递归地反转Java中的链表

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【中文标题】递归地反转Java中的链表【英文标题】:Reversing a linked list in Java, recursively 【发布时间】:2010-09-26 04:11:10 【问题描述】:

我一直在为一个类从事 Java 项目。它是一个链表的实现(这里称为AddressList,包含称为ListNode 的简单节点)。问题是一切都必须使用递归算法来完成。我能够在没有一种方法的情况下做所有事情:public AddressList reverse()

列表节点:

public class ListNode
  public String data;
  public ListNode next;

现在我的 reverse 函数只是调用一个辅助函数,该函数接受一个参数来允许递归。

public AddressList reverse()
  return new AddressList(this.reverse(this.head));

我的辅助函数的签名是private ListNode reverse(ListNode current)

目前,我让它使用堆栈迭代工作,但这不是规范所要求的。我在 C 中找到了一种算法,它可以递归地逆向并手动将其转换为 Java 代码,并且它可以工作,但我对此并不了解。

编辑:没关系,我在此期间想通了。

private AddressList reverse(ListNode current, AddressList reversedList)
  if(current == null) 
      return reversedList;
  reversedList.addToFront(current.getData());
  return this.reverse(current.getNext(), reversedList);

当我在这里时,有人发现这条路线有什么问题吗?

【问题讨论】:

不,您的解决方案没有问题。相反,它甚至比受欢迎的“Little Lisper”解决方案“更好”,因为它让原始列表保持不变。这在多核环境中尤其有价值,在这种环境中,不可变值是非常受欢迎的。 【参考方案1】:

在一个回复中有代码说明了这一点,但您可能会发现从下往上开始,通过询问和回答小问题更容易(这是 The Little Lisper 中的方法):

    null 的反面是什么(空列表)?空。 单元素列表的反面是什么?元素。 n 元素列表的反面是什么?列表其余部分的倒数,后跟第一个元素。

public ListNode Reverse(ListNode list)

    if (list == null) return null; // first question

    if (list.next == null) return list; // second question

    // third question - in Lisp this is easy, but we don't have cons
    // so we grab the second element (which will be the last after we reverse it)

    ListNode secondElem = list.next;

    // bug fix - need to unlink list from the rest or you will get a cycle
    list.next = null;

    // then we reverse everything from the second element on
    ListNode reverseRest = Reverse(secondElem);

    // then we join the two lists
    secondElem.next = list;

    return reverseRest;

【讨论】:

哇,我喜欢整个“三个问题”的东西。 谢谢。小问题这件事应该是学习 Lisp 的基础。这也是一种对新手隐藏归纳的方法,本质上就是这种模式。如果您真的想解决这类问题,我建议您阅读 Little Lisper。 例外情况的例外。为什么要对可通过 if 测试的已知条件使用 catch? 我相信您不需要创建变量:secondElem,因为 list.next 仍然是 secondElem。在“ListNode reverseRest = Reverse(secondElem);”之后,可以先做“list.next.next = list”,再做“list.next = null”。就是这样。 你能解释一下为什么 list.next = null 吗?我试图理解这个循环,但没有得到。【参考方案2】:

我在一次采访中被问到这个问题,我很生气,因为我有点紧张,所以我摸不着头脑。

这应该反转一个单链表,调用 reverse(head,NULL); 所以如果这是你的清单:

1->2->3->4->5->null
它会变成:
5->4->3->2->1->空

    //Takes as parameters a node in a linked list, and p, the previous node in that list
    //returns the head of the new list
    Node reverse(Node n,Node p)   
        if(n==null) return null;
        if(n.next==null) //if this is the end of the list, then this is the new head
            n.next=p;
            return n;
        
        Node r=reverse(n.next,n);  //call reverse for the next node, 
                                      //using yourself as the previous node
        n.next=p;                     //Set your next node to be the previous node 
        return r;                     //Return the head of the new list
    
    

编辑:我对此做了 6 次编辑,这表明它对我来说仍然有点棘手,哈哈

【讨论】:

老实说,如果指定了 Java,我会对面试中的“必须递归”要求感到有点恼火。否则我会选择 p = null; while (n.next != null) n2 = n.next; n.下一个 = p; p = n; n = n2; n.next = p;返回n;。 O(N) 堆栈用于鸟类。 哦,是的,还有一个空检查,这是 Java。【参考方案3】:

