C语言中的图灵机实现
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【中文标题】C语言中的图灵机实现【英文标题】:Turing Machine Implementation in C 【发布时间】:2012-02-29 11:28:00 【问题描述】:我正在为我的形式语言理论课程学习图灵机,教授建议在以下algorithm上运行以详细查看“TM”背后的逻辑,但不起作用,当尝试编译告诉我以下错误。
C:\Documents and Settings\Melkhiah.EQUIPO01\Mis documentos\Downloads\Tarea3 Discretas\TM.c||In function `Tape* insert_tape(Tape*, Direction, char)':|
C:\Documents and Settings\Melkhiah.EQUIPO01\Mis documentos\Downloads\Tarea3 Discretas\TM.c|44|error: invalid conversion from `void*' to `Tape*'|
C:\Documents and Settings\Melkhiah.EQUIPO01\Mis documentos\Downloads\Tarea3 Discretas\TM.c||In function `Tape* create_tape(char*)':|
C:\Documents and Settings\Melkhiah.EQUIPO01\Mis documentos\Downloads\Tarea3 Discretas\TM.c|68|error: invalid conversion from `void*' to `Tape*'|
C:\Documents and Settings\Melkhiah.EQUIPO01\Mis documentos\Downloads\Tarea3 Discretas\TM.c||In function `Transition* get_transition(char*)':|
C:\Documents and Settings\Melkhiah.EQUIPO01\Mis documentos\Downloads\Tarea3 Discretas\TM.c|80|error: invalid conversion from `void*' to `Transition*'|
C:\Documents and Settings\Melkhiah.EQUIPO01\Mis documentos\Downloads\Tarea3 Discretas\TM.c||In function `List* insert_list(List*, char*)':|
C:\Documents and Settings\Melkhiah.EQUIPO01\Mis documentos\Downloads\Tarea3 Discretas\TM.c|93|error: invalid conversion from `void*' to `List*'|
C:\Documents and Settings\Melkhiah.EQUIPO01\Mis documentos\Downloads\Tarea3 Discretas\TM.c||In function `List* insert_list_transition(List*, Transition*)':|
C:\Documents and Settings\Melkhiah.EQUIPO01\Mis documentos\Downloads\Tarea3 Discretas\TM.c|105|error: invalid conversion from `void*' to `List*'|
C:\Documents and Settings\Melkhiah.EQUIPO01\Mis documentos\Downloads\Tarea3 Discretas\TM.c||In function `TM* createTM(char*)':|
C:\Documents and Settings\Melkhiah.EQUIPO01\Mis documentos\Downloads\Tarea3 Discretas\TM.c|166|error: invalid conversion from `void*' to `TM*'|
C:\Documents and Settings\Melkhiah.EQUIPO01\Mis documentos\Downloads\Tarea3 Discretas\TM.c|167|error: invalid conversion from `void*' to `List*'|
||=== Build finished: 7 errors, 0 warnings ===|
代码如下:
/* This C file implements a Non-determinitic Pushdown Automata
* author: Kevin Zhou
* Computer Science and Electronics
* University of Bristol
* Date: 21st April 2010
*/
#include<stdio.h>
#include<stdlib.h>
#include<string.h>
typedef struct tapes
struct tapes *left;
struct tapes *right;
char content;
Tape;
typedef enum LEFT,RIGHT Direction;
typedef struct transition
char current_state;
char tape_symbol;
char new_state;
char new_tape_symbol;
Direction dir;
Transition;
typedef struct list
Transition *content;
struct list *next;
List;
typedef struct tm
char *input_alpha;
char *input;
char *tape_alpha;
char start;
char accept;
char reject;
List *transition;
TM;
Tape *insert_tape(Tape *t, Direction dir, char c)
Tape *head = t;
Tape *new1 = calloc(1,sizeof(Tape));;
new1 -> content = c;
if(dir == LEFT)
while(t->left != NULL)
t = t->left;
new1->right = t;
new1->left = NULL;
t->left = new1;
return new1;
if(dir == RIGHT)
while(t->right != NULL)
t = t->right;
new1->left = t;
new1->right = NULL;
t->right = new1;
return head;
Tape *create_tape(char *input)
int i=1;
Tape *t = calloc(1,sizeof(Tape));
t->content = input[0];
while(1)
if(input[i] == '\0') break;
t = insert_tape(t,RIGHT,input[i]);
i++;
return t;
/* turn the input string into Transition fields */
Transition *get_transition(char *s)
Transition *t = calloc(1,sizeof(Transition));
Direction dir;
t->current_state = s[0];
t->tape_symbol = s[1];
t->new_state = s[2];
t->new_tape_symbol = s[3];
dir = (s[4]=='R')? RIGHT:LEFT;
t->dir = dir;
return t;
/* turn the string into transitions and add into list */
