从编码图像和视频中提取 DCT 系数

Posted

技术标签:

【中文标题】从编码图像和视频中提取 DCT 系数【英文标题】:Extracting DCT coefficients from encoded images and video 【发布时间】:2011-05-27 02:05:54 【问题描述】:

有没有办法从编码的图像和视频中轻松提取 DCT 系数(和量化参数)?任何解码器软件都必须使用它们来解码块 DCT 编码的图像和视频。所以我很确定解码器知道它们是什么。有没有办法将它们暴露给使用解码器的人?

我正在实施一些直接在 DCT 域中工作的视频质量评估算法。目前,我的大部分代码都使用 OpenCV,所以如果有人知道使用该框架的解决方案,那就太好了。我不介意使用其他库(也许是 libjpeg,但这似乎只适用于静止图像),但我主要关心的是尽可能少地做特定于格式的工作(我不想重新发明***并编写我自己的解码器)。我希望能够打开 OpenCV 可以打开的任何视频/图像(H.264、MPEG、JPEG 等),如果它是块 DCT 编码的,以获得 DCT 系数。

在最坏的情况下,我知道我可以编写自己的块 DCT 代码,通过它运行解压缩的帧/图像,然后我会回到 DCT 域。这不是一个优雅的解决方案,我希望我能做得更好。

目前,我使用相当常见的 OpenCV 样板来打开图像:

IplImage *image = cvLoadImage(filename);
// Run quality assessment metric

我用于视频的代码同样简单:

CvCapture *capture = cvCaptureFromAVI(filename);    
while (cvGrabFrame(capture))

    IplImage *frame = cvRetrieveFrame(capture);
    // Run quality assessment metric on frame

cvReleaseCapture(&capture);

在这两种情况下,我都得到了 BGR 格式的 3 通道 IplImage。有什么方法可以得到 DCT 系数吗?

【问题讨论】:

【参考方案1】:

嗯,我做了一些阅读,我最初的问题似乎是一厢情愿的例子。

基本上,不可能从 H.264 视频帧中获取 DCT 系数,原因很简单,即 H.264 doesn't use DCT。它使用不同的变换(整数变换)。接下来,该变换的系数不一定会逐帧改变——H.264 更智能,因为它将帧分割成片。应该可以通过特殊的解码器获取这些系数,但我怀疑 OpenCV 是否会为用户公开它。

对于 JPEG,情况要好一些。正如我所怀疑的,libjpeg 为您公开了 DCT 系数。我写了一个小应用程序来证明它可以工作(最后的来源)。它使用每个块的 DC 项制作一个新图像。因为 DC 项等于块平均值(经过适当缩放后),所以 DC 图像是输入 JPEG 图像的下采样版本。

编辑:源中的固定缩放

原始图像 (512 x 512):

DC 图像 (64x64):亮度 Cr Cb RGB

源码(C++):

#include <stdio.h>
#include <assert.h>

#include <cv.h>    
#include <highgui.h>

extern "C"

#include "jpeglib.h"
#include <setjmp.h>


#define DEBUG 0
#define OUTPUT_IMAGES 1

/*
 * Extract the DC terms from the specified component.
 */
IplImage *
extract_dc(j_decompress_ptr cinfo, jvirt_barray_ptr *coeffs, int ci)

    jpeg_component_info *ci_ptr = &cinfo->comp_info[ci];
    CvSize size = cvSize(ci_ptr->width_in_blocks, ci_ptr->height_in_blocks);
    IplImage *dc = cvCreateImage(size, IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1);
    assert(dc != NULL);

    JQUANT_TBL *tbl = ci_ptr->quant_table;
    UINT16 dc_quant = tbl->quantval[0];

#if DEBUG
    printf("DCT method: %x\n", cinfo->dct_method);
    printf
    (
        "component: %d (%d x %d blocks) sampling: (%d x %d)\n", 
        ci, 
        ci_ptr->width_in_blocks, 
        ci_ptr->height_in_blocks,
        ci_ptr->h_samp_factor, 
        ci_ptr->v_samp_factor
    );

    printf("quantization table: %d\n", ci);
    for (int i = 0; i < DCTSIZE2; ++i)
    
        printf("% 4d ", (int)(tbl->quantval[i]));
        if ((i + 1) % 8 == 0)
            printf("\n");
    

    printf("raw DC coefficients:\n");
#endif

    JBLOCKARRAY buf =
    (cinfo->mem->access_virt_barray)
    (
        (j_common_ptr)cinfo,
        coeffs[ci],
        0,
        ci_ptr->v_samp_factor,
        FALSE
    );
    for (int sf = 0; (JDIMENSION)sf < ci_ptr->height_in_blocks; ++sf)
    
        for (JDIMENSION b = 0; b < ci_ptr->width_in_blocks; ++b)
        
            int intensity = 0;

            intensity = buf[sf][b][0]*dc_quant/DCTSIZE + 128;
            intensity = MAX(0,   intensity);
            intensity = MIN(255, intensity);

            cvSet2D(dc, sf, (int)b, cvScalar(intensity));

