将 newlib nano 与 arm-none-eabi gnu 工具链链接：未定义对 __libc_init_array 的引用
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【中文标题】将 newlib nano 与 arm-none-eabi gnu 工具链链接：未定义对 __libc_init_array 的引用【英文标题】：linking newlib nano with arm-none-eabi gnu toolchain: undefined reference to __libc_init_array 【发布时间】：2022-01-14 14:21:51 【问题描述】：尽管我浏览过另一篇关于此主题的类似帖子，但我还没有设法解决我的问题。
我正在为 stm32f411RE 开发裸机开发方法，我刚刚解决了使用嵌入式标准库 (newlib nano) 的需要，所以我开始将它链接到我的项目以及之前调用 __libc_init_array()我的 Reset_Handler 中的 main() 用于标准库函数的propper初始化，这就是问题出现的地方。
粗略地说（你可能认为的伪代码）我的启动文件如下：
//Function prototypes
//main and Reset_Handler need to be inside extern
//in order to be recognized at the vector table
extern "C"
int main(void);
void Reset_Handler(void);
void __libc_init_array(void);
vector_table=
(first address)STACK_POINTER,
(second address)Reset_Handler,
...
ISR routines
void Reset_Handler(void)
//call to __libc_init_array in order to initialize standard libraries functions
__libc_init_array();
//starting point of the program
main();
我成功地完成了编译和链接过程（没有警告、错误或任何东西），但是当我尝试运行它时程序无法访问 main() 函数，换句话说，它卡在了 __libc_init_array() ;
当我运行调试会话并查看调用堆栈时，这就是我得到的：
??@0xfffffce0 (Unknown Source:0)
<signal handler called>@0xfffffff9 (Unknown Source:0)
??@0x00000024 (Unknown Source:0)
而且程序甚至还没有到达 main()。我想很明显，设置断点是没有用的，因为程序甚至没有到达 main()。
如果我将 __libc_init_array() 从外部“C”中取出，则会出现“__libc_init_array 未定义引用”编译错误。
值得一提的是，我的链接器脚本以及启动和生成文件在裸机方法上的工作就像一个魅力，所以问题不存在，我的意思是，我只需要考虑为链接过程。
我的项目结构如下：
/My_project
-main.cpp
-file1.cpp
-file2.cpp
-startup_file.cpp
-linker_script.ld
-Makefile
-syscalls.c (requiered for newlib nano)
我正在构建目标文件：
arm-none-eabi-g++ -c -mcpu=cortex-m4 -std=c++11 -o0 -fno-exceptions
除了构建 syscall.c 之外：
arm-none-eabi-gcc -c -mcpu=cortex-m4 -std=c11 -o0 -fno-exceptions
然后将所有目标文件链接到：
-T stm32_ls.ld --specs=nano.specs -Wl, -Map=final.map
链接后的地图如下：
Archive member included to satisfy reference by file (symbol)
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-errno.o)
syscalls.o (__errno)
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-exit.o)
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/crt0.o (exit)
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-impure.o)
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-exit.o) (_global_impure_ptr)
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-init.o)
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/crt0.o (__libc_init_array)
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-memset.o)
/usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/crt0.o (memset)
Memory Configuration
Name Origin Length Attributes
FLASH 0x0000000008000000 0x0000000000080000 xr
SRAM 0x0000000020000000 0x0000000000020000 xrw
*default* 0x0000000000000000 0xffffffffffffffff
Linker script and memory map
LOAD /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crti.o
LOAD /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtbegin.o
LOAD /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/crt0.o
LOAD stm32_startup.o
LOAD main.o
LOAD CONFIG.o
LOAD GPIO.o
LOAD LCD_16x2.o
LOAD USER_FUNCTIONS.o
LOAD syscalls.o
LOAD /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libstdc++_nano.a
LOAD /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libm.a
START GROUP
LOAD /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/libgcc.a
LOAD /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a
END GROUP
START GROUP
LOAD /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/libgcc.a
LOAD /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a
END GROUP
LOAD /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtend.o
