如何在不回显的情况下从 shell 脚本中获取密码

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【中文标题】如何在不回显的情况下从 shell 脚本中获取密码【英文标题】:How to get a password from a shell script without echoing 【发布时间】:2011-04-28 04:43:35 【问题描述】:

我有一个脚本可以自动执行需要访问受密码保护的系统的进程。通过接受用户密码作为参数的命令行程序访问系统。

我想提示用户输入他们的密码,将其分配给一个 shell 变量,然后使用该变量来构造访问程序的命令行(这当然会产生我将处理的流输出) .

我是 Bourne/Bash 中相当称职的 shell 程序员,但我不知道如何接受用户输入而不将其回显到终端(或者可能使用“*”字符回显)。

有人可以帮忙吗?

【问题讨论】:

How to make bash script ask for a password?的可能重复 PSA:读取密码时始终使用 -r 参数运行 read。否则反斜杠可能会丢失。没有一个答案提到这一点。 The accepted answer to the duplicate question 涵盖了这个和更多的边缘情况。例如。设置 IFS= 以免丢失尾随空格。 【参考方案1】:

使用stty 关闭echo,然后再重新打开。

【讨论】:

【参考方案2】:

符合 POSIX 标准的答案。注意使用/bin/sh 而不是/bin/bash。 (它确实适用于 bash,但它不需要 bash。)

#!/bin/sh
stty -echo
printf "Password: "
read PASSWORD
stty echo
printf "\n"

【讨论】:

最初被认为是最佳解决方案,并在我正在编写的脚本中使用,但 'read -s -p "password: " PASSWORD' 似乎要简单得多。 不,真的,如果您想符合 POSIX 标准,请使用 stty。这个答案中的代码甚至不能在 bash 上完美运行,但实际上在符合 POSIX 的 all shell 上运行。 不幸的是,在 stty -echo 发生后使用 CTRL+C 中断会使您的终端损坏。这里可能需要一些更好的错误捕获。 如果可能的话,read 处理隐藏密码似乎更好。 echo -n "Password: " && read -s password || stty -echo; read password; stty echo; @PypeBros 您可以捕获中断以重新打开回显:trap 'stty echo' INT。这将在包装此功能的脚本或函数的开头。【参考方案3】:

这是另一种方法:

#!/bin/bash
# Read Password
echo -n Password: 
read -s password
echo
# Run Command
echo $password

read -s 将为您关闭回声。只需将最后一行的echo 替换为您要运行的命令即可。

【讨论】:

某些 shell 允许您为 read 命令指定提示符:read -s -p "Password:" password 请注意 read -s 不在 POSIX 中,如果你使用它,你的脚本依赖于 bash。如果您想符合 POSIX,则应该改用下面建议的 stty -echo 解决方案,因为 stty 及其 echo 参数是在 POSIX 中定义的。 哦,echo -n 也不在 POSIX 中。请改用printf 根据我的尝试:仅适用于/bin/bash 而不适用于/bin/sh,只是为了说明这一点。 我用echo "$REPLY" | sed -r 's/./*/g'(甚至是任意数量的星号)而不是空的echo来跟进它,让他们知道他们的密码输入已经被看到(如果他们输入了一个。我有如果他们选择跳过我的特定脚本中的提示,则默认密码)【参考方案4】:

一个班轮:

read -s -p "Password: " password

在 Linux(和 cygwin)下,这种形式在 bash 和 sh 中工作。不过,它可能不是标准的 Unix sh。

如需更多信息和选项,请在 bash 中输入“help read”。

$ help read
read: read [-ers] [-a array] [-d delim] [-i text] [-n nchars] [-N nchars] [-p prompt] [-t timeout] [-u fd] [name ...]
Read a line from the standard input and split it into fields.
  ...
  -p prompt output the string PROMPT without a trailing newline before
            attempting to read
  ...
  -s                do not echo input coming from a terminal

【讨论】:

如果命令生成“read: Illegal option -s”,则表示需要直接执行脚本(./script vs sh ./script)...见***.com/questions/30554353/… @shao.lo 不,这只是意味着您需要使用 bash,而不是 sh。仅当脚本中的 shebang 标头使用 bash 时,您的评论才适用。【参考方案5】:

read-s 选项未在 POSIX 标准中定义。见http://pubs.opengroup.org/onlinepubs/9699919799/utilities/read.html。我想要一些适用于任何 POSIX shell 的东西,所以我编写了一个小函数,使用 stty 来禁用回显。

#!/bin/sh

# Read secret string
read_secret()

    # Disable echo.
    stty -echo

    # Set up trap to ensure echo is enabled before exiting if the script
    # is terminated while echo is disabled.
    trap 'stty echo' EXIT

