymessages</value>
            </list>
        </property>
    </bean>

    <task:scheduler id="jobScheduler" pool-size="10"/>

    <beans profile="test">

        <bean id="wrappedDataSource" class="net.bull.javamelody.SpringDataSourceFactoryBean">
            <property name="targetName" value="dataSource" />
        </bean>

        <bean class="org.apache.commons.dbcp.BasicDataSource" destroy-method="close" id="dataSource">
            <property name="driverClassName" value="org.h2.Driver" />
            <property name="url" value="jdbc:h2:~/test;MODE=PostgreSQL" />
            <property name="username" value="sa" />
            <property name="password" value="" />
        </bean>

        <bean id="sessionFactory"
              class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
            <property name="dataSource" ref="wrappedDataSource"/>
            <property name="configLocation">
                <value>classpath:hibernate-test.cfg.xml</value>
            </property>
            <property name="hibernateProperties">
                <props>
                    <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">true</prop>
                    <prop key="hibernate.connection.charSet">UTF-8</prop>
                    <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">true</prop>
                    <prop key="hibernate.format_sql">true</prop>
                    <prop key="hbm2ddl.auto">create-drop</prop>
                </props>
            </property>
        </bean>

        <context:property-placeholder location="classpath:jdbc.properties"/>

    </beans>
    <beans profile="dev">

        <bean id="wrappedDataSource" class="net.bull.javamelody.SpringDataSourceFactoryBean">
            <property name="targetName" value="dataSource" />
        </bean>

        <bean id="sessionFactory"
              class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
            <property name="dataSource" ref="wrappedDataSource"/>
            <property name="configLocation">
                <value>classpath:hibernate.cfg.xml</value>
            </property>
            <property name="hibernateProperties">
                <props>
                    <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">true</prop>
                    <prop key="hibernate.dialect">$jdbc.dialect</prop>
                    <prop key="hibernate.connection.charSet">UTF-8</prop>
                    <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">true</prop>
                    <prop key="hibernate.format_sql">true</prop>
                    <prop key="hbm2ddl.auto">validate</prop>
                </props>
            </property>
        </bean>

        <context:property-placeholder location="classpath:jdbc-local.properties"/>
        <bean id="dataSource"
              class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource"
              p:driverClassName="$jdbc.driverClassName" p:url="$jdbc.databaseurl"
              p:username="$jdbc.username" p:password="$jdbc.password"/>
    </beans>
    <beans profile="prod">

        <bean id="wrappedDataSource" class="net.bull.javamelody.SpringDataSourceFactoryBean">
            <property name="targetName" value="dataSource" />
        </bean>

        <bean id="sessionFactory"
              class="org.springframework.orm.hibernate4.LocalSessionFactoryBean">
            <property name="dataSource" ref="wrappedDataSource"/>
            <property name="configLocation">
                <value>classpath:hibernate.cfg.xml</value>
            </property>
            <property name="hibernateProperties">
                <props>
                    <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">true</prop>
                    <prop key="hibernate.dialect">$jdbc.dialect</prop>
                    <prop key="hibernate.connection.charSet">UTF-8</prop>
                    <prop key="hibernate.show_sql">true</prop>
                    <prop key="hibernate.format_sql">true</prop>
                    <prop key="hbm2ddl.auto">validate</prop>
                </props>
            </property>
        </bean>

        <context:property-placeholder location="classpath:jdbc.properties"/>
        <bean id="dataSource"
              class="org.springframework.jdbc.datasource.DriverManagerDataSource"
              p:driverClassName="$jdbc.driverClassName" p:url="$jdbc.databaseurl"
              p:username="$jdbc.username" p:password="$jdbc.password"/>
    </beans>
</beans>

【问题讨论】：

错误原因似乎是不存在的SessionFactory bean。在applicationContext.xml中如何声明数据库？

@Serge Ballesta 主题已更新

【参考方案1】：

在 dataContext.xml 中，SessionFactory bean 总是在配置文件下声明，而您的测试配置没有声明它们中的任何一个，因此 bean 永远不会在应用程序上下文中加载，从而导致 No qualifying bean ... 错误。您应该声明一个有效的配置文件：

@RunWith(SpringJUnit4ClassRunner.class)
@ActiveProfiles(profiles = "test")
@ContextConfiguration(locations = "classpath:META-INF/applicationContext.xml", "classpath:META-INF/webContext.xml")
public class OwnerTerminalsControllerTest 

【讨论】：

是的，这个问题已解决）