如何连接表中的最新行?
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【中文标题】如何连接表中的最新行?【英文标题】:How to join the newest rows from a table? 【发布时间】:2008-09-30 18:11:36 【问题描述】:我经常遇到这种形式的问题,还没有找到好的解决方案:
假设我们有两个代表电子商务系统的数据库表。
userData (userId, name, ...)
orderData (orderId, userId, orderType, createDate, ...)
对于系统中的所有用户,选择他们的用户信息、类型 = '1' 的最新订单信息以及类型 = '2' 的最新订单信息。我想在一个查询中做到这一点。这是一个示例结果:
(userId, name, ..., orderId1, orderType1, createDate1, ..., orderId2, orderType2, createDate2, ...)
(101, 'Bob', ..., 472, '1', '4/25/2008', ..., 382, '2', '3/2/2008', ...)
【问题讨论】:
是否有固定数量的订单类型?还是它们是动态的/未知的? 它们是固定的(有两个),尽管它们实际上不是数字的。您可以将 '1' 和 '2' 替换为 'a' 和 'b' 并拥有相同的东西。 【参考方案1】:这应该可行,您必须调整表/列名称:
select ud.name,
order1.order_id,
order1.order_type,
order1.create_date,
order2.order_id,
order2.order_type,
order2.create_date
from user_data ud,
order_data order1,
order_data order2
where ud.user_id = order1.user_id
and ud.user_id = order2.user_id
and order1.order_id = (select max(order_id)
from order_data od1
where od1.user_id = ud.user_id
and od1.order_type = 'Type1')
and order2.order_id = (select max(order_id)
from order_data od2
where od2.user_id = ud.user_id
and od2.order_type = 'Type2')
非规范化数据也可能是个好主意。这种类型的事情做起来会相当昂贵。因此,您可以将 last_order_date
添加到您的 userData。
【讨论】:
【参考方案2】:我提供了三种不同的方法来解决这个问题:
-
使用枢轴
使用案例陈述
在 where 子句中使用内联查询
所有解决方案都假设我们根据orderId
列确定“最新”顺序。使用createDate
列会由于时间戳冲突而增加复杂性并严重影响性能,因为createDate
可能不是索引键的一部分。我只使用 MS SQL Server 2005 测试了这些查询,所以我不知道它们是否可以在您的服务器上运行。
解决方案 (1) 和 (2) 的性能几乎相同。事实上,它们都导致从数据库中读取相同数量的数据。
解决方案 (3) 不是在处理大型数据集时的首选方法。它始终比 (1) 和 (2) 进行数百次逻辑读取。当过滤一个特定用户时,方法(3)与其他方法相当。在单用户情况下,cpu 时间的减少有助于抵消显着增加的读取次数;但是,随着磁盘驱动器变得更加繁忙和缓存未命中的发生,这种微小的优势将消失。
结论
对于呈现的场景,如果您的 DBMS 支持,请使用枢轴方法。与 case 语句相比,它需要更少的代码,并简化了将来添加订单类型的过程。
请注意,在某些情况下,PIVOT 不够灵活,使用 case 语句的特征值函数是可行的方法。
代码
使用 PIVOT 的方法(1):
select
ud.userId, ud.fullname,
od1.orderId as orderId1, od1.createDate as createDate1, od1.orderType as orderType1,
od2.orderId as orderId2, od2.createDate as createDate2, od2.orderType as orderType2
from userData ud
inner join (
select userId, [1] as typeOne, [2] as typeTwo
from (select
userId, orderType, orderId
from orderData) as orders
PIVOT
(
max(orderId)
FOR orderType in ([1], [2])
) as LatestOrders) as LatestOrders on
LatestOrders.userId = ud.userId
inner join orderData od1 on
od1.orderId = LatestOrders.typeOne
inner join orderData od2 on
od2.orderId = LatestOrders.typeTwo
使用案例语句的方法(2):
select
ud.userId, ud.fullname,
od1.orderId as orderId1, od1.createDate as createDate1, od1.orderType as orderType1,
od2.orderId as orderId2, od2.createDate as createDate2, od2.orderType as orderType2
from userData ud
-- assuming not all users will have orders use outer join
inner join (
select
od.userId,
-- can be null if no orders for type
max (case when orderType = 1
then ORDERID
else null
end) as maxTypeOneOrderId,
-- can be null if no orders for type
max (case when orderType = 2
then ORDERID
else null
end) as maxTypeTwoOrderId
from orderData od
group by userId) as maxOrderKeys on
maxOrderKeys.userId = ud.userId
inner join orderData od1 on
od1.ORDERID = maxTypeTwoOrderId
inner join orderData od2 on
OD2.ORDERID = maxTypeTwoOrderId
方法 (3) 在 where 子句中使用内联查询(基于 Steve K. 的回复):
select ud.userId,ud.fullname,
order1.orderId, order1.orderType, order1.createDate,
order2.orderId, order2.orderType, order2.createDate
from userData ud,
orderData order1,
orderData order2
where ud.userId = order1.userId
and ud.userId = order2.userId
and order1.orderId = (select max(orderId)
from orderData od1
where od1.userId = ud.userId
and od1.orderType = 1)
and order2.orderId = (select max(orderId)