    # Read secret.
    read "$@"

    # Enable echo.
    stty echo
    trap - EXIT

    # Print a newline because the newline entered by the user after
    # entering the passcode is not echoed. This ensures that the
    # next line of output begins at a new line.
    echo

此函数的行为与read 命令非常相似。这是read 的简单用法,然后是read_secret 的类似用法。 read_secret 的输入显示为空,因为它没有回显到终端。

[susam@cube ~]$ read a b c
foo \bar baz \qux
[susam@cube ~]$ echo a=$a b=$b c=$c
a=foo b=bar c=baz qux
[susam@cube ~]$ unset a b c
[susam@cube ~]$ read_secret a b c

[susam@cube ~]$ echo a=$a b=$b c=$c
a=foo b=bar c=baz qux
[susam@cube ~]$ unset a b c

这是另一个使用-r 选项在输入中保留反斜杠的方法。这是因为上面定义的read_secret 函数将它接收到的所有参数传递给read 命令。

[susam@cube ~]$ read -r a b c
foo \bar baz \qux
[susam@cube ~]$ echo a=$a b=$b c=$c
a=foo b=\bar c=baz \qux
[susam@cube ~]$ unset a b c
[susam@cube ~]$ read_secret -r a b c

[susam@cube ~]$ echo a=$a b=$b c=$c
a=foo b=\bar c=baz \qux
[susam@cube ~]$ unset a b c

最后,这是一个示例,展示了如何使用read_secret 函数以符合 POSIX 的方式读取密码。

printf "Password: "
read_secret password
# Do something with $password here ...

【讨论】:

应该确保在 shell 中没有禁用 echo 并且如果之前没有启用它...可以使用oldtty = stty -g 然后在最后使用stty $oldtty 来恢复之前的设置。否则,那就太好了。 因为失败read: Illegal option -s得到了我的投票【参考方案6】:

我发现askpass这个命令很有用

password=$(/lib/cryptsetup/askpass "Give a password")

每个输入字符都被 * 替换。看: 给个密码****

【讨论】:

这个/lib/cryptsetup/askpass 来自哪里?它当然不是标准的 *nix(或 GNU/Linux)工具。 这是迄今为止我见过的最好的解决方案。它来自 cryptsetup,它是加密硬盘驱动器的标准,非常常用。 sudo apt-get install cryptsetup. 我尝试使用它,但星星并没有出现,而且它在我关闭它之前把我的终端搞砸了。任何进一步的 shell 输入都被隐藏了! 如果我输入密码就可以工作,但是如果我尝试中止并用Ctrl+C 杀死它,它会弄乱终端 我用这个方法作为单行器来询问密码并将其写入文件(是的,我知道我在做什么^^):/lib/cryptsetup/askpass "Give a password" > pass.txt 非常有用,谢谢!【参考方案7】:

您也可以通过以下方式提示输入密码,而无需在当前 shell 中设置变量:

$(read -s;echo $REPLY)

例如:

my-command --set password=$(read -sp "Password: ";echo $REPLY)

您可以使用换行符添加其中几个提示值,这样做:

my-command --set user=$(read -sp "`echo $'\n '`User: ";echo $REPLY) --set password=$(read -sp "`echo $'\n '`Password: ";echo $REPLY)

【讨论】:

【参考方案8】:

此链接有助于定义, * 如何从使用中读取密码而不将其回显到终端 * 如何用 * -character 替换每个字符。

https://www.tutorialkart.com/bash-shell-scripting/bash-read-username-and-password/

【讨论】:

【参考方案9】:

对于需要提示输入密码的任何人,您可能有兴趣使用encpass.sh。这是我为类似目的而编写的脚本,目的是在运行时捕获秘密,然后对其进行加密以备后续使用。后续运行不会提示输入密码,因为它只会使用磁盘中的加密值。

它将加密的密码存储在用户主目录下的隐藏文件夹或您可以通过环境变量 ENCPASS_HOME_DIR 定义的自定义文件夹中。它被设计为符合 POSIX 并具有 MIT 许可证,因此它甚至可以在企业企业环境中使用。我的公司Plyint LLC 维护脚本并偶尔发布更新。如果您发现问题,也欢迎请求请求。 :)