List *insert_list( List *l, char *elem )
List *t = calloc(1,sizeof(List));
List *head = l;
while(l->next!=NULL)
l = l->next;
t->content = get_transition(elem);
t->next = NULL;
l->next = t;
return head;
/* insert a transition into a list */
List *insert_list_transition( List *l, Transition *tr)
List *t = calloc(1,sizeof(List));
List *head = l;
while(l->next!=NULL)
l = l->next;
t->content = tr;
t->next = NULL;
l->next = t;
return head;
void print_tape( Tape *t,char blank)
char c;
while(1)
if(t->content != blank) break;
t= t->right;
while(1)
if(t==NULL) break;
c = t->content;
if(t->content != blank)
putchar(c);
t= t->right;
putchar('\n');
void print_transition (Transition *t)
char s1[] = "Left";
char s2[] = "Right";
if(t==NULL)
printf("NULL Transfer");
return;
printf("current:%c tape:%c new state:%c new tape:%c direction %s\n",t->current_state,t->tape_symbol,t->new_state,t->new_tape_symbol,(t->dir == LEFT)?s1:s2);
/*test if the char c is in the string s */
int contains ( char c, char *s )
int i=0;
while(1)
if(c== s[i]) return 1;
if(s[i] == '\0') return 0;
i++;
/* test if the input is a valid input */
int is_valid_input( char *input_alpha, char *input )
int i=0;
char c;
while(1)
c = input[i];
if(c == '\0') break;
if(!contains(c,input_alpha)) return 0;
i++;
return 1;
TM *createTM (char *input)
TM *m = calloc(1,sizeof(TM));
List *tr = calloc(1,sizeof(List));
char *buffer;
/*read input alphabet of PDA*/
buffer = strtok(input,":");
if(buffer == NULL)
printf("Error in reading input alphabet!\n");
exit(1);
m->input_alpha = buffer;
/*read tape alphabet*/
buffer = strtok(NULL,":");
if(buffer == NULL)
printf("Error in reading tape alphabet!\n");
exit(1);
m->tape_alpha = buffer;
/*read input sequence*/
buffer = strtok(NULL,":");
if(buffer == NULL)
printf("Error in reading input sequence!\n");
exit(1);
if(!is_valid_input(m->input_alpha,buffer))
printf("Error! Input contains some invalid characters that don't match the input alphabet!\n");
exit(1);
m->input = buffer;
buffer = strtok(NULL,":");
m->start = buffer[0];
buffer = strtok(NULL,":");
m->accept = buffer[0];
buffer = strtok(NULL,":");
m->reject = buffer[0];
/*read tape transition*/
while(1)
buffer = strtok(NULL,":");
if(buffer == NULL) break;
tr = insert_list(tr,buffer);
m->transition = tr->next;
return m;
Transition *find_transition(List * list,char state, char tape_symbol)
Transition *t;
while(1)
if(list==NULL) return NULL;
t = list -> content;
if(t->current_state == state && t->tape_symbol == tape_symbol)
return t;
list = list->next;
Tape *move(Tape *t,Direction dir, char blank)
if(dir == LEFT)
if(t->left==NULL)
t = insert_tape(t,LEFT,blank);
return t->left;
if(dir == RIGHT)
if(t->right==NULL)
t = insert_tape(t,RIGHT,blank);
return t->right;
return NULL;
void simulate( TM *m )
/* first symbol in input symbol used to represent the blank symbol */
const char blank = m->tape_alpha[0];
char current_state = m->start;
Tape *tape = create_tape(m->input);
Tape *current_tape = tape;
char current_tape_symbol;
Transition *current_transition;
while(1)
if(current_state == m->accept)
printf("Accept\n");
print_tape(tape,blank);
break;
if(current_state == m->reject)
printf("Reject\n");
print_tape(tape,blank);
break;
current_tape_symbol = (current_tape==NULL||current_tape ->content == '\0')?blank:current_tape->content;
current_transition = find_transition(m->transition,current_state,current_tape_symbol);
current_state = current_transition -> new_state;
current_tape -> content = current_transition -> new_tape_symbol;
current_tape = move( current_tape, current_transition ->dir, blank);
int main(void)
char s[300];
TM *p;
scanf("%s",s);
p = createTM(s);
simulate(p);
return 0;
为什么这个程序不起作用?
