如何使用 Ruby OptionParser 指定所需的开关(不是参数)?

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【中文标题】如何使用 Ruby OptionParser 指定所需的开关(不是参数)?【英文标题】:How do you specify a required switch (not argument) with Ruby OptionParser? 【发布时间】:2010-12-05 04:56:47 【问题描述】:

我正在编写一个脚本,我想要一个带有值的--host 开关,但是如果没有指定--host 开关,我希望选项解析失败。

我似乎不知道该怎么做。文档似乎只指定了如何使参数值强制,而不是开关本身。

【问题讨论】:

你需要详细说明,举个例子...... 【参考方案1】:

这个想法是定义一个OptionParser,然后定义parse!,如果缺少某些字段,则定义puts。默认情况下将filename 设置为空字符串可能不是最好的方法,但你明白了。

require 'optparse'

filename = ''
options = OptionParser.new do |opts|
    opts.banner = "Usage: swift-code-style.rb [options]"

    opts.on("-iNAME", "--input-filename=NAME", "Input filename") do |name|
        filename = name
    end
    opts.on("-h", "--help", "Prints this help") do
        puts opts
        exit
    end
end

options.parse!

if filename == ''
    puts "Missing filename.\n---\n"
    puts options
    exit
end

puts "Processing '#filename'..."

如果-i filename 缺失,则显示:

~/prj/gem/swift-code-kit ./swift-code-style.rb
Missing filename.
---
Usage: swift-code-style.rb [options]
    -i, --input-filename=NAME        Input filename
    -h, --help                       Prints this help

【讨论】:

【参考方案2】:

我想出了一个清晰简洁的解决方案来总结您的贡献。它会引发OptionParser::MissingArgument 异常,其中缺少参数作为消息。此异常与来自 OptionParser 的其余异常一起被捕获在 rescue 块中。

#!/usr/bin/env ruby
require 'optparse'

options = 

optparse = OptionParser.new do |opts|
  opts.on('-h', '--host hostname', "Host name") do |host|
    options[:host] = host
  end
end

begin
  optparse.parse!
  mandatory = [:host]
  missing = mandatory.select |param| options[param].nil? 
  raise OptionParser::MissingArgument, missing.join(', ') unless missing.empty?
rescue OptionParser::ParseError => e
  puts e
  puts optparse
  exit
end

运行这个例子:

 ./program            
missing argument: host
Usage: program [options]
    -h, --host hostname              Host name

【讨论】:

【参考方案3】:

一种使用 optparse 的方法,在丢失的开关上提供友好的输出:

#!/usr/bin/env ruby
require 'optparse'

options = 

optparse = OptionParser.new do |opts|
  opts.on('-f', '--from SENDER', 'username of sender') do |sender|
    options[:from] = sender
  end

  opts.on('-t', '--to RECIPIENTS', 'comma separated list of recipients') do |recipients|
    options[:to] = recipients
  end

  options[:number_of_files] = 1
  opts.on('-n', '--num_files NUMBER', Integer, "number of files to send (default #options[:number_of_files])") do |number_of_files|
    options[:number_of_files] = number_of_files
  end

  opts.on('-h', '--help', 'Display this screen') do
    puts opts
    exit
  end
end

begin
  optparse.parse!
  mandatory = [:from, :to]                                         # Enforce the presence of
  missing = mandatory.select |param| options[param].nil?         # the -t and -f switches
  unless missing.empty?                                            #
    raise OptionParser::MissingArgument.new(missing.join(', '))    #
  end                                                              #
rescue OptionParser::InvalidOption, OptionParser::MissingArgument      #
  puts $!.to_s                                                           # Friendly output when parsing fails
  puts optparse                                                          #
  exit                                                                   #
end                                                                      #

puts "Performing task with options: #options.inspect"

在没有-t-f 开关的情况下运行会显示以下输出:

Missing options: from, to
Usage: test_script [options]
    -f, --from SENDER                username of sender
    -t, --to RECIPIENTS              comma separated list of recipients
    -n, --num_files NUMBER           number of files to send (default 1)
    -h, --help