要在脚本中使用它,只需在脚本中获取 encpass.sh 并调用 get_secret 函数。为了便于查看,我在下面包含了脚本的副本。

#!/bin/sh
################################################################################
# Copyright (c) 2020 Plyint, LLC <contact@plyint.com>. All Rights Reserved.
# This file is licensed under the MIT License (MIT). 
# Please see LICENSE.txt for more information.
# 
# DESCRIPTION: 
# This script allows a user to encrypt a password (or any other secret) at 
# runtime and then use it, decrypted, within a script.  This prevents shoulder 
# surfing passwords and avoids storing the password in plain text, which could 
# inadvertently be sent to or discovered by an individual at a later date.
#
# This script generates an AES 256 bit symmetric key for each script (or user-
# defined bucket) that stores secrets.  This key will then be used to encrypt 
# all secrets for that script or bucket.  encpass.sh sets up a directory 
# (.encpass) under the user's home directory where keys and secrets will be 
# stored.
#
# For further details, see README.md or run "./encpass ?" from the command line.
#
################################################################################

encpass_checks() 
    if [ -n "$ENCPASS_CHECKS" ]; then
        return
    fi

    if [ ! -x "$(command -v openssl)" ]; then
        echo "Error: OpenSSL is not installed or not accessible in the current path." \
            "Please install it and try again." >&2
        exit 1
    fi

    if [ -z "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR" ]; then
        ENCPASS_HOME_DIR=$(encpass_get_abs_filename ~)/.encpass
    fi

    if [ ! -d "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR" ]; then
        mkdir -m 700 "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR"
        mkdir -m 700 "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/keys"
        mkdir -m 700 "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/secrets"
    fi

    if [ "$(basename "$0")" != "encpass.sh" ]; then
        encpass_include_init "$1" "$2"
    fi

    ENCPASS_CHECKS=1


# Initializations performed when the script is included by another script
encpass_include_init() 
    if [ -n "$1" ] && [ -n "$2" ]; then
        ENCPASS_BUCKET=$1
        ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME=$2
    elif [ -n "$1" ]; then
        ENCPASS_BUCKET=$(basename "$0")
        ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME=$1
    else
        ENCPASS_BUCKET=$(basename "$0")
        ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME="password"
    fi


encpass_generate_private_key() 
    ENCPASS_KEY_DIR="$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/keys/$ENCPASS_BUCKET"

    if [ ! -d "$ENCPASS_KEY_DIR" ]; then
        mkdir -m 700 "$ENCPASS_KEY_DIR"
    fi

    if [ ! -f "$ENCPASS_KEY_DIR/private.key" ]; then
        (umask 0377 && printf "%s" "$(openssl rand -hex 32)" >"$ENCPASS_KEY_DIR/private.key")
    fi


encpass_get_private_key_abs_name() 
    ENCPASS_PRIVATE_KEY_ABS_NAME="$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/keys/$ENCPASS_BUCKET/private.key"

    if [ "$1" != "nogenerate" ]; then 
        if [ ! -f "$ENCPASS_PRIVATE_KEY_ABS_NAME" ]; then
            encpass_generate_private_key
        fi
    fi


encpass_get_secret_abs_name() 
    ENCPASS_SECRET_ABS_NAME="$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/secrets/$ENCPASS_BUCKET/$ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME.enc"

    if [ "$3" != "nocreate" ]; then 
        if [ ! -f "$ENCPASS_SECRET_ABS_NAME" ]; then
            set_secret "$1" "$2"
        fi
    fi


get_secret() 
    encpass_checks "$1" "$2"
    encpass_get_private_key_abs_name
    encpass_get_secret_abs_name "$1" "$2"
    encpass_decrypt_secret


set_secret() 
    encpass_checks "$1" "$2"

    if [ "$3" != "reuse" ] ||  [ -z "$ENCPASS_SECRET_INPUT" ] && [ -z "$ENCPASS_CSECRET_INPUT" ]; ; then
        echo "Enter $ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME:" >&2
        stty -echo
        read -r ENCPASS_SECRET_INPUT
        stty echo
        echo "Confirm $ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME:" >&2
        stty -echo
        read -r ENCPASS_CSECRET_INPUT
        stty echo
    fi

    if [ "$ENCPASS_SECRET_INPUT" = "$ENCPASS_CSECRET_INPUT" ]; then
        encpass_get_private_key_abs_name
        ENCPASS_SECRET_DIR="$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/secrets/$ENCPASS_BUCKET"

        if [ ! -d "$ENCPASS_SECRET_DIR" ]; then
            mkdir -m 700 "$ENCPASS_SECRET_DIR"
        fi

        printf "%s" "$(openssl rand -hex 16)" >"$ENCPASS_SECRET_DIR/$ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME.enc"

