SQL Server常见操作
Posted Joye Zhou
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1. 常见针对表的操作(增删改查)
--1. Create Table USE [MVC_000] CREATE TABLE T_TableName ( ID INT IDENTITY(1,1) PRIMARY KEY, Name VARCHAR(50) UNIQUE, Age INT, HomeAddress VARCHAR(50) ) --2. Insert data into table:T_TableName INSERT INTO T_TableName(Name,Age,HomeAddress) VALUES(\'Xiao Lin\',29,\'SD.Road New York\') --3. Truncate table IF OBJECT_ID(N\'T_TableName\',N\'U\') IS NOT NULL BEGIN TRUNCATE TABLE T_TableName END --4. Delete record IF EXISTS(SELECT * FROM T_TableName WHERE ID=1) BEGIN DELETE T_TableName WHERE ID=1 END --5. Drop table IF OBJECT_ID(N\'T_TableName\',N\'U\') IS NOT NULL BEGIN DROP TABLE T_TableName END
2. 临时表,表变量及CTE(公用表表达式)的操作
临时表存在于tempdb中,全局临时表以”##“开头。临时表需要手动清除,而CTE和表变量使用完成后会自动清除。
--1. Temporary table --A. Check and delete if current temporary table is exists IF OBJECT_ID(\'TEMPDB..#TempTable\') IS NOT NULL BEGIN DROP TABLE #TempTable END CREATE TABLE #TempTable ( ID BIGINT, FIRST_NAME VARCHAR(50), LAST_NAME VARCHAR(50), PASSPORT VARCHAR(50), GENDER VARCHAR(50), BIRTH_DATE DATE, STATUS CHAR(1) ) --Insert data INSERT INTO TABLE #TempTable SELECT ID,FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,PASSPORT,GENDER,BIRTH_DATE,STATUS FROM TableName --Search SELECT * FROM #TempTable --B. Or you can use it without definition --Insert data INSERT INTO TABLE #TempTable SELECT ID,FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,PASSPORT,GENDER,BIRTH_DATE,STATUS FROM TableName --Search SELECT * FROM #TempTable --2. Define table variables --For definine DECLARE @TempTable TABLE ( ID BIGINT, FIRST_NAME VARCHAR(50), LAST_NAME VARCHAR(50), PASSPORT VARCHAR(50), GENDER VARCHAR(50), BIRTH_DATE DATE, STATUS CHAR(1) ) --Insert data INSERT INTO TABLE @TempTable SELECT ID,FIRST_NAME,LAST_NAME,PASSPORT,GENDER,BIRTH_DATE,STATUS FROM TableName --Search SELECT * FROM @TempTable --3. CTE(Common Table Expression) ;WITH TestTable AS ( SELECT * FROM [dbo].[TbEmployee] WHERE EmployeeId>10 ) SELECT * FROM TestTable
3. 游标操作
USE [DB_NAME] DECLARE CSR_NAME CURSOR FOR SELECT Column1,Column2 FROM [dbo].[XXX] DECLARE @Column1 INT DECLARE @Column2 INT OPEN CSR_NAME FETCH NEXT FROM CSR_NAME INTO @Column1, @Column2 WHILE @@FETCH_STATUS = 0 BEGIN IF @Column1>3 BEGIN PRINT(\'First column is bigger than 3!\') END ELSE IF @Column1=3 BEGIN PRINT(\'First column is equals 3!\') END ELSE BEGIN PRINT(\'First column is less than 3!\') END FETCH NEXT FROM CSR_NAME INTO @Column1, @Column2 END CLOSE CSR_NAME DEALLOCATE CSR_NAME
4. 存储过程模板
USE DBName GO IF EXISTS ( SELECT * FROM sys.objects WHERE [Name] = \'SP_NAME\' AND [Type] = \'P\' ) BEGIN DROP PROCEDURE dbo.SP_NAME PRINT @@SERVERNAME + \' - \' + CONVERT ( varchar, GETDATE(), 121 ) + \' : ### \' + DB_NAME() + \'.dbo.SP_NAME - dropped\' END GO /************************************************************************************************************ Work Request: ProjectName Module Name: ModuleName Object Name: DB_NAME Description: Parameters: @XXX1 INT @XXX2 INT Returns: None ************************************************************************************************************** Version Control: Date Version Author WR# Description 2020-06-10 1.0 Name ProjectName Create ************************************************************************************************************* Unit Test: EXEC dbo.SP_NAME 1,2 *************************************************************************************************************/ USE [DB_NAME] CREATE PROC [dbo].[SP_NAME] --Declare @XXX1 INT, @XXX2 INT AS SELECT * FROM dbo.XXX WHERE XXX1=@XXX1 AND XXX2=@XXX2 GO
5. 函数模板
表值函数:
--Create USE [DB_NAME] CREATE FUNCTION BZ_FUNCTION(@Type VARCHAR(1)) RETURNS @AllInfor TABLE (ID INT,NAME VARCHAR(50)) AS BEGIN IF(@Type=\'A\') BEGIN INSERT @AllInfor VALUES (1,\'LI LEI\') END ELSE BEGIN INSERT @AllInfor VALUES (2,\'HAN MEIMEI\') END RETURN END --Usage SELECT * FROM BZ_FUNCTION(\'A\')