我完成了一半(直到 null,以及 plinth 建议的一个节点),但在进行递归调用后丢失了轨道。但是,在阅读 plinth 的帖子后,我想到了以下内容:

Node reverse(Node head) 
  // if head is null or only one node, it's reverse of itself.
  if ( (head==null) || (head.next == null) ) return head;

  // reverse the sub-list leaving the head node.
  Node reverse = reverse(head.next);

  // head.next still points to the last element of reversed sub-list.
  // so move the head to end.
  head.next.next = head;

  // point last node to nil, (get rid of cycles)
  head.next = null;
  return reverse;

【讨论】:

非常好。就像做缺点:)【参考方案4】:

这是另一个递归解决方案。它在递归函数中的代码比其他一些函数少,所以它可能会快一点。这是 C#,但我相信 Java 会非常相似。

class Node<T>

    Node<T> next;
    public T data;


class LinkedList<T>

    Node<T> head = null;

    public void Reverse()
    
        if (head != null)
            head = RecursiveReverse(null, head);
    

    private Node<T> RecursiveReverse(Node<T> prev, Node<T> curr)
    
        Node<T> next = curr.next;
        curr.next = prev;
        return (next == null) ? curr : RecursiveReverse(curr, next);
    

【讨论】:

【参考方案5】:

算法需要在以下模型上工作,

跟踪头部 递归直到链表结束 反向链接

结构:

Head    
|    
1-->2-->3-->4-->N-->null

null-->1-->2-->3-->4-->N<--null

null-->1-->2-->3-->4<--N<--null

null-->1-->2-->3<--4<--N<--null

null-->1-->2<--3<--4<--N<--null

null-->1<--2<--3<--4<--N<--null

null<--1<--2<--3<--4<--N
                       |
                       Head

代码:

public ListNode reverse(ListNode toBeNextNode, ListNode currentNode)
               
        ListNode currentHead = currentNode; // keep track of the head

        if ((currentNode==null ||currentNode.next==null )&& toBeNextNode ==null)return currentHead; // ignore for size 0 & 1

        if (currentNode.next!=null)currentHead = reverse(currentNode, currentNode.next); // travarse till end recursively

        currentNode.next = toBeNextNode; // reverse link

        return currentHead;

输出:

head-->12345

head-->54321

【讨论】:

【参考方案6】:

我认为这是更清洁的解决方案,类似于 LISP

// Example:
// reverse0(1->2->3, null) => 
//      reverse0(2->3, 1) => 
//          reverse0(3, 2->1) => reverse0(null, 3->2->1)
// once the first argument is null, return the second arg
// which is nothing but the reveresed list.

Link reverse0(Link f, Link n) 
    if (f != null) 
        Link t = new Link(f.data1, f.data2); 
        t.nextLink = n;                      
        f = f.nextLink;             // assuming first had n elements before, 
                                    // now it has (n-1) elements
        reverse0(f, t);
    
    return n;

【讨论】:

【参考方案7】:

我知道这是一篇旧帖子,但大多数答案都不是尾递归的,即它们在从递归调用返回后执行一些操作,因此不是最有效的。

这是一个尾递归版本:

public Node reverse(Node previous, Node current) 
    if(previous == null)
        return null;
    if(previous.equals(head))
        previous.setNext(null);
    if(current == null)     // end of list
        head = previous;
        return head;
     else 
                    Node temp = current.getNext();
        current.setNext(previous);
        reverse(current, temp);
    
    return null;    //should never reach here.
 

致电:

Node newHead = reverse(head, head.getNext());

【讨论】:

您在方法中引用了一个名为“head”的变量,但它没有在任何地方声明。 这可能是List类包含Node head属性的方法【参考方案8】: 无效反向(节点1,节点2) 如果(node1.next!=null) 反向(node1.next,node1); 节点1.next=节点2; 将此方法称为 reverse(start,null);

【讨论】:

【参考方案9】:
public Node reverseListRecursive(Node curr)

    if(curr == null)//Base case
        return head;
    
    else
        (reverseListRecursive(curr.next)).next = (curr);
    
    return curr;

【讨论】:

【参考方案10】:
public void reverse() 
    head = reverseNodes(null, head);


private Node reverseNodes(Node prevNode, Node currentNode) 
    if (currentNode == null)
        return prevNode;
    Node nextNode = currentNode.next;
    currentNode.next = prevNode;
    return reverseNodes(currentNode, nextNode);

