SQL 连接 3 个表（基于 2 个条件？）

Posted 2023-05-07

【中文标题】SQL 连接 3 个表（基于 2 个条件？）

【英文标题】：SQL join 3 tables (based on 2 criterias?)

【发布时间】：2012-11-22 18:59:05

【问题描述】：

我有 3 个这样的表设置（有点简化）：

时间跟踪：id、tr_proj_id、tr_min、tr_type time_projects: id, project_name time_tasks: id, task_name

基本上，我想根据 tr_type 检索 project_name 或 task_name，这可能是“项目”或“任务”的价值

一个例子

时间跟踪

+----+------------+--------+---------+
| id | tr_proj_id | tr_min | tr_type |
+----+------------+--------+---------+
|  1 |          3 |     60 | project |
|  2 |          3 |    360 | task    |
|  3 |          1 |    120 | project |
|  4 |          2 |     30 | project |
|  5 |          2 |     30 | task    |
|  6 |          1 |     90 | task    |
+----+------------+--------+---------+

time_projects

+----+------------------------+
| id |      project_name      |
+----+------------------------+
|  1 | Make someone happy     |
|  2 | Start a project        |
|  3 | Jump out of the window |
+----+------------------------+

time_tasks

+----+---------------------+
| id |      task_name      |
+----+---------------------+
|  1 | drink a beer        |
|  2 | drink a second beer |
|  3 | drink more          |
+----+---------------------+

期望的输出

+----+------------------------+------------+--------+---------+
| id |          name          | tr_proj_id | tr_min | tr_type |
+----+------------------------+------------+--------+---------+
|  1 | Jump out of the window |          3 |     60 | project |
|  2 | drink more             |          3 |    360 | task    |
|  3 | Make someone happy     |          1 |    120 | project |
|  4 | Start a project        |          2 |     30 | project |
|  5 | drink a second beer    |          2 |     30 | task    |
|  6 | drink a beer           |          1 |     90 | task    |
+----+------------------------+------------+--------+---------+

在整个 JOIN 事情上真的很糟糕，这是我迄今为止唯一想到的（这不起作用..）：

SELECT tt.tr_proj_id, tt.tr_type, tt.tr_min, pp.project_name, pp.id, ta.task_name, ta.id
FROM time_tracking as tt, time_projects as pp, time_tasks as ta 
WHERE ((tt.tr_type = 'project' AND pp.id = tt.tr_proj_id) OR (tt.tr_type = 'task' AND ta.id = tt.tr_proj_id)) 
AND tt.tr_min > 0
ORDER BY tt.tr_proj_id DESC

如果有人知道如何做到这一点，请随时分享！

---

更新：我好像忘了指明我使用的是访问数据库。这显然不接受CASE 或coalesce 之类的东西。显然有IIF()，但我不太确定在这种情况下如何使用它。

【问题讨论】：

为什么这是任务？ 2 | drink more | 3 | 360 | task

所需的输出无法理解，“发送电子邮件”在哪里？

@HamletHakobyan 我的错，你是对的，我编辑以更正输出

更新了我的问题，忘了说我在这种情况下使用的是访问数据库

【参考方案1】：

使用 join 子句并将连接条件从 where 子句移到 on 子句中：

SELECT
    tt.tr_proj_id,
    tt.tr_type,
    tt.tr_min,
    pp.project_name,
    pp.id,
    ta.task_name,
    ta.id
FROM time_tracking as tt
left join time_projects as pp on tt.tr_type = 'project' AND pp.id = tt.tr_proj_id
left join time_tasks as ta on tt.tr_type = 'task' AND ta.id = tt.tr_proj_id
WHERE tt.tr_min > 0
ORDER BY tt.tr_proj_id DESC,tt.tr_day ASC

我使用了left join，它会在主表中为您提供一行，即使连接不存在（如果没有连接，您会从连接表中的列中获得空值）

---

这里有一个关键点，许多 SQL 程序员没有意识到，ON 子句可能包含任何条件，甚至不是来自连接表的条件（如本例所示）。许多程序员认为条件只能是与正式外键关系相关的条件。

【参考方案2】：

试试这个：

SELECT
    tt.id,
    CASE WHEN tt.tr_type = 'project' THEN pp.project_name
         WHEN tt.tr_type = 'task' THEN ta.task_name END as name,
    tt.tr_proj_id,
    tt.tr_type,
    tt.tr_min,
FROM time_tracking as tt
   left join time_projects as pp on pp.id = tt.tr_proj_id
   left join time_tasks as ta on ta.id = tt.tr_proj_id
WHERE tt.tr_min > 0
ORDER BY tt.tr_proj_id DESC

【讨论】：

在这种情况下使用 Access，我将 CASE 替换为 IIf()，它成功了！ SELECT tt.id, IIf([tt.tr_type] = 'project', [pp.project_name],[ta.task_name]) as name, tt.tr_proj_id, etc..

【参考方案3】：

对两个连接执行联合：

select tt.id, tp.project_name name, tt.tr_proj_id, tt.tr_min, tt.tr_type
  from time_tracking tt
       inner join time_projects tp on tp.id = tt.tr_proj_id
 where tt.tr_type = 'project'
union all
select tt.id, tp.project_name name, tt.tr_proj_id, tt.tr_min, tt.tr_type
  from time_tracking tt
       inner join time_tasks tk on tk.id = tt.tr_proj_id
 where tt.tr_type = 'task'

这将为您提供所需的确切表格结果

【参考方案4】：

SELECT
    time_tracking.id,
    time_tracking.tr_min,
    time_tracking.tr_type,
    coalesce(time_projects.project_name, time_tasks.task_name) as name
FROM time_tracking
LEFT OUTER JOIN time_projects on time_projects.id = time_tracking.tr_proj_id AND time_tracking.tr_type = 'project'
LEFT OUTER JOIN time_tasks on time_tasks.id = time_tracking.tr_proj_id AND time_tracking.tr_type = 'task'
WHERE time_tracking.tr_min > 0
ORDER BY time_tracking.id DESC -- ...

coalesce 是 MSSQL，在其他数据库技术中有等价的 ISNULL 等

这个想法是你加入表，如果加入失败，你会得到NULL 加入失败的地方。然后你使用COALESCE 来挑选出成功加入的值。