CoreGraphics - 不能用 UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt8> 替换 UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt32>
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【中文标题】CoreGraphics - 不能用 UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt8> 替换 UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt32>【英文标题】:CoreGraphics - Can't replace UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt32> with UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt8> 【发布时间】:2017-05-21 02:33:42 【问题描述】:我刚开始搞乱图像处理,我遇到了一些非常奇怪的问题,或者至少我认为它们是。我假设我犯了一些非常愚蠢的错误。
我打算发布另一个关于此的问题,但是,使用下面的代码,有时我也会得到随机噪声,而不是用户绘制数字的像素表示。如果有人能告诉我为什么会发生这种情况,我将不胜感激。我很难找出原因,因为我阅读的所有内容都表明该代码应该可以工作。
如果有人需要更多信息,请告诉我!提前感谢您的帮助!
目标: 首先,获取用户在屏幕上绘制的数字。然后,将图像大小调整为 28 x 28。接下来,将图像转换为灰度,并获取归一化像素值的数组。最后,将归一化的灰度像素值输入机器学习算法。
[注意:在下图中,点代表 0 值,1 代表值 > 0。]
以下代码的输出运行良好。如果用户画一个“3”,我通常会得到如下内容:
问题:
如果我将 UnsafeMutablePointer 和 Buffer 的大小更改为 UInt8,我会得到看起来像随机噪声的东西。或者如果我用[UInt32](repeating: 0, count: totalBytes)
甚至[UInt8](repeating: 0, count: totalBytes)
替换 UnsafeMutablePointer 和 Buffer,每个像素最终都为 0,我真的不明白。
如果我将 UnsafeMutablePointer 和 Buffer 的大小更改为 UInt8,这是像素的输出:
获取灰度像素的代码:
public extension UIImage
private func grayScalePixels() -> UnsafeMutableBufferPointer<UInt32>?
guard let cgImage = self.cgImage else return nil
let bitsPerComponent = 8
let width = cgImage.width
let height = cgImage.height
let totalBytes = (width * height)
let colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceGray()
let data = UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt32>.allocate(capacity: totalBytes)
defer data.deallocate(capacity: totalBytes)
guard let imageContext = CGContext(data: data, width: width, height: height, bitsPerComponent: bitsPerComponent, bytesPerRow: width, space: colorSpace, bitmapInfo: 0) else return nil
imageContext.draw(cgImage, in: CGRect(origin: CGPoint.zero, size: CGSize(width: width, height: height)))
return UnsafeMutableBufferPointer<UInt32>(start: data, count: totalBytes)
public func normalizedGrayScalePixels() -> [CGFloat]?
guard let cgImage = self.cgImage else return nil
guard let pixels = self.grayScalePixels() else return nil
let width = cgImage.width
let height = cgImage.height
var result = [CGFloat]()
for y in 0..<height
for x in 0..<width
let index = ((width * y) + x)
let pixel = (CGFloat(pixels[index]) / 255.0)
result.append(pixel)
return result
绘制数字的代码:
func drawLineFrom(fromPoint: CGPoint, toPoint: CGPoint)
UIGraphicsBeginImageContextWithOptions(self.view.bounds.size, false, 1)
self.tempImageView.image?.draw(at: CGPoint.zero)
let context = UIGraphicsGetCurrentContext()
context?.move(to: fromPoint)
context?.addLine(to: toPoint)
context?.setLineCap(.round)
context?.setLineWidth(self.brushWidth)
context?.setStrokeColor(gray: 0, alpha: 1)
context?.strokePath()
self.tempImageView.image = UIGraphicsGetImageFromCurrentImageContext()
self.tempImageView.alpha = self.opacity
UIGraphicsEndImageContext()
override func touchesBegan(_ touches: Set<UITouch>, with event: UIEvent?)
self.swiped = false
if let touch = touches.first
self.lastPoint = touch.location(in: self.view)
override func touchesMoved(_ touches: Set<UITouch>, with event: UIEvent?)
self.swiped = true
if let touch = touches.first
let currentPoint = touch.location(in: self.view)
self.drawLineFrom(fromPoint: self.lastPoint, toPoint: currentPoint)
self.lastPoint = currentPoint
override func touchesEnded(_ touches: Set<UITouch>, with event: UIEvent?)
if !swiped
self.drawLineFrom(fromPoint: self.lastPoint, toPoint: self.lastPoint)
self.predictionLabel.text = "Predication: \(self.predict())"
self.tempImageView.image = nil
预测数字的代码:
private func printNumber(rowSize: Int, inputs: Vector)
for (index, pixel) in inputs.enumerated()
if index % rowSize == 0 print()
if (pixel > 0)
print("1", terminator: " ")
else print(".", terminator: " ")
print()
private func predict() -> Scalar
let resizedImaege = self.tempImageView.image!.resizedImage(CGSize(width: 28, height: 28), interpolationQuality: .high)
let inputs = resizedImaege!.normalizedGrayScalePixels()!.flatMap( Scalar($0) )
self.feedforwardResult = self.neuralNetwork!.feedForward(inputs: inputs)
self.printNumber(rowSize: 28, inputs: inputs)
let max = self.feedforwardResult!.activations.last!.max()!
let prediction = self.feedforwardResult!.activations.last!.index(of: max)!
return Scalar(prediction)
【问题讨论】:
【参考方案1】:您的代码中有一个非常糟糕的地方是这一行:
defer data.deallocate(capacity: totalBytes)
data.deallocate(capacity: totalBytes)
在退出方法grayScalePixels()
之前执行。所以,返回的UnsafeMutableBufferPointer
中的baseAddress
指向一个已经被释放的区域,这意味着在访问该区域时你不能期望任何可预测的结果。
如果你想使用UnsafeMutableBufferPointer
,你需要在完成对它的所有访问后释放区域(下面代码中的#1):
private func grayScalePixels() -> UnsafeMutableBufferPointer<UInt8>?