【讨论】:

我认为这是最好的解决方案...简单,尾递归可优化并且只有一次空检查。【参考方案11】:
public static ListNode recRev(ListNode curr)

    if(curr.next == null)
        return curr;
    
    ListNode head = recRev(curr.next);
    curr.next.next = curr;
    curr.next = null;

    // propogate the head value
    return head;


【讨论】:

这是最好的解决方案,但不是最好的答案,因为没有给出解释:)。起初我得出了一个类似的解决方案,但失去了头部参考。这个解决方案解决了这个问题。【参考方案12】:

通过递归算法反转。

public ListNode reverse(ListNode head) 
    if (head == null || head.next == null) return head;    
    ListNode rHead = reverse(head.next);
    rHead.next = head;
    head = null;
    return rHead;

通过迭代

public ListNode reverse(ListNode head) 
    if (head == null || head.next == null) return head;    
    ListNode prev = null;
    ListNode cur = head
    ListNode next = head.next;
    while (next != null) 
        cur.next = prev;
        prev = cur;
        cur = next;
        next = next.next;
    
    return cur;

【讨论】:

不幸的是你的递归反向是错误的!! @SreeAurovindh - 为什么?【参考方案13】:

此解决方案表明不需要任何参数。

/**
 * Reverse the list
 * @return reference to the new list head
 */
public LinkNode reverse() 
    if (next == null) 
        return this; // Return the old tail of the list as the new head
    
    LinkNode oldTail = next.reverse(); // Recurse to find the old tail
    next.next = this; // The old next node now points back to this node
    next = null; // Make sure old head has no next
    return oldTail; // Return the old tail all the way back to the top

这是支持代码,以证明这是可行的:

public class LinkNode 
    private char name;
    private LinkNode next;

    /**
     * Return a linked list of nodes, whose names are characters from the given string
     * @param str node names
     */
    public LinkNode(String str) 
        if ((str == null) || (str.length() == 0)) 
            throw new IllegalArgumentException("LinkNode constructor arg: " + str);
        
        name = str.charAt(0);
        if (str.length() > 1) 
            next = new LinkNode(str.substring(1));
        
    

    public String toString() 
        return name + ((next == null) ? "" : next.toString());
    

    public static void main(String[] args) 
        LinkNode head = new LinkNode("abc");
        System.out.println(head);
        System.out.println(head.reverse());
    

【讨论】:

【参考方案14】:

这是一个简单的迭代方法:

public static Node reverse(Node root) 
    if (root == null || root.next == null) 
        return root;
    

    Node curr, prev, next;
    curr = root; prev = next = null;
    while (curr != null) 
        next = curr.next;
        curr.next = prev;

        prev = curr;
        curr = next;
    
    return prev;

这是一种递归方法:

public static Node reverseR(Node node) 
    if (node == null || node.next == null) 
        return node;
    

    Node next = node.next;
    node.next = null;

    Node remaining = reverseR(next);
    next.next = node;
    return remaining;

【讨论】:

【参考方案15】:

由于Java总是传值,所以在Java中递归反转链表,确保在递归结束时返回“新头”(反转后的头节点)。

static ListNode reverseR(ListNode head) 
    if (head == null || head.next == null) 
        return head;
    

    ListNode first = head;
    ListNode rest = head.next;

    // reverse the rest of the list recursively
    head = reverseR(rest);

    // fix the first node after recursion
    first.next.next = first;
    first.next = null;

    return head;

【讨论】:

【参考方案16】:

PointZeroTwo 得到了优雅的答案,在 Java 中也是如此......

public void reverseList()
    if(head!=null)
        head = reverseListNodes(null , head);
    


private Node reverseListNodes(Node parent , Node child )
    Node next = child.next;
    child.next = parent;
    return (next==null)?child:reverseListNodes(child, next);

【讨论】:

这是完美的,因为您并不总是希望该 list 方法将 list 作为参数,而是用它自己的孩子反转自身,谢谢【参考方案17】:
public class Singlelinkedlist 
  public static void main(String[] args) 
    Elem list  = new Elem();
    Reverse(list); //list is populate some  where or some how
  

  //this  is the part you should be concerned with the function/Method has only 3 lines

  public static void Reverse(Elem e)
    if (e!=null)
      if(e.next !=null )
        Reverse(e.next);
    //System.out.println(e.data);
  


class Elem 
  public Elem next;    // Link to next element in the list.
  public String data;  // Reference to the data.