        ENCPASS_OPENSSL_IV="$(cat "$ENCPASS_SECRET_DIR/$ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME.enc")"

        echo "$ENCPASS_SECRET_INPUT" | openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -e -a -iv \
            "$ENCPASS_OPENSSL_IV" -K \
            "$(cat "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/keys/$ENCPASS_BUCKET/private.key")" 1>> \
                    "$ENCPASS_SECRET_DIR/$ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME.enc"
    else
        echo "Error: secrets do not match.  Please try again." >&2
        exit 1
    fi


encpass_get_abs_filename() 
    # $1 : relative filename
    filename="$1"
    parentdir="$(dirname "$filename")"

    if [ -d "$filename" ]; then
        cd "$filename" && pwd
    elif [ -d "$parentdir" ]; then
        echo "$(cd "$parentdir" && pwd)/$(basename "$filename")"
    fi


encpass_decrypt_secret() 
    if [ -f "$ENCPASS_PRIVATE_KEY_ABS_NAME" ]; then
        ENCPASS_DECRYPT_RESULT="$(dd if="$ENCPASS_SECRET_ABS_NAME" ibs=1 skip=32 2> /dev/null | openssl enc -aes-256-cbc \
            -d -a -iv "$(head -c 32 "$ENCPASS_SECRET_ABS_NAME")" -K "$(cat "$ENCPASS_PRIVATE_KEY_ABS_NAME")" 2> /dev/null)"
        if [ ! -z "$ENCPASS_DECRYPT_RESULT" ]; then
            echo "$ENCPASS_DECRYPT_RESULT"
        else
            # If a failed unlock command occurred and the user tries to show the secret
            # Present either locked or decrypt command
            if [ -f "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/keys/$ENCPASS_BUCKET/private.lock" ]; then 
            echo "**Locked**"
            else
                # The locked file wasn't present as expected.  Let's display a failure
            echo "Error: Failed to decrypt"
            fi
        fi
    elif [ -f "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/keys/$ENCPASS_BUCKET/private.lock" ]; then
        echo "**Locked**"
    else
        echo "Error: Unable to decrypt. The key file \"$ENCPASS_PRIVATE_KEY_ABS_NAME\" is not present."
    fi



##########################################################
# COMMAND LINE MANAGEMENT SUPPORT
# -------------------------------
# If you don't need to manage the secrets for the scripts
# with encpass.sh you can delete all code below this point
# in order to significantly reduce the size of encpass.sh.
# This is useful if you want to bundle encpass.sh with
# your existing scripts and just need the retrieval
# functions.
##########################################################

encpass_show_secret() 
    encpass_checks
    ENCPASS_BUCKET=$1

    encpass_get_private_key_abs_name "nogenerate"

    if [ ! -z "$2" ]; then
        ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME=$2
        encpass_get_secret_abs_name "$1" "$2" "nocreate"
        if [ -z "$ENCPASS_SECRET_ABS_NAME" ]; then
            echo "No secret named $2 found for bucket $1."
            exit 1
        fi

        encpass_decrypt_secret
    else
        ENCPASS_FILE_LIST=$(ls -1 "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR"/secrets/"$1")
        for ENCPASS_F in $ENCPASS_FILE_LIST; do
            ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME=$(basename "$ENCPASS_F" .enc)

            encpass_get_secret_abs_name "$1" "$ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME" "nocreate"
            if [ -z "$ENCPASS_SECRET_ABS_NAME" ]; then
                echo "No secret named $ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME found for bucket $1."
                exit 1
            fi

            echo "$ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME = $(encpass_decrypt_secret)"
        done
    fi


encpass_getche() 
        old=$(stty -g)
        stty raw min 1 time 0
        printf '%s' "$(dd bs=1 count=1 2>/dev/null)"
        stty "$old"


encpass_remove() 
    if [ ! -n "$ENCPASS_FORCE_REMOVE" ]; then
        if [ ! -z "$ENCPASS_SECRET" ]; then
            printf "Are you sure you want to remove the secret \"%s\" from bucket \"%s\"? [y/N]" "$ENCPASS_SECRET" "$ENCPASS_BUCKET"
        else
            printf "Are you sure you want to remove the bucket \"%s?\" [y/N]" "$ENCPASS_BUCKET"
        fi

        ENCPASS_CONFIRM="$(encpass_getche)"
        printf "\n"
        if [ "$ENCPASS_CONFIRM" != "Y" ] && [ "$ENCPASS_CONFIRM" != "y" ]; then
            exit 0
        fi
    fi

    if [ ! -z "$ENCPASS_SECRET" ]; then
        rm -f "$1"
        printf "Secret \"%s\" removed from bucket \"%s\".\n" "$ENCPASS_SECRET" "$ENCPASS_BUCKET"
    else
        rm -Rf "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/keys/$ENCPASS_BUCKET"
        rm -Rf "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/secrets/$ENCPASS_BUCKET"
        printf "Bucket \"%s\" removed.\n" "$ENCPASS_BUCKET"
    fi


encpass_save_err() 
    if read -r x; then
         printf "%s\n" "$x"; cat;  > "$1"
    elif [ "$x" != "" ]; then
        printf "%s" "$x" > "$1"
    fi


encpass_help() 
less << EOF
NAME:
    encpass.sh - Use encrypted passwords in shell scripts

DESCRIPTION: 
    A lightweight solution for using encrypted passwords in shell scripts 
    using OpenSSL. It allows a user to encrypt a password (or any other secret)
    at runtime and then use it, decrypted, within a script. This prevents
    shoulder surfing passwords and avoids storing the password in plain text, 
    within a script, which could inadvertently be sent to or discovered by an 
    individual at a later date.