LOAD /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtn.o
.text 0x0000000008000000 0x1008
*(.isr_vector)
.isr_vector 0x0000000008000000 0x198 stm32_startup.o
*(.text)
.text 0x0000000008000198 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crti.o
.text 0x0000000008000198 0x70 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtbegin.o
.text 0x0000000008000208 0x138 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/crt0.o
0x0000000008000208 _stack_init
0x0000000008000290 _mainCRTStartup
0x0000000008000290 _start
.text 0x0000000008000340 0x90 stm32_startup.o
0x0000000008000340 Reset_Handler
0x00000000080003c8 Default_Handler
0x00000000080003c8 EXTI0_IRQHandler()
.text 0x00000000080003d0 0x124 main.o
0x00000000080003d0 enable_interrupt(IRQn_Struct)
0x0000000008000400 disable_interrupt(IRQn_Struct)
0x0000000008000434 EXTI15_10_IRQHandler()
0x0000000008000468 main
0x00000000080004a8 adc1_read()
0x00000000080004d8 adc1_start_convertion()
.text 0x00000000080004f4 0x24c CONFIG.o
0x00000000080004f4 system_clock_settings(char, boolean)
0x0000000008000630 EXTI_C13_config()
0x0000000008000684 ADC_PA1_Config()
0x00000000080006d8 HighSpeedConfig()
0x0000000008000704 TIM10_config_init()
.text 0x0000000008000740 0x56c GPIO.o
0x0000000008000740 GPIO_PORT::GPIO_PORT(char, int, int)
0x0000000008000740 GPIO_PORT::GPIO_PORT(char, int, int)
0x0000000008000778 GPIO_PORT::GPIO_PORT(char, int, int, int)
0x0000000008000778 GPIO_PORT::GPIO_PORT(char, int, int, int)
0x00000000080007b0 GPIO_PORT::set_pin_status(int)
0x0000000008000812 GPIO_PORT::read_pin_status()
0x0000000008000856 GPIO_PORT::toggle_pin_status()
0x0000000008000882 GPIO_PORT::pupd_selection(int)
0x0000000008000950 GPIO_PORT::pin_mode_input()
0x00000000080009aa GPIO_PORT::pin_mode_output()
0x0000000008000a04 GPIO_PORT::set_config()
0x0000000008000b3a GPIO_PORT::voltage_regulator_config()
0x0000000008000b5c GPIO_PORT::AHB1_clock_enable()
0x0000000008000bf4 GPIO_PORT::gpio_register_selector()
.text 0x0000000008000cac 0x0 LCD_16x2.o
.text 0x0000000008000cac 0x110 USER_FUNCTIONS.o
0x0000000008000cac delay_ms(int)
0x0000000008000d10 delay_us(int)
0x0000000008000d70 power(int, int)
.text 0x0000000008000dbc 0x202 syscalls.o
0x0000000008000dbc initialise_monitor_handles
0x0000000008000dc8 _getpid
0x0000000008000dd6 _kill
0x0000000008000df6 _exit
0x0000000008000e0a _read
0x0000000008000e44 _write
0x0000000008000e7c _close
0x0000000008000e92 _fstat
0x0000000008000eb0 _isatty
0x0000000008000ec4 _lseek
0x0000000008000edc _open
0x0000000008000ef6 _wait
0x0000000008000f14 _unlink
0x0000000008000f32 _times
0x0000000008000f48 _stat
0x0000000008000f66 _link
0x0000000008000f86 _fork
0x0000000008000f9c _execve
.text 0x0000000008000fbe 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-errno.o)
.text 0x0000000008000fbe 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-exit.o)
.text 0x0000000008000fbe 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-impure.o)
.text 0x0000000008000fbe 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-init.o)
.text 0x0000000008000fbe 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-memset.o)
.text 0x0000000008000fbe 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtend.o
.text 0x0000000008000fbe 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtn.o
*(.rodata)
*fill* 0x0000000008000fbe 0x2
.rodata 0x0000000008000fc0 0x24 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtbegin.o
.rodata 0x0000000008000fe4 0x24 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtend.o
0x0000000008001008 . = ALIGN (0x4)
0x0000000008001008 _etext = .
