Django开发:django基础 & url控制器
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HTTP请求协议
HTTP协议是Hyper Text Transfer Protocol(超文本传输协议)的缩写,是用于万维网(WWW:World Wide Web )服务器与本地浏览器之间传输超文本的传送协议。http协议是基于TCP/IP协议之上的应用层协议
请求协议:
请求方式: get与post请求
1. GET提交的数据会放在URL之后,以?分割URL和传输数据,参数之间以&相连,如EditBook?name=test1&id=123456. POST方法是把提交的数据放在HTTP包的请求体中.
2. GET提交的数据大小有限制(因为浏览器对URL的长度有限制),而POST方法提交的数据没有限制.
3. GET与POST请求在服务端获取请求数据方式不同
响应协议:
响应状态码
状态码的值 是当客户端向服务器端发送请求时, 返回的请求 结果。借助状态码,用户可以知道服务器端是正常 理了请求,还是出 现了 。
wsgiref模块
WSGI:Web Server Gateway Interface。wsgiref模块是python基于wsgi协议开发的服务模块。
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server def application(environ,start_response): # wsgi做的两件事情: # 1. 按照HTTP请求协议解析数据:environ参数是个字典; # 2. 按照HTTP响应协议封装数据:start_response # 当前请求路径 path = environ.get(\'PATH_INFO\') start_response(\'200 OK\',[(\'Content-Type\',\'text/html\')]) # 第一个参数是响应头(字符串);第二个是响应首行(列表) print(path) # 动态匹配 if path == "/login": with open("login.html","rb") as f: data = f.read() return [data] # return的格式是列表 elif path == "/index": with open("index.html","r") as f: data = f.read() return [data.encode("utf-8")] # return的格式是列表 # start_response中的元素和return的内容共同组成了响应体 ret = "<h2>hello world!</h2>".encode(\'utf-8\') return [ret] # 封装好的socket httped = make_server("127.0.0.1",9001,application) # 等待用户连接;相当于 accept()方法;开始监听HTTP请求 httped.serve_forever() # 一旦有用户连接,便会执行 application函数
DIY一个Web框架
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server def login(environ): # environ 需要传入函数中,因为好多时候需要读取请求方式 with open("login.html","rb") as f: data = f.read() return data def fav(environ): with open("favicon.ico", "rb") as f: data = f.read() return data def application(environ, start_response): start_response(\'200 OK\', [(\'Content-Type\', \'text/html\')]) path = environ.get("PATH_INFO") # 方案一 # # favicon.ico是网页的图标(浏览器默认会多发一次请求获取favicon.ico) # if path == "/favicon.ico": # with open("favicon.ico","rb") as f: # data = f.read() # return [data] # # elif path == "/login": # with open("login.html","rb") as f: # data = f.read() # return [data] # ret = "<h2>hello web!</h2>".encode(\'utf-8\') # return [ret] # 方案二:路由分发 url_pattern = [ ("/favicon.ico",fav), ("/login",login) ] # 列表中放元组,元组中放路径和视图函数 func = None for item in url_pattern: if path == item[0]: func = item[1] break if func: return [func(environ)] else: return [b\'404!\'] httpd = make_server(\'\', 8080, application) print(\'Serving HTTP on port 8080...\') # 开始监听HTTP请求: httpd.serve_forever()
上述代码可以从耦合性上优化如下
main.py
from wsgiref.simple_server import make_server def application(environ, start_response): start_response(\'200 OK\', [(\'Content-Type\', \'text/html\')]) path = environ.get("PATH_INFO") from urls import url_pattern func = None for item in url_pattern: if path == item[0]: func = item[1] break if func: return [func(environ)] else: return [b\'404!\'] httpd = make_server(\'\', 8080, application) print(\'Serving HTTP on port 8080...\') # 开始监听HTTP请求: httpd.serve_forever()
urls.py
from views import * # 专门处理路径 url_pattern = [ ("/favicon.ico",fav), ("/login",login) ]
views.py
# 专门处理视图分发功能 def login(environ): # environ 需要传入函数中,因为好多时候需要读取请求方式 with open("templates/login.html","rb") as f: data = f.read() return data def fav(environ): with open("templates/favicon.ico", "rb") as f: data = f.read() return data
一个简单Web框架组成:
main.py : 启动文件,封装了socket
1. urls.py : 路径与视图函数映射关系 ------ url控制器
2. views.py : 视图函数,固定有一个形式参数:environ ----- 视图函数
3. templates 文件夹:html文件 ----- 模板
4. models.py: 在项目启动前,在数据库中创建表结构 ---- 与数据库相关
Django
知识预览
MTV:Django的MTV模式本质上和MVC是一样的,也是为了各组件间保持松耦合关系,只是定义上有些许不同,Django的MTV分别是值:
- M 代表模型(Model): 负责业务对象和数据库的关系映射(ORM);