guard let cgImage = self.cgImage else return nil
let bitsPerComponent = 8
let width = cgImage.width
let height = cgImage.height
let totalBytes = width * height
let colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceGray()
let data = UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt8>.allocate(capacity: totalBytes)
data.initialize(to: UInt8.max, count: totalBytes) //<- #4
guard let imageContext = CGContext(data: data, width: width, height: height, bitsPerComponent: bitsPerComponent, bytesPerRow: width, space: colorSpace, bitmapInfo: 0) else return nil
imageContext.draw(cgImage, in: CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: width, height: height))
return UnsafeMutableBufferPointer(start: data, count: totalBytes)
public func normalizedGrayScalePixels() -> [CGFloat]?
guard let cgImage = self.cgImage else return nil
guard let pixels = self.grayScalePixels() else return nil
let width = cgImage.width
let height = cgImage.height
var result: [CGFloat] = []
for y in 0..<height
for x in 0..<width
let index = width * y + x
let pixel = CGFloat(pixels[index]) / CGFloat(UInt8.max)
result.append(pixel)
pixels.baseAddress!.deinitialize(count: pixels.count) //<- #2
pixels.baseAddress!.deallocate(capacity: pixels.count) //<- #1
return result
(#2) UInt8
在当前的 Swift 实现中可能不需要deinitialize
,但推荐的顺序是:分配 - 初始化 - 取消初始化 - 解除分配。
(涉及的其他一些行只是我的偏好,并不重要。)
或者,如果你想使用 Swift Array
而不是 UnsafeMutableBufferPointer
,你可以这样写:
private func grayScalePixels() -> [UInt8]?
guard let cgImage = self.cgImage else return nil
let bitsPerComponent = 8
let width = cgImage.width
let height = cgImage.height
let totalBytes = width * height
let colorSpace = CGColorSpaceCreateDeviceGray()
var byteArray: [UInt8] = Array(repeating: UInt8.max, count: totalBytes) //<- #4
let success = byteArray.withUnsafeMutableBufferPointer (buffer)->Bool in
guard let imageContext = CGContext(data: buffer.baseAddress!, width: width, height: height, bitsPerComponent: bitsPerComponent, bytesPerRow: width, space: colorSpace, bitmapInfo: 0) else return false
imageContext.draw(cgImage, in: CGRect(x: 0, y: 0, width: width, height: height))
return true;
return success ? byteArray : nil
public func normalizedGrayScalePixels() -> [CGFloat]?
guard let cgImage = self.cgImage else return nil
guard let pixels = self.grayScalePixels() else return nil
let width = cgImage.width
let height = cgImage.height
var result: [CGFloat] = []
for y in 0..<height
for x in 0..<width
let index = width * y + x
let pixel = CGFloat(pixels[index]) / CGFloat(UInt8.max)
result.append(pixel)
return result
您可能需要修改我上面的代码以使它们与您的代码一起使用,因为我无法使用您的UInt32
版本的grayScalePixels()
重现相同的结果。
编辑
我在我的代码中发现了一个问题。您的绘图代码绘制线条:
context?.setStrokeColor(gray: 0, alpha: 1)
灰度 0,黑色。在我的旧代码中,我将位图初始化为:
data.initialize(to: 0, count: totalBytes)
或:
var byteArray: [UInt8] = Array(repeating: 0, count: totalBytes)
因此,在黑色上绘制黑色,结果:全黑,8 位灰度,全 0。
(我第一次写initialize
可能不需要,但那是一个错误。带有alpha的图像将与初始位图内容混合绘制。)
我更新的代码(标有#4
)用白色初始化位图(8 位灰度,255
== 0xFF
== UInt8.max
)。
您最好通过更新printNumber(rowSize:inputs:)
来检测非白色像素:
private func printNumber(rowSize: Int, inputs: Vector)
for (index, pixel) in inputs.enumerated()
if index % rowSize == 0 print()
if pixel < 1.0 //<- #4
print("1", terminator: "")
else print(".", terminator: "")
print()
在作为浮点数的标准化灰度中,1.0
是白色的值,您最好将非白色显示为 1
。 (或者,找到另一个更好的阈值。)
【讨论】:
感谢您的回复!不幸的是,我仍然收到您提供的代码的随机噪音。虽然,你提到的完全有道理,让我相信这是我绘制图像的方式。我已经编辑了我的问题以提供此代码。你介意快速看一下吗?我在 Ray Wenderlich 的网站上找到了它。 另外,如果我保留 data.initialize(to: 0, count: totalBytes) 返回的像素数组全为 0。如果我删除它,我会得到随机噪音。如果我删除它并将指针改回 UInt32,我“大部分”时间都会得到正确的输出。所以,我基本上仍然有同样的问题。对于我更喜欢使用的第二段代码,我也得到了全 0。 @Jonathan,我发现我的代码不适用于某些 resize d 图像。显示您的predict()
的定义会有所帮助。
当然,没问题!我已经用代码编辑了我的问题。此外,这是我获得调整图像大小的代码的地方:vocaro.com/trevor/blog/2009/10/12/…
我尝试过不调整大小,但仍然遇到同样的问题。如果有帮助,我会为原始 CGImage 打印以下内容(不调整大小): bitsPerComponent = 8, bitsPerPixel = 32, bytesPerRow = 128, CFDataGetLength(cgImage.dataProvider!.data) = 3584以上是关于CoreGraphics - 不能用 UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt8> 替换 UnsafeMutablePointer<UInt32>的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章
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