在 begin/rescue 子句中运行 parse 方法允许对其他故障进行友好格式化,例如缺少参数或无效的开关值,例如,尝试为 -n 开关传递字符串。

【讨论】:

根据 neilfws 的 cmets 修复 这还不错,但它仍然不是很干燥。最后你必须做很多工作,并且必须在两个地方指定你的开关。在下面查看我的修复,它更简单,更干燥。也在我的博客上:picklepumpers.com/wordpress/?p=949 在 STDERR 上输出可能会更好。【参考方案4】:

如果你这样做:

opts.on('-h', '--host',
          'required host name [STRING]') do |h|
    someoptions[:host] = h || nil
  end

然后someoptions[:host] 将是来自命令行的值或nil(如果您不提供 --host 和/或在 --host 之后没有值)并且您可以轻松地对其进行测试(并且有条件失败)解析后:

fail "Hostname not provided" unless someoptions[:host]

【讨论】:

【参考方案5】:

来自未知(谷歌)的答案很好,但包含一个小错误。

rescue OptionParser::InvalidArgument, OptionParser::MissingArgument

应该是

OptionParser::InvalidOption, OptionParser::MissingArgument

否则,optparse.parse! 将触发OptionParser::InvalidOption 的标准错误输出,而不是自定义消息。

【讨论】:

【参考方案6】:

如果需要host,那么肯定不是选项,而是参数

考虑到这一点,这里有一种方法可以解决您的问题。您可以查询ARGV 数组以查看是否已指定主机,如果尚未指定,则调用abort("You must specify a host!") 或类似方法,以使您的程序以错误状态退出。

【讨论】:

【参考方案7】:

我把它变成了一个 gem,你可以从 ruby​​gems.org 下载和安装:

gem install pickled_optparse

您可以在 github 上查看更新的项目源代码:http://github.com/PicklePumpers/pickled_optparse

-- 较早的帖子信息--

这真的非常困扰我,所以我修复了它保持使用超级干燥。

要使开关成为必需,只需在选项数组的任意位置添加一个 :required 符号,如下所示:

opts.on("-f", "--foo [Bar]", String, :required, "Some required option") do |option|
  @options[:foo] = option
end

然后在您的 OptionParser 块的末尾添加其中一个以打印出缺少的开关和使用说明:

if opts.missing_switches?
  puts opts.missing_switches
  puts opts
  exit
end

最后,为了使这一切正常工作,您需要将以下“optparse_required_switches.rb”文件添加到您的项目中的某个地方,并在您进行命令行解析时需要它。

我在博客上写了一篇带有示例的小文章: http://picklepumpers.com/wordpress/?p=949

这是修改后的 OptionParser 文件及其用法示例:

required_switches_example.rb

#!/usr/bin/env ruby
require 'optparse'
require_relative 'optparse_required_switches'

# Configure options based on command line options
@options = 
OptionParser.new do |opts|
  opts.banner = "Usage: test [options] in_file[.srt] out_file[.srt]"

  # Note that :required can be anywhere in the parameters

  # Also note that OptionParser is bugged and will only check 
  # for required parameters on the last option, not my bug.

  # required switch, required parameter
  opts.on("-s Short", String, :required, "a required switch with just a short") do |operation|
    @options[:operation] = operation
  end

  # required switch, optional parameter
  opts.on(:required, "--long [Long]", String, "a required switch with just a long") do |operation|
    @options[:operation] = operation
  end

  # required switch, required parameter
  opts.on("-b", "--both ShortAndLong", String, "a required switch with short and long", :required) do |operation|
    @options[:operation] = operation
  end

  # optional switch, optional parameter
  opts.on("-o", "--optional [Whatever]", String, "an optional switch with short and long") do |operation|
    @options[:operation] = operation
  end

  # Now we can see if there are any missing required 
  # switches so we can alert the user to what they 
  # missed and how to use the program properly.
  if opts.missing_switches?
    puts opts.missing_switches
    puts opts
    exit
  end

end.parse!