.glue_7 0x0000000008001008 0x0
.glue_7 0x0000000008001008 0x0 linker stubs
.glue_7t 0x0000000008001008 0x0
.glue_7t 0x0000000008001008 0x0 linker stubs
.vfp11_veneer 0x0000000008001008 0x0
.vfp11_veneer 0x0000000008001008 0x0 linker stubs
.v4_bx 0x0000000008001008 0x0
.v4_bx 0x0000000008001008 0x0 linker stubs
.init 0x0000000008001008 0x18
.init 0x0000000008001008 0xc /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crti.o
0x0000000008001008 _init
.init 0x0000000008001014 0xc /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtn.o
.fini 0x0000000008001020 0x18
.fini 0x0000000008001020 0xc /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crti.o
0x0000000008001020 _fini
.fini 0x000000000800102c 0xc /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtn.o
.iplt 0x0000000008001038 0x0
.iplt 0x0000000008001038 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtbegin.o
.text.__errno 0x0000000008001038 0x10
.text.__errno 0x0000000008001038 0x10 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-errno.o)
0x0000000008001038 __errno
.text.exit 0x0000000008001048 0x40
.text.exit 0x0000000008001048 0x40 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-exit.o)
0x0000000008001048 exit
.text.__libc_init_array
0x0000000008001088 0x80
.text.__libc_init_array
0x0000000008001088 0x80 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-init.o)
0x0000000008001088 __libc_init_array
.text.memset 0x0000000008001108 0x18
.text.memset 0x0000000008001108 0x18 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-memset.o)
0x0000000008001108 memset
.eh_frame 0x0000000008001120 0x4
.eh_frame 0x0000000008001120 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtbegin.o
.eh_frame 0x0000000008001120 0x4 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtend.o
.ARM.extab 0x0000000008001124 0x0
.ARM.extab 0x0000000008001124 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/crt0.o
.ARM.exidx 0x0000000008001124 0x8
.ARM.exidx 0x0000000008001124 0x8 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/crt0.o
0x10 (size before relaxing)
.rodata._global_impure_ptr
0x000000000800112c 0x4
.rodata._global_impure_ptr
0x000000000800112c 0x4 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-impure.o)
0x000000000800112c _global_impure_ptr
.rel.dyn 0x0000000008001130 0x0
.rel.iplt 0x0000000008001130 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtbegin.o
.data 0x0000000020000000 0x8 load address 0x0000000008001130
0x0000000020000000 _sdata = .
*(.data)
.data 0x0000000020000000 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crti.o
.data 0x0000000020000000 0x4 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtbegin.o
0x0000000020000000 __dso_handle
.data 0x0000000020000004 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/crt0.o
.data 0x0000000020000004 0x0 stm32_startup.o
.data 0x0000000020000004 0x0 main.o
.data 0x0000000020000004 0x0 CONFIG.o
.data 0x0000000020000004 0x0 GPIO.o
.data 0x0000000020000004 0x0 LCD_16x2.o
.data 0x0000000020000004 0x0 USER_FUNCTIONS.o
.data 0x0000000020000004 0x4 syscalls.o
0x0000000020000004 environ
.data 0x0000000020000008 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-errno.o)
.data 0x0000000020000008 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-exit.o)
.data 0x0000000020000008 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-impure.o)
.data 0x0000000020000008 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-init.o)
.data 0x0000000020000008 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-memset.o)
.data 0x0000000020000008 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtend.o
.data 0x0000000020000008 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtn.o
0x0000000020000008 . = ALIGN (0x4)
0x0000000020000008 _edata = .