【问题讨论】:
你已经标记了这个C,并且评论说“这个C文件”,但是文件是.cpp
,通常表示C++,第一个错误是抱怨new
,它听起来像一个 C++ 问题。你读过错误吗?它们都有行号。转到产生错误的每一行,查看它,看看是否有任何错误。然后,将其简化为最简单的可编译代码,该代码会产生您无法解决的任何错误(或错误),并将其提供给我们。不要把你的整个程序丢给我们,然后说“修复它”,至少表明你已经付出了一些努力。
@Chris Luts 我将扩展名更改为 .c 但不起作用,甚至通过 new1 更改新的,但告诉我以下错误:C:\Documents and Settings\Melkhiah.EQUIPO01\Mis documentos \Downloads\Tarea3 Discretas\TM.c|44|错误:来自void*' to
Tape*'的无效转换|
@Melkhiah66:您仍在使用 C++ 编译器。下面汤姆的回答只对了一半——它还取决于你的编译器选项以及你如何称呼它。
@Melkhiah88:您(或 makefile/build 脚本)使用什么命令来调用编译器?
你应该如何接受输入字符串,我的意思是你的代码是否适用于诸如 aabb 之类的语言和适用于 1011011011 之类的二进制转换?
【参考方案1】:
代码被视为 C++,因为文件扩展名为 .cpp。将其更改为 .c ,它应该可以工作。这更容易(并且不太可能导致问题)然后开始修改源代码以使其与 C++ 兼容。
编辑:我假设正在使用的编译器是gcc
或cl
,它们会根据文件扩展名检测语言。由于情况并非如此,因此您必须告诉我们您使用的是什么编译器(和选项)。
编辑 2: 为了让它与 C++ 编译器一起工作,您必须像 @whitelionV 建议的那样将 new
重命名为 new1
并强制转换所有 calloc()
返回像这样的适当类型的值:
44 Tape *new1 = (Tape*)calloc(1,sizeof(Tape));;
68 Tape *t = (Tape *)calloc(1,sizeof(Tape));
80 Transition *t = (Transition *)calloc(1,sizeof(Transition));
93 List *t = (List *)calloc(1,sizeof(List));
105 List *t = (List *)calloc(1,sizeof(List));
166 TM *m = (TM *)calloc(1,sizeof(TM));
167 List *tr = (List *)calloc(1,sizeof(List));
【讨论】:
@MichaelBurr 问题已更改(请参阅编辑 - 最初文件是 turing_machine.cpp)。 gcc 和 cl 都使用文件扩展名来确定它是 C 还是 C++。 @tom: gcc 不使用文件扩展名来确定它是 C 还是 C++。 gcc 是一个 C 编译器。 g++ 是一个 C++ 编译器,两者都是 Gnu Compiler Collection (GCC) 的一部分。 我对此进行了测试,gcc 绝对不会将 a.c 和 a.cpp 视为相同的。来自network-theory.co.uk/docs/gccintro/gccintro_54.html:“...gcc 在检测到 C++ 文件扩展名时实际上会编译 C++ 源代码,但无法链接生成的目标文件。” @Arafangion:GCC 不只是一个 C 编译器,GCC 可以编译 C 和 C++,以及更多特定前端;因此“编译器集合” @whitelionV:是的......我相信我提到过。确切地说,是 Gnu 编译器集合。【参考方案2】:new 是 C++ 中的保留字,将变量名改为 new1 之类的。或者将文件名上的 .cpp 更改为 c。
【讨论】:
【参考方案3】:提供的程序是 C 语言,但是,您使用 C++ 编译器进行编译。
用C再次编译,应该没问题。
【讨论】:
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