【讨论】:

【参考方案18】:
public Node reverseRec(Node prev, Node curr) 
    if (curr == null) return null;  

    if (curr.next == null) 
        curr.next = prev;
        return curr;

     else 
        Node temp = curr.next; 
        curr.next = prev;
        return reverseRec(curr, temp);
                   

调用使用:head = reverseRec(null, head);

【讨论】:

【参考方案19】:

其他人所做的,在其他帖子中是一个内容游戏,我所做的是一个链表游戏,它反转了链表的成员而不是成员的价值。

Public LinkedList reverse(LinkedList List)

       if(List == null)
               return null;
       if(List.next() == null)
              return List;
       LinkedList temp = this.reverse( List.next() );
       return temp.setNext( List );

【讨论】:

sry 我忘了你还需要一个辅助方法来设置尾部的下一个,值为空【参考方案20】:
package com.mypackage;
class list

    node first;    
    node last;

    list()
    first=null;
    last=null;


/*returns true if first is null*/
public boolean isEmpty()
    return first==null;

/*Method for insertion*/

public void insert(int value)

    if(isEmpty())
        first=last=new node(value);
        last.next=null;
    
    else
        node temp=new node(value);
        last.next=temp;
        last=temp;
        last.next=null;
    


/*simple traversal from beginning*/
public void traverse()
    node t=first;
    while(!isEmpty() && t!=null)
        t.printval();
        t= t.next;
    

/*static method for creating a reversed linked list*/
public static void reverse(node n,list l1)

    if(n.next!=null)
        reverse(n.next,l1);/*will traverse to the very end*/
    l1.insert(n.value);/*every stack frame will do insertion now*/


/*private inner class node*/
private class node
    int value;
    node next;
    node(int value)
        this.value=value;
    
    void printval()
        System.out.print(value+" ");
    


 

【讨论】:

【参考方案21】:

解决办法是:

package basic;

import custom.ds.nodes.Node;

public class RevLinkedList 

private static Node<Integer> first = null;

public static void main(String[] args) 
    Node<Integer> f = new Node<Integer>();
    Node<Integer> s = new Node<Integer>();
    Node<Integer> t = new Node<Integer>();
    Node<Integer> fo = new Node<Integer>();
    f.setNext(s);
    s.setNext(t);
    t.setNext(fo);
    fo.setNext(null);

    f.setItem(1);
    s.setItem(2);
    t.setItem(3);
    fo.setItem(4);
    Node<Integer> curr = f;
    display(curr);
    revLL(null, f);
    display(first);


public static void display(Node<Integer> curr) 
    while (curr.getNext() != null) 
        System.out.println(curr.getItem());
        System.out.println(curr.getNext());
        curr = curr.getNext();
    


public static void revLL(Node<Integer> pn, Node<Integer> cn) 
    while (cn.getNext() != null) 
        revLL(cn, cn.getNext());
        break;
    
    if (cn.getNext() == null) 
        first = cn;
    
    cn.setNext(pn);

【讨论】:

【参考方案22】:
static void reverseList()

if(head!=null||head.next!=null)
ListNode tail=head;//head points to tail


ListNode Second=head.next;
ListNode Third=Second.next;
tail.next=null;//tail previous head is poiniting null
Second.next=tail;
ListNode current=Third;
ListNode prev=Second;
if(Third.next!=null)



    while(current!=null)
    ListNode    next=current.next;
        current.next=prev;
        prev=current;
        current=next;
    
    
head=prev;//new head


class ListNode
    public int data;
    public ListNode next;
    public int getData() 
        return data;
    

    public ListNode(int data) 
        super();
        this.data = data;
        this.next=null;
    

    public ListNode(int data, ListNode next) 
        super();
        this.data = data;
        this.next = next;
    

    public void setData(int data) 
        this.data = data;
    
    public ListNode getNext() 
        return next;
    
    public void setNext(ListNode next) 
        this.next = next;
    






【讨论】:

【参考方案23】:
private Node ReverseList(Node current, Node previous)
    
        if (current == null) return null;
        Node originalNext = current.next;
        current.next = previous;
        if (originalNext == null) return current;
        return ReverseList(originalNext, current);
    