内嵌表值函数(实质也是表值函数):
CREATE FUNCTION IF_GetStudentList(@ClassName VARCHAR(10)) RETURNS TABLE AS RETURN (SELECT * FROM Students WHERE ClassName LIKE \'%\'+@ClassName+\'%\') --For Testing:SELECT * FROM IF_GetStudentList(1)
标量值函数:
--Create USE [DB_NAME] CREATE FUNCTION BLZ_FUNCTION(@Type VARCHAR(50)) RETURNS VARCHAR(20) AS BEGIN DECLARE @Result VARCHAR(20) IF(LEN(@Type)>=8) BEGIN SET @Result=\'SUCCESSFULL!\' END ELSE BEGIN SET @Result=\'Failed!\' END RETURN @Result END --Usage SELECT dbo.BLZ_FUNCTION(XXX.ColumnName) FROM [dbo].[XXX]
为什么只有内嵌表值函数而没有内嵌标量值函数:
表值函数返回一个表的数据,内嵌表值函数可以通过传入不同的参数获取不同的返回值列表;
而标量值返回的是一个值,已经无法对返回结果进行拆分,所以内嵌标量值函数没有任何意义;
6. 触发器模板
Instead Of:
在对数据做DML操作之前,需要对数据进行验证,如果验证失败,则该操作会被取消(这应该就是Instead of的具体体现了吧)。
--Instead of means that the actual statement will be replaced by the trigger,so the actual statement will not be executed. --[Instead trigger] will be executed after the execution of actual statement. IF (OBJECT_ID(\'TRG_STU_INSTEADOF\', \'TR\') IS NOT NULL) BEGIN DROP TRIGGER TRG_STU_INSTEADOF END GO CREATE TRIGGER TRG_STU_INSTEADOF ON [dbo].[Students] INSTEAD OF DELETE AS DECLARE @ID INT,@StuName VARCHAR(20) SELECT @ID=StudentID,@StuName=StudentName FROM deleted PRINT \'The delete of students information[ID:\'+CONVERT(VARCHAR,@ID)+\';Name:\'+@StuName+\'] is successful!\'; GO
After:
--By default,the type of trigger is after.(DML) --[After trigger] will be executed after the execution of actual statement. IF (OBJECT_ID(\'TRG_STU\', \'TR\') IS NOT NULL) BEGIN DROP TRIGGER TRG_STU END GO CREATE TRIGGER TRG_STU ON [dbo].[Students] FOR INSERT AS DECLARE @ID INT,@StuName VARCHAR(20) SELECT @ID=StudentID,@StuName=StudentName FROM inserted PRINT \'The adding for students information[ID:\'+CONVERT(VARCHAR,@ID)+\';Name:\'+@StuName+\'] is successful!\'; GO
7. 常见脚本
A. 循环写入测试数据
DECLARE @ID INT=0 WHILE @ID<40000 BEGIN INSERT INTO CCTV VALUES (\'Johnson\',\'How to insert test data to our DB?\',GETDATE(),GETDATE(),0) SELECT @ID=MAX(ID) FROM CCTV END
B. 评估SQL的执行时间
USE DBName DECLARE @StartTime DateTime, @EndTime DateTime SET @StartTime=GetDate() --Your scripts SET @EndTime=GetDate() PRINT(\'Total \'+CONVERT(VARCHAR,DATEDIFF(millisecond,@StartTime,@EndTime)) +\' milliseconds were used!\');
c. 根据一个表更新另一个表的值
UPDATE TB1 SET TB1.TB1_Name=TB2.TB2_Name FROM dbo.TB1 LEFT JOIN dbo.TB2 ON TB1.ID=TB2.ID WHERE TB1_Name IS NULL
8 . 系统表操作
系统表SYSOBJECTS中的列XTYPE所代表的类型:
--C:Check约束 --D:Default约束 --PK:PRIMARY KEY约束 --F:FOREIGN KEY约束 --UQ:UNIQUE约束 --L:LOG --S:SYSTEM TABLES --U:User TABLES --V:View --P:Procedure --TF:表值函数 --IF:内嵌表值函数(在一个函数内部嵌入一个表值函数,也属于表值函数) --FN:标量值函数 --TR:Trigger --X:Extension Procedure --RF:复制筛选存储过程
常见用法:
--查询一个表用到的所有触发器: SELECT * FROM SYSOBJECTS WHERE xtype=\'TR\' AND parent_obj=OBJECT_ID(\'Table_Name\') --查询一个表中所有的列名 SELECT NAME FROM SYSCOLUMNS WHERE ID=OBJECT_ID(\'Table_Name\') --查询一个表中所有的列名及数据类型 SELECT A.Name AS ColumnNAME,B.Name AS DataType FROM SYSCOLUMNS A LEFT JOIN SYSTYPES B ON A.XTYPE=B.xtype WHERE A.ID=OBJECT_ID(\'Table_Name\') --查询一个表中所有的列名及数据类型(包含表的类型) SELECT A.Name AS FieldName,B.Type_Desc,B.Type,C.Name AS TypeName FROM SYS.COLUMNS A LEFT JOIN SYS.OBJECTS B ON A.object_id=B.object_id LEFT JOIN SYS.TYPES C ON A.system_type_id=C.system_type_id WHERE B.type=\'U\' AND CHARINDEX(\'UDT\',C.name,0)<=0 AND CHARINDEX(\'SYS\',C.name,0)<=0 AND B.name=\'Table_Name\' --读取数据库对象脚本(Only For View/SP/Function/Trigger) SP_HELPTEXT Obj_Name
9. 其他用法
查看SQLServer当前版本号及详细信息:select @@version
查看当前数据库的使用用户:sp_who
结束某个用户对当前数据库的使用:kill spid
10. 总结
A、如果在一个存储过程中A使用了临时表,如果在存储过程B中无法将获得的存储过程A的结果存入临时表,会报错;
B、函数中无法执行EXEC命令,即不能在函数中调用存储过程;
C、对于一个JOB来说,要使它能正常运行起来,除了要启用它之外,还需要注意JOB的schedule,一定要按照SQLSERVER所在的服务器的时间来进行配置;
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