    This script generates an AES 256 bit symmetric key for each script 
    (or user-defined bucket) that stores secrets. This key will then be used 
    to encrypt all secrets for that script or bucket.

    Subsequent calls to retrieve a secret will not prompt for a secret to be 
    entered as the file with the encrypted value already exists.

    Note: By default, encpass.sh sets up a directory (.encpass) under the 
    user's home directory where keys and secrets will be stored.  This directory
    can be overridden by setting the environment variable ENCPASS_HOME_DIR to a
    directory of your choice.

    ~/.encpass (or the directory specified by ENCPASS_HOME_DIR) will contain 
    the following subdirectories:
      - keys (Holds the private key for each script/bucket)
      - secrets (Holds the secrets stored for each script/bucket)

USAGE:
    To use the encpass.sh script in an existing shell script, source the script 
    and then call the get_secret function.

    Example:

        #!/bin/sh
        . encpass.sh
        password=\$(get_secret)

    When no arguments are passed to the get_secret function,
    then the bucket name is set to the name of the script and
    the secret name is set to "password".

    There are 2 other ways to call get_secret:

      Specify the secret name:
      Ex: \$(get_secret user)
        - bucket name = <script name>
        - secret name = "user"

      Specify both the secret name and bucket name:
      Ex: \$(get_secret personal user)
        - bucket name = "personal"
        - secret name = "user"

    encpass.sh also provides a command line interface to manage the secrets.
    To invoke a command, pass it as an argument to encpass.sh from the shell.

        $ encpass.sh [COMMAND]

    See the COMMANDS section below for a list of available commands.  Wildcard
    handling is implemented for secret and bucket names.  This enables
    performing operations like adding/removing a secret to/from multiple buckets
        at once.

COMMANDS:
    add [-f] <bucket> <secret>
        Add a secret to the specified bucket.  The bucket will be created
        if it does not already exist. If a secret with the same name already
        exists for the specified bucket, then the user will be prompted to
        confirm overwriting the value.  If the -f option is passed, then the
        add operation will perform a forceful overwrite of the value. (i.e. no
        prompt)

    list|ls [<bucket>]
        Display the names of the secrets held in the bucket.  If no bucket
        is specified, then the names of all existing buckets will be
        displayed.

    lock
        Locks all keys used by encpass.sh using a password.  The user
        will be prompted to enter a password and confirm it.  A user
        should take care to securely store the password.  If the password
        is lost then keys can not be unlocked.  When keys are locked,
        secrets can not be retrieved. (e.g. the output of the values
        in the "show" command will be encrypted/garbage)

    remove|rm [-f] <bucket> [<secret>]
        Remove a secret from the specified bucket.  If only a bucket is
        specified then the entire bucket (i.e. all secrets and keys) will
        be removed.  By default the user is asked to confirm the removal of
        the secret or the bucket.  If the -f option is passed then a 
        forceful removal will be performed.  (i.e. no prompt)

    show [<bucket>] [<secret>]
        Show the unencrypted value of the secret from the specified bucket.
        If no secret is specified then all secrets for the bucket are displayed.

    update <bucket> <secret>
        Updates a secret in the specified bucket.  This command is similar
        to using an "add -f" command, but it has a safety check to only 
        proceed if the specified secret exists.  If the secret, does not
        already exist, then an error will be reported. There is no forceable
        update implemented.  Use "add -f" for any required forceable update
        scenarios.

    unlock
        Unlocks all the keys for encpass.sh.  The user will be prompted to 
        enter the password and confirm it.

    dir
        Prints out the current value of the ENCPASS_HOME_DIR environment variable.