from orderData od2
where od2.userId = ud.userId
and od2.orderType = 2)
生成表格和 1000 个用户的脚本,每个用户有 100 个订单:
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[orderData](
[orderId] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[createDate] [datetime] NOT NULL,
[orderType] [tinyint] NOT NULL,
[userId] [int] NOT NULL
)
CREATE TABLE [dbo].[userData](
[userId] [int] IDENTITY(1,1) NOT NULL,
[fullname] [nvarchar](50) NOT NULL
)
-- Create 1000 users with 100 order each
declare @userId int
declare @usersAdded int
set @usersAdded = 0
while @usersAdded < 1000
begin
insert into userData (fullname) values ('Mario' + ltrim(str(@usersAdded)))
set @userId = @@identity
declare @orderSetsAdded int
set @orderSetsAdded = 0
while @orderSetsAdded < 10
begin
insert into orderData (userId, createDate, orderType)
values ( @userId, '01-06-08', 1)
insert into orderData (userId, createDate, orderType)
values ( @userId, '01-02-08', 1)
insert into orderData (userId, createDate, orderType)
values ( @userId, '01-08-08', 1)
insert into orderData (userId, createDate, orderType)
values ( @userId, '01-09-08', 1)
insert into orderData (userId, createDate, orderType)
values ( @userId, '01-01-08', 1)
insert into orderData (userId, createDate, orderType)
values ( @userId, '01-06-06', 2)
insert into orderData (userId, createDate, orderType)
values ( @userId, '01-02-02', 2)
insert into orderData (userId, createDate, orderType)
values ( @userId, '01-08-09', 2)
insert into orderData (userId, createDate, orderType)
values ( @userId, '01-09-01', 2)
insert into orderData (userId, createDate, orderType)
values ( @userId, '01-01-04', 2)
set @orderSetsAdded = @orderSetsAdded + 1
end
set @usersAdded = @usersAdded + 1
end
用于在 MS SQL Server 上测试查询性能以及 SQL Profiler 的小 sn-p:
-- Uncomment these to clear some caches
--DBCC DROPCLEANBUFFERS
--DBCC FREEPROCCACHE
set statistics io on
set statistics time on
-- INSERT TEST QUERY HERE
set statistics time off
set statistics io off
【讨论】:
哇,我非常感谢您回答的长度和细节。【参考方案3】:对不起,我面前没有甲骨文,但这是我在甲骨文中所做的基本结构:
SELECT b.user_id, b.orderid, b.orderType, b.createDate, <etc>,
a.name
FROM orderData b, userData a
WHERE a.userid = b.userid
AND (b.userid, b.orderType, b.createDate) IN (
SELECT userid, orderType, max(createDate)
FROM orderData
WHERE orderType IN (1,2)
GROUP BY userid, orderType)
【讨论】:
抱歉,我从您的编辑中看到您希望将类型 1 和类型 2 数据放在同一行【参考方案4】:T-SQL 示例解决方案(MS SQL):
SELECT
u.*
, o1.*
, o2.*
FROM
(
SELECT
, userData.*
, (SELECT TOP 1 orderId.url FROM orderData WHERE orderData.userId=userData.userId AND orderType=1 ORDER BY createDate DESC)
AS order1Id
, (SELECT TOP 1 orderId.url FROM orderData WHERE orderData.userId=userData.userId AND orderType=2 ORDER BY createDate DESC)
AS order2Id
FROM userData
) AS u
LEFT JOIN orderData o1 ON (u.order1Id=o1.orderId)
LEFT JOIN orderData o2 ON (u.order2Id=o2.orderId)
在 SQL 2005 中,您还可以使用 RANK ( ) OVER 函数。 (但 AFAIK 完全是 MSSQL 特有的功能)
【讨论】:
【参考方案5】:您也许可以为此进行联合查询。确切的语法需要一些工作,尤其是按部分分组,但联合应该能够做到。
例如:
SELECT orderId, orderType, createDate
FROM orderData
WHERE type=1 AND MAX(createDate)
GROUP BY orderId, orderType, createDate
UNION
SELECT orderId, orderType, createDate
FROM orderData
WHERE type=2 AND MAX(createDate)
GROUP BY orderId, orderType, createDate
【讨论】:
不,这让我得到两行,它们只是两个类别中的最新订单(无论哪个用户订购了它们)。我希望每个用户都有一行。 伙计,你看起来很挑剔,我认为根据 Kevin 和我给你的信息,你应该能够调整我们的查询,以获得你想要的准确信息。【参考方案6】:他们最新的你是指当天的所有新的?如果 createDate >= 当前日期,您可以随时检查您的 createDate 并获取所有用户和订单数据。
SELECT * FROM
"orderData", "userData"
WHERE
"userData"."userId" ="orderData"."userId"
AND "orderData".createDate >= current_date;
更新
这是您在此处发表评论后想要的:
SELECT * FROM
"orderData", "userData"
WHERE