optparse_required_switches.rb

# Add required switches to OptionParser
class OptionParser

  # An array of messages describing the missing required switches
  attr_reader :missing_switches

  # Convenience method to test if we're missing any required switches
  def missing_switches?
    !@missing_switches.nil?
  end

  def make_switch(opts, block = nil)
    short, long, nolong, style, pattern, conv, not_pattern, not_conv, not_style = [], [], []
    ldesc, sdesc, desc, arg = [], [], []
    default_style = Switch::NoArgument
    default_pattern = nil
    klass = nil
    n, q, a = nil

    # Check for required switches
    required = opts.delete(:required)

    opts.each do |o|

      # argument class
      next if search(:atype, o) do |pat, c|
        klass = notwice(o, klass, 'type')
        if not_style and not_style != Switch::NoArgument
          not_pattern, not_conv = pat, c
        else
          default_pattern, conv = pat, c
        end
      end

      # directly specified pattern(any object possible to match)
      if (!(String === o || Symbol === o)) and o.respond_to?(:match)
        pattern = notwice(o, pattern, 'pattern')
        if pattern.respond_to?(:convert)
          conv = pattern.method(:convert).to_proc
        else
          conv = SPLAT_PROC
        end
        next
      end

      # anything others
      case o
        when Proc, Method
          block = notwice(o, block, 'block')
        when Array, Hash
          case pattern
            when CompletingHash
            when nil
              pattern = CompletingHash.new
              conv = pattern.method(:convert).to_proc if pattern.respond_to?(:convert)
            else
              raise ArgumentError, "argument pattern given twice"
          end
          o.each |pat, *v| pattern[pat] = v.fetch(0) pat
        when Module
          raise ArgumentError, "unsupported argument type: #o", ParseError.filter_backtrace(caller(4))
        when *ArgumentStyle.keys
          style = notwice(ArgumentStyle[o], style, 'style')
        when /^--no-([^\[\]=\s]*)(.+)?/
          q, a = $1, $2
          o = notwice(a ? Object : TrueClass, klass, 'type')
          not_pattern, not_conv = search(:atype, o) unless not_style
          not_style = (not_style || default_style).guess(arg = a) if a
          default_style = Switch::NoArgument
          default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, FalseClass) unless default_pattern
          ldesc << "--no-#q"
          long << 'no-' + (q = q.downcase)
          nolong << q
        when /^--\[no-\]([^\[\]=\s]*)(.+)?/
          q, a = $1, $2
          o = notwice(a ? Object : TrueClass, klass, 'type')
          if a
            default_style = default_style.guess(arg = a)
            default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, o) unless default_pattern
          end
          ldesc << "--[no-]#q"
          long << (o = q.downcase)
          not_pattern, not_conv = search(:atype, FalseClass) unless not_style
          not_style = Switch::NoArgument
          nolong << 'no-' + o
        when /^--([^\[\]=\s]*)(.+)?/
          q, a = $1, $2
          if a
            o = notwice(NilClass, klass, 'type')
            default_style = default_style.guess(arg = a)
            default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, o) unless default_pattern
          end
          ldesc << "--#q"
          long << (o = q.downcase)
        when /^-(\[\^?\]?(?:[^\\\]]|\\.)*\])(.+)?/
          q, a = $1, $2
          o = notwice(Object, klass, 'type')
          if a
            default_style = default_style.guess(arg = a)
            default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, o) unless default_pattern
          end
          sdesc << "-#q"
          short << Regexp.new(q)
        when /^-(.)(.+)?/
          q, a = $1, $2
          if a
            o = notwice(NilClass, klass, 'type')
            default_style = default_style.guess(arg = a)
            default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, o) unless default_pattern
          end
          sdesc << "-#q"
          short << q
        when /^=/
          style = notwice(default_style.guess(arg = o), style, 'style')
          default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, Object) unless default_pattern
        else
          desc.push(o)
      end

    end

    default_pattern, conv = search(:atype, default_style.pattern) unless default_pattern
    if !(short.empty? and long.empty?)
      s = (style || default_style).new(pattern || default_pattern, conv, sdesc, ldesc, arg, desc, block)
    elsif !block
      if style or pattern
        raise ArgumentError, "no switch given", ParseError.filter_backtrace(caller)
      end
      s = desc
    else
      short << pattern
      s = (style || default_style).new(pattern, conv, nil, nil, arg, desc, block)
    end