    help|--help|usage|--usage|?
        Display this help message.
EOF


# Subcommands for cli support
case "$1" in
    add )
        shift
        while getopts ":f" ENCPASS_OPTS; do
            case "$ENCPASS_OPTS" in
                f ) ENCPASS_FORCE_ADD=1;;
            esac
        done

        encpass_checks

        if [ -n "$ENCPASS_FORCE_ADD" ]; then
            shift $((OPTIND-1))
        fi

        if [ ! -z "$1" ] && [ ! -z "$2" ]; then
            # Allow globbing
            # shellcheck disable=SC2027,SC2086
            ENCPASS_ADD_LIST="$(ls -1d "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/secrets/"$1"" 2>/dev/null)"
            if [ -z "$ENCPASS_ADD_LIST" ]; then
                ENCPASS_ADD_LIST="$1"
            fi

            for ENCPASS_ADD_F in $ENCPASS_ADD_LIST; do
                ENCPASS_ADD_DIR="$(basename "$ENCPASS_ADD_F")"
                ENCPASS_BUCKET="$ENCPASS_ADD_DIR"
                if [ ! -n "$ENCPASS_FORCE_ADD" ] && [ -f "$ENCPASS_ADD_F/$2.enc" ]; then
                    echo "Warning: A secret with the name \"$2\" already exists for bucket $ENCPASS_BUCKET."
                    echo "Would you like to overwrite the value? [y/N]"

                    ENCPASS_CONFIRM="$(encpass_getche)"
                    if [ "$ENCPASS_CONFIRM" != "Y" ] && [ "$ENCPASS_CONFIRM" != "y" ]; then
                        continue
                    fi
                fi

                ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME="$2"
                echo "Adding secret \"$ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME\" to bucket \"$ENCPASS_BUCKET\"..."
                set_secret "$ENCPASS_BUCKET" "$ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME" "reuse"
            done
        else
            echo "Error: A bucket name and secret name must be provided when adding a secret."
            exit 1
        fi
        ;;
    update )
        shift

        encpass_checks
        if [ ! -z "$1" ] && [ ! -z "$2" ]; then

            ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME="$2"
            # Allow globbing
            # shellcheck disable=SC2027,SC2086
            ENCPASS_UPDATE_LIST="$(ls -1d "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/secrets/"$1"" 2>/dev/null)"

            for ENCPASS_UPDATE_F in $ENCPASS_UPDATE_LIST; do
                # Allow globbing
                # shellcheck disable=SC2027,SC2086
                if [ -f "$ENCPASS_UPDATE_F/"$2".enc" ]; then
                        ENCPASS_UPDATE_DIR="$(basename "$ENCPASS_UPDATE_F")"
                        ENCPASS_BUCKET="$ENCPASS_UPDATE_DIR"
                        echo "Updating secret \"$ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME\" to bucket \"$ENCPASS_BUCKET\"..."
                        set_secret "$ENCPASS_BUCKET" "$ENCPASS_SECRET_NAME" "reuse"
                else
                    echo "Error: A secret with the name \"$2\" does not exist for bucket $1."
                    exit 1
                fi
            done
        else
            echo "Error: A bucket name and secret name must be provided when updating a secret."
            exit 1
        fi
        ;;
    rm|remove )
        shift
        encpass_checks

        while getopts ":f" ENCPASS_OPTS; do
            case "$ENCPASS_OPTS" in
                f ) ENCPASS_FORCE_REMOVE=1;;
            esac
        done

        if [ -n "$ENCPASS_FORCE_REMOVE" ]; then
            shift $((OPTIND-1))
        fi

        if [ -z "$1" ]; then 
            echo "Error: A bucket must be specified for removal."
        fi

        # Allow globbing
        # shellcheck disable=SC2027,SC2086
        ENCPASS_REMOVE_BKT_LIST="$(ls -1d "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/secrets/"$1"" 2>/dev/null)"
        if [ ! -z "$ENCPASS_REMOVE_BKT_LIST" ]; then
            for ENCPASS_REMOVE_B in $ENCPASS_REMOVE_BKT_LIST; do

                ENCPASS_BUCKET="$(basename "$ENCPASS_REMOVE_B")"
                if [ ! -z "$2" ]; then
                    # Removing secrets for a specified bucket
                    # Allow globbing
                    # shellcheck disable=SC2027,SC2086
                    ENCPASS_REMOVE_LIST="$(ls -1p "$ENCPASS_REMOVE_B/"$2".enc" 2>/dev/null)"

                    if [ -z "$ENCPASS_REMOVE_LIST" ]; then
                        echo "Error: No secrets found for $2 in bucket $ENCPASS_BUCKET."
                        exit 1
                    fi

                    for ENCPASS_REMOVE_F in $ENCPASS_REMOVE_LIST; do
                        ENCPASS_SECRET="$2"
                        encpass_remove "$ENCPASS_REMOVE_F"
                    done
                else
                    # Removing a specified bucket
                    encpass_remove
                fi

            done
        else
            echo "Error: The bucket named $1 does not exist."
            exit 1
        fi
        ;;
    show )
        shift
        encpass_checks
        if [ -z "$1" ]; then
            ENCPASS_SHOW_DIR="*"
        else
            ENCPASS_SHOW_DIR=$1
        fi