【讨论】:

从 ReverseList(head,null) 开始【参考方案24】:
//this function reverses the linked list
public Node reverseList(Node p) 
    if(head == null)
        return null;
    
    //make the last node as head
    if(p.next == null)
        head.next = null;
        head = p;
        return p;
    
    //traverse to the last node, then reverse the pointers by assigning the 2nd last node to last node and so on..
    return reverseList(p.next).next = p;

【讨论】:

【参考方案25】:
//Recursive solution
class SLL

   int data;
   SLL next;


SLL reverse(SLL head)

  //base case - 0 or 1 elements
  if(head == null || head.next == null) return head;

  SLL temp = reverse(head.next);
  head.next.next = head;
  head.next = null;
  return temp;

【讨论】:

【参考方案26】:

受an article 讨论递归数据结构的不可变实现的启发,我使用 Swift 组合了一个替代解决方案。

通过突出以下主题的领先答案文档解决方案:

    nil 的反面是什么(空列表)? 在这里没关系,因为我们在 Swift 中有 nil 保护。 单元素列表的反面是什么? 元素本身 n 元素列表的反面是什么? 第二个元素的倒数后跟第一个元素。

我已经在下面的解决方案中指出了这些。

/**
 Node is a class that stores an arbitrary value of generic type T 
 and a pointer to another Node of the same time.  This is a recursive 
 data structure representative of a member of a unidirectional linked
 list.
 */
public class Node<T> 
    public let value: T
    public let next: Node<T>?

    public init(value: T, next: Node<T>?) 
        self.value = value
        self.next = next
    

    public func reversedList() -> Node<T> 
        if let next = self.next 
            // 3. The reverse of the second element on followed by the first element.
            return next.reversedList() + value
         else 
            // 2. Reverse of a one element list is itself
            return self
        
    


/**
 @return Returns a newly created Node consisting of the lhs list appended with rhs value.
 */
public func +<T>(lhs: Node<T>, rhs: T) -> Node<T> 
    let tail: Node<T>?
    if let next = lhs.next 
        // The new tail is created recursively, as long as there is a next node.
        tail = next + rhs
     else 
        // If there is not a next node, create a new tail node to append
        tail = Node<T>(value: rhs, next: nil)
    
    // Return a newly created Node consisting of the lhs list appended with rhs value.
    return Node<T>(value: lhs.value, next: tail)

【讨论】:

【参考方案27】:

使用递归反转链表。这个想法是通过反转链接来调整链接。

  public ListNode reverseR(ListNode p) 

       //Base condition, Once you reach the last node,return p                                           
        if (p == null || p.next == null)  
            return p;
        
       //Go on making the recursive call till reach the last node,now head points to the last node

        ListNode head  = reverseR(p.next);  //Head points to the last node

       //Here, p points to the last but one node(previous node),  q points to the last   node. Then next next step is to adjust the links
        ListNode q = p.next; 

       //Last node link points to the P (last but one node)
        q.next = p; 
       //Set the last but node (previous node) next to null
        p.next = null; 
        return head; //Head points to the last node
    

【讨论】:

能否请您详细说明您的答案,添加更多关于您提供的解决方案的描述? 我添加了 cmets。非常感谢【参考方案28】:
public void reverseLinkedList(Node node)
    if(node==null)
        return;
    

    reverseLinkedList(node.next);
    Node temp = node.next;
    node.next=node.prev;
    node.prev=temp;
    return;

【讨论】:

【参考方案29】:

javascript中的解决方案(递归):

function reverse_linked_list_1(node)
    function reverse_linked_list_1(node, result)
        return node ? reverse_linked_list_1(node.next, data: node.data, next: result) : result;
    
    return reverse_linked_list_1(node, null);

【讨论】:

【参考方案30】:
public void reverse()
    if(isEmpty())
    return;
     
     Node<T> revHead = new Node<T>();
     this.reverse(head.next, revHead);
     this.head = revHead;


private Node<T> reverse(Node<T> node, Node<T> revHead)
    if(node.next == null)
       revHead.next = node;
       return node;
     
     Node<T> reverse = this.reverse(node.next, revHead);
     reverse.next = node;
     node.next = null;
     return node;

【讨论】:

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