    # Make sure required switches are given
    if required && !(default_argv.include?("-#short[0]") || default_argv.include?("--#long[0]"))
        @missing_switches ||= [] # Should be placed in initialize if incorporated into Ruby proper

        # This is more clear but ugly and long.
        #missing = "-#short[0]" if !short.empty?
        #missing = "#missing or " if !short.empty? && !long.empty?
        #missing = "#missing--#long[0]" if !long.empty?

        # This is less clear and uglier but shorter.
        missing = "#"-#short[0]" if !short.empty?#" or " if !short.empty? && !long.empty?#"--#long[0]" if !long.empty?"

        @missing_switches << "Missing switch: #missing"
    end

    return s, short, long,
      (not_style.new(not_pattern, not_conv, sdesc, ldesc, nil, desc, block) if not_style),
      nolong
  end

end

【讨论】:

pickled_optparse requires Ruby version ~&gt; 1.9.2. :( @DamianNowak - 克隆 github 存储库并修改 pickled_optparse.gemspec 文件的第 36 行。然后执行gem build .\pickled_optparse.gemspec &amp;&amp; gem install .\pickled_optparse-0.1.1.gem,一切顺利。【参考方案8】:

我假设您在这里使用 optparse,尽管相同的技术也适用于其他选项解析库。

最简单的方法可能是使用您选择的选项解析库解析参数,然后如果 host 的值为 nil,则引发 OptionParser::MissingArgument Exception。

以下代码说明

#!/usr/bin/env ruby
require 'optparse'

options = 

optparse = OptionParser.new do |opts|
  opts.on('-h', '--host HOSTNAME', "Mandatory Host Name") do |f|
    options[:host] = f
  end
end

optparse.parse!

#Now raise an exception if we have not found a host option
raise OptionParser::MissingArgument if options[:host].nil?


puts "Host = #options[:host]"

用命令行运行这个例子

./program -h somehost

简单显示“Host = somehost”

在缺少 -h 且没有文件名的情况下运行时会产生以下输出

./program:15: missing argument:  (OptionParser::MissingArgument)

使用 ./program -h 命令行运行会产生

/usr/lib/ruby/1.8/optparse.rb:451:in `parse': missing argument: -h (OptionParser::MissingArgument)
  from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/optparse.rb:1288:in `parse_in_order'
  from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/optparse.rb:1247:in `catch'
  from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/optparse.rb:1247:in `parse_in_order'
  from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/optparse.rb:1241:in `order!'
  from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/optparse.rb:1332:in `permute!'
  from /usr/lib/ruby/1.8/optparse.rb:1353:in `parse!'
  from ./program:13

【讨论】:

这不是库的原生特性,如果你有更多需要的开关,它就不是很干燥。谢谢。 与其引发神秘的异常,我更喜欢通过调用Kernel.abort 以非零状态退出。它需要一个可选参数,您可以使用它来指定中止的原因。 同意泰德。它根本不是 DRY,应该为它不是 DRY 而感到羞耻。我的第一个命令行应用程序需要一个强制开关,所以不包括在内是不合情理的。 @Ted - 我同意。当我查看库 python 有 ruby​​ 时,看起来很可悲。带有示例的清晰文档、足够的灵活性甚至是教程。使用 optparse,我可以获得一些半成品文档和一组有限的选项。 docs.python.org/2.7/library/argparse.html DRY 问题可以轻松解决。例如 ` options = required = [] optparse = OptionParser.new do |opts|必需

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