        if [ ! -z "$2" ]; then
            # Allow globbing
            # shellcheck disable=SC2027,SC2086
            if [ -f "$(encpass_get_abs_filename "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/secrets/$ENCPASS_SHOW_DIR/"$2".enc")" ]; then
                encpass_show_secret "$ENCPASS_SHOW_DIR" "$2"
            fi
        else
            # Allow globbing
            # shellcheck disable=SC2027,SC2086
            ENCPASS_SHOW_LIST="$(ls -1d "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/secrets/"$ENCPASS_SHOW_DIR"" 2>/dev/null)"

            if [ -z "$ENCPASS_SHOW_LIST" ]; then
                if [ "$ENCPASS_SHOW_DIR" = "*" ]; then
                    echo "Error: No buckets exist."
                else
                    echo "Error: Bucket $1 does not exist."
                fi
                exit 1
            fi

            for ENCPASS_SHOW_F in $ENCPASS_SHOW_LIST; do
                ENCPASS_SHOW_DIR="$(basename "$ENCPASS_SHOW_F")"
                echo "$ENCPASS_SHOW_DIR:"
                encpass_show_secret "$ENCPASS_SHOW_DIR"
                echo " "
            done
        fi
        ;;
    ls|list )
        shift
        encpass_checks
        if [ ! -z "$1" ]; then
            # Allow globbing
            # shellcheck disable=SC2027,SC2086
            ENCPASS_FILE_LIST="$(ls -1p "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/secrets/"$1"" 2>/dev/null)"

            if [ -z "$ENCPASS_FILE_LIST" ]; then
                # Allow globbing
                # shellcheck disable=SC2027,SC2086
                ENCPASS_DIR_EXISTS="$(ls -d "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/secrets/"$1"" 2>/dev/null)"
                if [ ! -z "$ENCPASS_DIR_EXISTS" ]; then
                    echo "Bucket $1 is empty."
                else
                    echo "Error: Bucket $1 does not exist."
                fi
                exit 1
            fi

            ENCPASS_NL=""
            for ENCPASS_F in $ENCPASS_FILE_LIST; do
                if [ -d "$ENCPASS_F%:" ]; then
                    printf "$ENCPASS_NL%s\n" "$(basename "$ENCPASS_F")"
                    ENCPASS_NL="\n"
                else
                    printf "%s\n" "$(basename "$ENCPASS_F" .enc)"
                fi
            done
        else
            # Allow globbing
            # shellcheck disable=SC2027,SC2086
            ENCPASS_BUCKET_LIST="$(ls -1p "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/secrets/"$1"" 2>/dev/null)"
            for ENCPASS_C in $ENCPASS_BUCKET_LIST; do
                if [ -d "$ENCPASS_C%:" ]; then
                    printf "\n%s" "\n$(basename "$ENCPASS_C")"
                else
                    basename "$ENCPASS_C" .enc
                fi
            done
        fi
        ;;
    lock )
        shift
        encpass_checks

        echo "************************!!!WARNING!!!*************************" >&2
        echo "* You are about to lock your keys with a password.           *" >&2
        echo "* You will not be able to use your secrets again until you   *" >&2
        echo "* unlock the keys with the same password. It is important    *" >&2
        echo "* that you securely store the password, so you can recall it *" >&2
        echo "* in the future.  If you forget your password you will no    *" >&2
        echo "* longer be able to access your secrets.                     *" >&2
        echo "************************!!!WARNING!!!*************************" >&2

        printf "\n%s\n" "About to lock keys held in directory $ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/keys/"

        printf "\nEnter Password to lock keys:" >&2
        stty -echo
        read -r ENCPASS_KEY_PASS
        printf "\nConfirm Password:" >&2
        read -r ENCPASS_CKEY_PASS
        printf "\n"
        stty echo

        if [ -z "$ENCPASS_KEY_PASS" ]; then
            echo "Error: You must supply a password value."
            exit 1
        fi

        if [ "$ENCPASS_KEY_PASS" = "$ENCPASS_CKEY_PASS" ]; then
            ENCPASS_NUM_KEYS_LOCKED=0
            ENCPASS_KEYS_LIST="$(ls -1d "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/keys/"*"/" 2>/dev/null)"
            for ENCPASS_KEY_F in $ENCPASS_KEYS_LIST; do