"userData"."userId" ="orderData"."userId"
AND "orderData".type = '1'
AND "orderData"."orderId" = (
SELECT "orderId" FROM "orderData"
WHERE
"orderType" = '1'
ORDER "orderId" DESC
LIMIT 1
)
【讨论】:
不,我的意思是每个用户可能有 0...n 个订单。在他们的订单集合中查找最新的订单,特别是您可以限制类型的地方。【参考方案7】:我在 mysql 中使用这样的东西:
SELECT
u.*,
SUBSTRING_INDEX( MAX( CONCAT( o1.createDate, '##', o1.otherfield)), '##', -1) as o2_orderfield,
SUBSTRING_INDEX( MAX( CONCAT( o2.createDate, '##', o2.otherfield)), '##', -1) as o2_orderfield
FROM
userData as u
LEFT JOIN orderData AS o1 ON (o1.userId=u.userId AND o1.orderType=1)
LEFT JOIN orderData AS o2 ON (o1.userId=u.userId AND o2.orderType=2)
GROUP BY u.userId
简而言之,使用 MAX() 获取最新的,方法是将标准字段 (createDate) 附加到感兴趣的字段 (otherfield)。 SUBSTRING_INDEX() 然后去掉日期。
OTOH,如果您需要任意数量的订单(如果 userType 可以是任意数量,而不是有限的 ENUM);最好使用单独的查询来处理,如下所示:
select * from orderData where userId=XXX order by orderType, date desc group by orderType
针对每个用户。
【讨论】:
【参考方案8】:假设 orderId 随时间单调递增:
SELECT *
FROM userData u
INNER JOIN orderData o
ON o.userId = u.userId
INNER JOIN ( -- This subquery gives the last order of each type for each customer
SELECT MAX(o2.orderId)
--, o2.userId -- optional - include if joining for a particular customer
--, o2.orderType -- optional - include if joining for a particular type
FROM orderData o2
GROUP BY o2.userId
,o2.orderType
) AS LastOrders
ON LastOrders.orderId = o.orderId -- expand join to include customer or type if desired
然后在客户端进行透视,或者如果使用 SQL Server,则有 PIVOT 功能
【讨论】:
【参考方案9】:这是将类型 1 和 2 数据移到同一行的一种方法: (通过将类型 1 和类型 2 信息放入它们自己的选择中,然后在 from 子句中使用。)
SELECT
a.name, ud1.*, ud2.*
FROM
userData a,
(SELECT user_id, orderid, orderType, reateDate, <etc>,
FROM orderData b
WHERE (userid, orderType, createDate) IN (
SELECT userid, orderType, max(createDate)
FROM orderData
WHERE orderType = 1
GROUP BY userid, orderType) ud1,
(SELECT user_id, orderid, orderType, createDate, <etc>,
FROM orderData
WHERE (userid, orderType, createDate) IN (
SELECT userid, orderType, max(createDate)
FROM orderData
WHERE orderType = 2
GROUP BY userid, orderType) ud2
【讨论】:
在看到Steve K的方案之前就开始写上面的了,好多了【参考方案10】:这就是我的做法。这是标准 SQL,适用于任何品牌的数据库。
SELECT u.userId, u.name, o1.orderId, o1.orderType, o1.createDate,
o2.orderId, o2.orderType, o2.createDate
FROM userData AS u
LEFT OUTER JOIN (
SELECT o1a.orderId, o1a.userId, o1a.orderType, o1a.createDate
FROM orderData AS o1a
LEFT OUTER JOIN orderData AS o1b ON (o1a.userId = o1b.userId
AND o1a.orderType = o1b.orderType AND o1a.createDate < o1b.createDate)
WHERE o1a.orderType = 1 AND o1b.orderId IS NULL) AS o1 ON (u.userId = o1.userId)
LEFT OUTER JOIN (
SELECT o2a.orderId, o2a.userId, o2a.orderType, o2a.createDate
FROM orderData AS o2a
LEFT OUTER JOIN orderData AS o2b ON (o2a.userId = o2b.userId
AND o2a.orderType = o2b.orderType AND o2a.createDate < o2b.createDate)
WHERE o2a.orderType = 2 AND o2b.orderId IS NULL) o2 ON (u.userId = o2.userId);
请注意,如果您有多个日期等于最新日期的任一类型的订单,您将在结果集中获得多行。如果您有两种类型的多个订单,您将在结果集中获得 N x M 行。因此,我建议您在单独的查询中获取每种类型的行。
【讨论】:
【参考方案11】:Steve K 完全正确,谢谢!我确实稍微改写了他的答案,以说明可能没有特定类型的顺序(我没有提到,所以我不能责怪史蒂夫 K。)
这是我最终使用的:
select ud.name,
order1.orderId,
order1.orderType,
order1.createDate,
order2.orderId,
order2.orderType,
order2.createDate
from userData ud
left join orderData order1
on order1.orderId = (select max(orderId)
from orderData od1
where od1.userId = ud.userId
and od1.orderType = '1')
left join orderData order2
on order2.orderId = (select max(orderId)
from orderData od2
where od2.userId = ud.userId
and od2.orderType = '2')
where ...[some limiting factors on the selection of users]...;
【讨论】:
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