#if DEBUG
            printf("% 2d ", buf[sf][b][0]);                        
#endif
        
#if DEBUG
        printf("\n");
#endif
    

    return dc;



IplImage *upscale_chroma(IplImage *quarter, CvSize full_size)

    IplImage *full = cvCreateImage(full_size, IPL_DEPTH_8U, 1);
    cvResize(quarter, full, CV_INTER_NN);
    return full;


GLOBAL(int)
read_JPEG_file (char * filename, IplImage **dc)

  /* This struct contains the JPEG decompression parameters and pointers to
   * working space (which is allocated as needed by the JPEG library).
   */
  struct jpeg_decompress_struct cinfo;

  struct jpeg_error_mgr jerr;
  /* More stuff */
  FILE * infile;        /* source file */

  /* In this example we want to open the input file before doing anything else,
   * so that the setjmp() error recovery below can assume the file is open.
   * VERY IMPORTANT: use "b" option to fopen() if you are on a machine that
   * requires it in order to read binary files.
   */

  if ((infile = fopen(filename, "rb")) == NULL) 
    fprintf(stderr, "can't open %s\n", filename);
    return 0;
  

  /* Step 1: allocate and initialize JPEG decompression object */

  cinfo.err = jpeg_std_error(&jerr);

  /* Now we can initialize the JPEG decompression object. */
  jpeg_create_decompress(&cinfo);

  /* Step 2: specify data source (eg, a file) */

  jpeg_stdio_src(&cinfo, infile);

  /* Step 3: read file parameters with jpeg_read_header() */

  (void) jpeg_read_header(&cinfo, TRUE);
  /* We can ignore the return value from jpeg_read_header since
   *   (a) suspension is not possible with the stdio data source, and
   *   (b) we passed TRUE to reject a tables-only JPEG file as an error.
   * See libjpeg.txt for more info.
   */

  /* Step 4: set parameters for decompression */

  /* In this example, we don't need to change any of the defaults set by
   * jpeg_read_header(), so we do nothing here.
   */

  jvirt_barray_ptr *coeffs = jpeg_read_coefficients(&cinfo);

  IplImage *y    = extract_dc(&cinfo, coeffs, 0);
  IplImage *cb_q = extract_dc(&cinfo, coeffs, 1);
  IplImage *cr_q = extract_dc(&cinfo, coeffs, 2);

  IplImage *cb = upscale_chroma(cb_q, cvGetSize(y));
  IplImage *cr = upscale_chroma(cr_q, cvGetSize(y));

  cvReleaseImage(&cb_q);
  cvReleaseImage(&cr_q);

#if OUTPUT_IMAGES
  cvSaveImage("y.png",   y);
  cvSaveImage("cb.png", cb);
  cvSaveImage("cr.png", cr);
#endif

  *dc = cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(y), IPL_DEPTH_8U, 3);
  assert(dc != NULL);

  cvMerge(y, cr, cb, NULL, *dc);

  cvReleaseImage(&y);
  cvReleaseImage(&cb);
  cvReleaseImage(&cr);

  /* Step 7: Finish decompression */

  (void) jpeg_finish_decompress(&cinfo);
  /* We can ignore the return value since suspension is not possible
   * with the stdio data source.
   */

  /* Step 8: Release JPEG decompression object */

  /* This is an important step since it will release a good deal of memory. */
  jpeg_destroy_decompress(&cinfo);

  fclose(infile);

  return 1;


int 
main(int argc, char **argv)

    int ret = 0;
    if (argc != 2)
    
        fprintf(stderr, "usage: %s filename.jpg\n", argv[0]);
        return 1;
    
    IplImage *dc = NULL;
    ret = read_JPEG_file(argv[1], &dc);
    assert(dc != NULL);

    IplImage *rgb = cvCreateImage(cvGetSize(dc), IPL_DEPTH_8U, 3);
    cvCvtColor(dc, rgb, CV_YCrCb2RGB);

#if OUTPUT_IMAGES
    cvSaveImage("rgb.png", rgb);
#else
    cvNamedWindow("DC", CV_WINDOW_AUTOSIZE); 
    cvShowImage("DC", rgb);
    cvWaitKey(0);
#endif

    cvReleaseImage(&dc);
    cvReleaseImage(&rgb);

    return 0;

【讨论】:

这个 DC_SIZE 是什么以及它来自哪里。当我编译你的源代码时,我得到一个错误 main_read.c:85:48: error: ‘DC_SIZE’ is not declared in this scope 我认为这是一个错字。如果您查看编辑历史记录,您会发现它在之前的编辑中是 DCTSIZE。我现在没有机会确认,但当我确认时,我会更新我的答案。感谢您指出这个问题。 DCTSIZE 实际上是正确的。经过一些试验,我可以确认。【参考方案2】:

您可以使用 libjpeg 提取 jpeg 文件的 dct 数据,但对于 h.264 视频文件,我找不到任何开源代码你 dct 数据(实际上是整数 dct 数据)。但是您可以使用 JMJSVMx264 等 h.264 开源软件。在这两个源文件中,你必须找到它们使用dct函数的具体函数,并将其更改为你想要的形式,以获得你的输出dct数据。

图片: 使用以下代码,在read_jpeg_file( infilename, v, quant_tbl )vquant_tbl 之后将分别拥有您的 jpeg 图像的dct dataquantization table

我使用 Qvector 来存储我的输出数据,将其更改为您喜欢的 c++ 数组列表。


#include <iostream>
#include <stdio.h>
#include <jpeglib.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <setjmp.h>
#include <fstream>

#include <QVector>

int read_jpeg_file( char *filename, QVector<QVector<int> > &dct_coeff, QVector<unsigned short> &quant_tbl)

    struct jpeg_decompress_struct cinfo;
    struct jpeg_error_mgr jerr;
    FILE * infile;

    if ((infile = fopen(filename, "rb")) == NULL) 
      fprintf(stderr, "can't open %s\n", filename);
      return 0;
    

    cinfo.err = jpeg_std_error(&jerr);
    jpeg_create_decompress(&cinfo);
    jpeg_stdio_src(&cinfo, infile);
    (void) jpeg_read_header(&cinfo, TRUE);

    jvirt_barray_ptr *coeffs_array = jpeg_read_coefficients(&cinfo);
    for (int ci = 0; ci < 1; ci++)
    
        JBLOCKARRAY buffer_one;
        JCOEFPTR blockptr_one;
        jpeg_component_info* compptr_one;
        compptr_one = cinfo.comp_info + ci;

        for (int by = 0; by < compptr_one->height_in_blocks; by++)
        
            buffer_one = (cinfo.mem->access_virt_barray)((j_common_ptr)&cinfo, coeffs_array[ci], by, (JDIMENSION)1, FALSE);
            for (int bx = 0; bx < compptr_one->width_in_blocks; bx++)
            
                blockptr_one = buffer_one[0][bx];
                QVector<int> tmp;
                for (int bi = 0; bi < 64; bi++)
                
                    tmp.append(blockptr_one[bi]);
                
                dct_coeff.push_back(tmp);
            
        
    


    // coantization table
    j_decompress_ptr dec_cinfo  = (j_decompress_ptr) &cinfo;
    jpeg_component_info *ci_ptr = &dec_cinfo->comp_info[0];
    JQUANT_TBL *tbl = ci_ptr->quant_table;

    for(int ci =0 ; ci < 64; ci++)
        quant_tbl.append(tbl->quantval[ci]);
    

    return 1;


int main()

    QVector<QVector<int> > v;
    QVector<unsigned short> quant_tbl;
    char *infilename = "your_image.jpg";

    std::ofstream out;
    out.open("out_dct.txt");


    if( read_jpeg_file( infilename, v, quant_tbl ) > 0 )

        for(int j = 0; j < v.size(); j++ )
                for (int i = 0; i < v[0].size(); ++i)
                    out << v[j][i] << "\t";
            
            out << "---------------" << std::endl;
        

        out << "\n\n\n" << std::string(10,'-') << std::endl;
        out << "\nQauntization Table:" << std::endl;
        for(int i = 0; i < quant_tbl.size(); i++ )
            out << quant_tbl[i] << "\t";
        
    
    else
        std::cout << "Can not read, Returned With Error";
        return -1;
    

    out.close();

return 0;

【讨论】:

仅供参考,这不适用于所有 JPEG 图像这是该功能的简单版本,您有时需要根据样本因素获取多于一个的行

以上是关于从编码图像和视频中提取 DCT 系数的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章

毕设题目:Matlab图像压缩

JPEG基本系统

图像隐写基于matlab DCT数字水印添加+提取+干扰含Matlab源码 803期

图像隐写基于matlab DWT+DCT+LSB数字水印隐藏提取比较含Matlab源码 1623期

图像隐写基于matlab GUI DCT变换图像隐写含Matlab源码 1380期

基于ODBTC有序抖动块截断编码和DCT域数字水印嵌入提取算法matlab仿真