                if [ -d "$ENCPASS_KEY_F%:" ]; then
                    ENCPASS_KEY_NAME="$(basename "$ENCPASS_KEY_F")"
                    ENCPASS_KEY_VALUE=""
                    if [ -f "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.key" ]; then
                        ENCPASS_KEY_VALUE="$(cat "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.key")"
                        if [ ! -f "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.lock" ]; then
                        echo "Locking key $ENCPASS_KEY_NAME..."
                        else
                          echo "Error: The key $ENCPASS_KEY_NAME appears to have been previously locked."
                            echo "       The current key file may hold a bad value. Exiting to avoid encrypting"
                            echo "       a bad value and overwriting the lock file."
                            exit 1
                        fi
                    else
                        echo "Error: Private key file $ENCPASS_KEY_Fprivate.key missing for bucket $ENCPASS_KEY_NAME."
                        exit 1
                    fi
                    if [ ! -z "$ENCPASS_KEY_VALUE" ]; then
                        openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -pbkdf2 -iter 10000 -salt -in "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.key" -out "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.lock" -k "$ENCPASS_KEY_PASS"
                        if [ -f "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.key" ] && [ -f "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.lock" ]; then
                            # Both the key and lock file exist.  We can remove the key file now
                            rm -f "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.key"
                            echo "Locked key $ENCPASS_KEY_NAME."
                            ENCPASS_NUM_KEYS_LOCKED=$(( ENCPASS_NUM_KEYS_LOCKED + 1 ))
                        else
                            echo "Error: The key fle and/or lock file were not found as expected for key $ENCPASS_KEY_NAME."
                        fi
                    else
                        echo "Error: No key value found for the $ENCPASS_KEY_NAME key."
                        exit 1
                    fi
                fi
            done
            echo "Locked $ENCPASS_NUM_KEYS_LOCKED keys."
        else
            echo "Error: Passwords do not match."
        fi
        ;;
    unlock )
        shift
        encpass_checks

        printf "%s\n" "About to unlock keys held in the $ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/keys/ directory."

        printf "\nEnter Password to unlock keys: " >&2
        stty -echo
        read -r ENCPASS_KEY_PASS
        printf "\n"
        stty echo

        if [ ! -z "$ENCPASS_KEY_PASS" ]; then
            ENCPASS_NUM_KEYS_UNLOCKED=0
            ENCPASS_KEYS_LIST="$(ls -1d "$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR/keys/"*"/" 2>/dev/null)"
            for ENCPASS_KEY_F in $ENCPASS_KEYS_LIST; do

                if [ -d "$ENCPASS_KEY_F%:" ]; then
                    ENCPASS_KEY_NAME="$(basename "$ENCPASS_KEY_F")"
                    echo "Unlocking key $ENCPASS_KEY_NAME..."
                    if [ -f "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.key" ] && [ ! -f "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.lock" ]; then
                        echo "Error: Key $ENCPASS_KEY_NAME appears to be unlocked already."
                        exit 1
                    fi

                    if [ -f "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.lock" ]; then
                        # Remove the failed file in case previous decryption attempts were unsuccessful
                        rm -f "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/failed" 2>/dev/null

                        # Decrypt key. Log any failure to the "failed" file.
                        openssl enc -aes-256-cbc -d -pbkdf2 -iter 10000 -salt \
                            -in "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.lock" -out "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.key" \
                            -k "$ENCPASS_KEY_PASS" 2>&1 | encpass_save_err "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/failed"

                        if [ ! -f "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/failed" ]; then
                            # No failure has occurred.
                          if [ -f "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.key" ] && [ -f "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.lock" ]; then
                              # Both the key and lock file exist.  We can remove the lock file now.
                              rm -f "$ENCPASS_KEY_F/private.lock"
                              echo "Unlocked key $ENCPASS_KEY_NAME."
                              ENCPASS_NUM_KEYS_UNLOCKED=$(( ENCPASS_NUM_KEYS_UNLOCKED + 1 ))
                          else
                              echo "Error: The key file and/or lock file were not found as expected for key $ENCPASS_KEY_NAME."
                          fi
                        else
                          printf "Error: Failed to unlock key %s.\n" "$ENCPASS_KEY_NAME"
                            printf "       Please view %sfailed for details.\n" "$ENCPASS_KEY_F"
                        fi
                    else
                        echo "Error: No lock file found for the $ENCPASS_KEY_NAME key."
                    fi
                fi
            done
            echo "Unlocked $ENCPASS_NUM_KEYS_UNLOCKED keys."
        else
            echo "No password entered."
        fi
        ;;
    dir )
        shift
        encpass_checks
        echo "ENCPASS_HOME_DIR=$ENCPASS_HOME_DIR"
        ;;
    help|--help|usage|--usage|\? )
        encpass_checks
        encpass_help
        ;;
    * )
        if [ ! -z "$1" ]; then
            echo "Command not recognized. See \"encpass.sh help\" for a list commands."
            exit 1
        fi
        ;;
esac

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