.init_array 0x0000000020000008 0x4 load address 0x0000000008001138
.init_array 0x0000000020000008 0x4 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtbegin.o
.fini_array 0x000000002000000c 0x4 load address 0x000000000800113c
.fini_array 0x000000002000000c 0x4 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtbegin.o
.igot.plt 0x0000000020000010 0x0 load address 0x0000000008001140
.igot.plt 0x0000000020000010 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtbegin.o
.data._impure_ptr
0x0000000020000010 0x4 load address 0x0000000008001140
.data._impure_ptr
0x0000000020000010 0x4 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-impure.o)
0x0000000020000010 _impure_ptr
.data.impure_data
0x0000000020000014 0x60 load address 0x0000000008001144
.data.impure_data
0x0000000020000014 0x60 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-impure.o)
.bss 0x0000000020000074 0x24 load address 0x00000000080011a4
0x0000000020000074 _sbss = .
0x0000000020000074 __bss_start__ = _sbss
*(.bss)
.bss 0x0000000020000074 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crti.o
.bss 0x0000000020000074 0x1c /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtbegin.o
.bss 0x0000000020000090 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/crt0.o
.bss 0x0000000020000090 0x0 stm32_startup.o
.bss 0x0000000020000090 0x2 main.o
0x0000000020000090 sensor_value
.bss 0x0000000020000092 0x0 CONFIG.o
.bss 0x0000000020000092 0x0 GPIO.o
.bss 0x0000000020000092 0x0 LCD_16x2.o
.bss 0x0000000020000092 0x0 USER_FUNCTIONS.o
*fill* 0x0000000020000092 0x2
.bss 0x0000000020000094 0x4 syscalls.o
0x0000000020000094 __env
.bss 0x0000000020000098 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-errno.o)
.bss 0x0000000020000098 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-exit.o)
.bss 0x0000000020000098 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-impure.o)
.bss 0x0000000020000098 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-init.o)
.bss 0x0000000020000098 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/../../../../arm-none-eabi/lib/libc_nano.a(lib_a-memset.o)
.bss 0x0000000020000098 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtend.o
.bss 0x0000000020000098 0x0 /usr/bin/../lib/gcc/arm-none-eabi/10.3.1/crtn.o
0x0000000020000098 _ebss = .
0x0000000020000098 __bss_end__ = _ebss
0x0000000020000098 . = ALIGN (0x4)
0x0000000020000098 end = .
OUTPUT(final.elf elf32-littlearm)
LOAD linker stubs
我猜，出于我的无知，名称修改不是问题，因为 __libc_init_array() 是在 extern "C" 中定义的。此外，在映射文件中，我只看到一个名为 __libc_init_array 的符号，而且它似乎位于正确的闪存地址。
评论很有价值。感谢您阅读这么长的帖子。
PD：任何想阅读它的人的链接器脚本：
ENTRY(Reset_Handler)
MEMORY
FLASH(rx):ORIGIN =0x08000000,LENGTH =512K
SRAM(rwx):ORIGIN =0x20000000,LENGTH =128K
SECTIONS
.text :
*(.isr_vector)
*(.text)
*(.rodata)
. = ALIGN(4);
_etext = .; /*end of section .text address*/
>FLASH
.data :
_sdata = .;
*(.data)
. = ALIGN(4);
_edata = .;
>SRAM AT> FLASH
.bss :
_sbss = .;
__bss_start__ = _sbss;
*(.bss)
_ebss = .;
__bss_end__ = _ebss;
. = ALIGN(4);
end = .;
>SRAM
启动文件：
#include <stdint.h>
/**aliased and external defined functions get their names mangled
*so one needs to avoid name mangling by treating those functions
*as if they were compiled in C.Thats done by extern **/
extern "C"
int main(void);
void Reset_Handler(void);
void Default_Handler(void);
void __libc_init_array(void);
#define SRAM_START 0x20000000
#define SRAM_SIZE (128U*1024U) //128*1Kb
#define SRAM_END ((SRAM_START) + (SRAM_SIZE))
#define STACK_START SRAM_END
extern uint32_t _etext;
extern uint32_t _sdata;
extern uint32_t _edata;
extern uint32_t _sbss;
extern uint32_t _ebss;
//function prototyping
//function prototyping
__attribute__((weak, alias("Default_Handler")))void EXTI0_IRQHandler(void);
__attribute__((weak, alias("Default_Handler")))void EXTI15_10_IRQHandler(void);
uint32_t(* const vectors[]) __attribute__((section(".isr_vector"))) =
(uint32_t*)STACK_START, /* 0x000 Stack Pointer */
(uint32_t*)Reset_Handler, /* 0x004 Reset */
;
void Reset_Handler(void)
//copy .data section to SRAM
uint32_t size = (uint32_t)&_edata - (uint32_t)&_sdata;
uint8_t *pDst = (uint8_t*)&_sdata; //sram
uint8_t *pSrc = (uint8_t*)&_etext; //source point comes from flash memory that is end of flash
for(uint32_t i =0 ; i < size ; i++)
*pDst++ = *pSrc++;
//copy .bss section to SRAM
size = (uint32_t)&_ebss - (uint32_t)&_sbss;
pDst = (uint8_t*)&_sbss; //sram
for(uint32_t i =0 ; i < size ; i++)
*pDst++ = 0;
__libc_init_array();
main();
void Default_Handler(void)
while(1);
【问题讨论】：
【参考方案1】：首先，__libc_init_array() 属于内部 extern "C"。您上面的地图文件是正确的：它是从libc_nano.a(lib_a-init.o) 中提取的。
但这并不是真正的问题。在你的向量表中，你有Reset_Handler，你应该有堆栈指针的初始值，还有main，你应该有重置处理程序。 main 永远不应该在向量中，它由重置处理程序作为普通函数调用，而不是通过向量。
您遇到的崩溃很可能是因为您没有正确的堆栈指针，并且代码正在尝试使用堆栈。
此外，您在重置处理程序中做的第一件事是调用__libc_init_array。这是错误的。您需要（至少）复制初始化数据并首先将 bss 部分归零。如果您遵循 CMSIS 模式，那么您还需要致电 SystemInit。请参阅STM32CubeF4 包中的示例启动代码和链接器脚本。
编辑：以上问题在你的伪代码中；代码与伪代码不匹配，不存在上述问题。
下一个问题是您已经删除了一半的标准链接描述文件。尝试查看__libc_init_array 的来源，看看它需要什么。它需要初始化数组部分等。
以下是它们的示例：
.init :
KEEP (*(SORT_NONE(.init)))
>FLASH
.text :
*(.text .text.* .stub .gnu.linkonce.t.*)
>FLASH
.fini :
KEEP (*(SORT_NONE(.fini)))
>FLASH
.preinit_array :
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_start = .);
KEEP (*(.preinit_array))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__preinit_array_end = .);
>FLASH
.init_array :
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_start = .);
KEEP (*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.init_array.*) SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.ctors.*)))
KEEP (*(.init_array EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtbegin.o *crtbegin?.o *crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .ctors))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__init_array_end = .);
>FLASH
.fini_array :
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_start = .);
KEEP (*(SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.fini_array.*) SORT_BY_INIT_PRIORITY(.dtors.*)))
KEEP (*(.fini_array EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtbegin.o *crtbegin?.o *crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .dtors))
PROVIDE_HIDDEN (__fini_array_end = .);
>FLASH
.ctors :
KEEP (*crtbegin.o(.ctors))
KEEP (*crtbegin?.o(.ctors))
KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .ctors))
KEEP (*(SORT(.ctors.*)))
KEEP (*(.ctors))
>FLASH
.dtors :
KEEP (*crtbegin.o(.dtors))
KEEP (*crtbegin?.o(.dtors))
KEEP (*(EXCLUDE_FILE (*crtend.o *crtend?.o ) .dtors))
KEEP (*(SORT(.dtors.*)))
KEEP (*(.dtors))
>FLASH
【讨论】：
我说那是伪代码。在帖子的末尾，我放置了与您描述的完全一样的启动文件。请看一看。以上是关于将 newlib nano 与 arm-none-eabi gnu 工具链链接：未定义对 __libc_init_array 的引用的主要内容，如果未能解决你的问题，请参考以下文章