- T 代表模板 (Template):负责如何把页面展示给用户(html);
- V 代表视图(View): 负责业务逻辑,并在适当时候调用Model和Template。
除了以上三层之外,还需要一个URL分发器,它的作用是将一个个URL的页面请求分发给不同的View处理,View再调用相应的Model和Template,MTV的响应模式如下所示:
一般是用户通过浏览器向我们的服务器发起一个请求(request),这个请求回去访问视图函数,(如果不涉及到数据调用,那么这个时候视图函数返回一个模板也就是一个网页给用户),视图函数调用模型,模型去数据库查找数据,然后逐级返回,视图函数把返回的数据填充到模板中空格中,最后返回网页给用户。
Django的基本命令
1. 创建一个django project: django
-
admin.py startproject mysites
当前目录下会生成mysite的工程,目录结构如下:
- manage.py ----- Django项目里面的工具,通过它可以调用django shell和数据库等;
- settings.py ---- 包含了项目的默认设置,包括数据库信息,调试标志以及其他一些工作的变量;
- urls.py ----- 负责把URL模式映射到应用程序。
2. 在mysite目录下创建应用: python manage.py startapp blog
3. 启动django项目:python manage.py runserver 8080
Django简单示例:静态文件配置
目录结构如下:
urls.py
"""demo URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/http/urls/ Examples: Function views 1. Add an import: from my_app import views 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path(\'\', views.home, name=\'home\') Class-based views 1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path(\'\', Home.as_view(), name=\'home\') Including another URLconf 1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path(\'blog/\', include(\'blog.urls\')) """ from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ path(\'admin/\', admin.site.urls), path(\'timer/\', views.timer), ]
views.py
from django.shortcuts import render # Create your views here. def timer(request): import time ctime = time.time() return render(request,"timer.html",{"ctime":ctime}) # render方法用于发送响应页面;第三个参数字典会嵌入到第二个参数的页面中
settings.py
""" Django settings for demo project. Generated by \'django-admin startproject\' using Django 2.0.1. For more information on this file, see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/settings/ For the full list of settings and their values, see https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/settings/ """ import os # Build paths inside the project like this: os.path.join(BASE_DIR, ...) BASE_DIR = os.path.dirname(os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__))) # Quick-start development settings - unsuitable for production # See https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/howto/deployment/checklist/ # SECURITY WARNING: keep the secret key used in production secret! SECRET_KEY = \'(+nwjycw@5azl7tpxu^)6uf_z@e#(zg6fzwce@%1qxqu-1_(mb\' # SECURITY WARNING: don\'t run with debug turned on in production! DEBUG = True ALLOWED_HOSTS = [] # Application definition INSTALLED_APPS = [ \'django.contrib.admin\', \'django.contrib.auth\', \'django.contrib.contenttypes\', \'django.contrib.sessions\', \'django.contrib.messages\', \'django.contrib.staticfiles\', \'app01.apps.App01Config\', ] MIDDLEWARE = [ \'django.middleware.security.SecurityMiddleware\', \'django.contrib.sessions.middleware.SessionMiddleware\', \'django.middleware.common.CommonMiddleware\', \'django.middleware.csrf.CsrfViewMiddleware\', \'django.contrib.auth.middleware.AuthenticationMiddleware\', \'django.contrib.messages.middleware.MessageMiddleware\', \'django.middleware.clickjacking.XFrameOptionsMiddleware\', ] ROOT_URLCONF = \'demo.urls\' TEMPLATES = [ { \'BACKEND\': \'django.template.backends.django.DjangoTemplates\', \'DIRS\': [os.path.join(BASE_DIR, \'templates\')] , \'APP_DIRS\': True, \'OPTIONS\': { \'context_processors\': [ \'django.template.context_processors.debug\', \'django.template.context_processors.request\', \'django.contrib.auth.context_processors.auth\', \'django.contrib.messages.context_processors.messages\', ], }, }, ] WSGI_APPLICATION = \'demo.wsgi.application\' # Database # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/settings/#databases DATABASES = { \'default\': { \'ENGINE\': \'django.db.backends.sqlite3\', \'NAME\': os.path.join(BASE_DIR, \'db.sqlite3\'), } } # Password validation # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/ref/settings/#auth-password-validators AUTH_PASSWORD_VALIDATORS = [ { \'NAME\': \'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.UserAttributeSimilarityValidator\', }, { \'NAME\': \'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.MinimumLengthValidator\', }, { \'NAME\': \'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.CommonPasswordValidator\', }, { \'NAME\': \'django.contrib.auth.password_validation.NumericPasswordValidator\', }, ] # Internationalization # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/i18n/ LANGUAGE_CODE = \'en-us\' TIME_ZONE = \'UTC\' USE_I18N = True USE_L10N = True USE_TZ = True # Static files (CSS, javascript, Images) # 静态文件包括:css,js和图片 # https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/howto/static-files/ STATIC_URL = \'/static/\' # 上面的static路径是Django提供给我们的用于代指下面拼出的绝对路径;即使urls.py中没有静态文件夹(static),client浏览器也能通过static来获取static文件夹中的文件;(静态文件夹都放在static中) # STATICFILES_DIRS 一个字都不能错 STATICFILES_DIRS = [ os.path.join(BASE_DIR,"static"), ] # 上面两个要配合使用
timer.html
<!DOCTYPE html> <html lang="en"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/static/app01/timer.css"> </head> <body> <h4>当前时间:{{ ctime }}</h4> {#嵌入页面的内容需要用两个大括号包裹,参数对应的是字典中的key#} </body> {#通过/static/来引入静态文件夹中的静态文件#} <script src="/static/jquery-3.3.1.js"></script> <script src="/static/app01/timer.js"></script> </html>
timer.css
h4{ color:red; }
timer.js
$(function () { $("h4").click(function () { $(this).css("color","green") }) })
路由控制
Django1.0:re_path(url)
1. 无名分组、有名分组&分发
目录结构:
路由分发.urls.py
"""路由控制 URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/http/urls/ Examples: Function views 1. Add an import: from my_app import views 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path(\'\', views.home, name=\'home\') Class-based views 1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path(\'\', Home.as_view(), name=\'home\') Including another URLconf 1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path(\'blog/\', include(\'blog.urls\')) """ from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path,re_path,include from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ path(\'admin/\', admin.site.urls), # 分发:全局分发器;用于把路径分发到不同的应用(application)里面 re_path(r"^app01/",include("app01.urls")) # include()是分发函数;如果用户访问的是 app01, include里面的 app01.urls这个py文件就能分发下去;此时用户输入的url中需要有 /app01/ ,e.g. http://127.0.0.1:8000/app01/articles/2003/10/123/ # 如果想把路径中的 /app01/ 去掉,如下: # re_path(r"^",include("app01.urls")) ]
app01/urls.py
from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path,re_path from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ path(\'admin/\', admin.site.urls), # 路由配置:路径 ----> 视图函数 re_path(r\'^articles/2003/$\', views.special_case_2003), # ^articles/2003/$ :正则匹配;匹配以articles/2003/开头、以articles/2003/结尾的路径;唯一匹配 re_path(r\'^articles/([0-9]{4})/$\', views.year_archive), # ([0-9]{4}) 是一个分组匹配(加了括号);匹配到路径后,request会传入 year_archive 函数的第一个参数,分组匹配结果会以位置参数传入到year_archive函数的第二个参数, e.g. year_archive(request,1999);so year_archive函数需要有两个参数 # 从上到下执行,所以如果匹配到了2003,会走第一个路径,下面的不再执行 # 匹配分组之后,视图函数一定要传入相应的位置参数 re_path(r\'^articles/([0-9]{4})/([0-9]{2})/$\', views.month_archive), # 同理, month_archive需要有三个参数 re_path(r\'^articles/(?P<y>[0-9]{4})/(?P<m>[0-9]{2})/(?P<c>[0-9]+)/$\', views.article_detail), # (?P<名字>):这是有名分组(就是给每个组取了个名字,用的比较多),有名分组利用的是关键字传参; # 有名分组取的名字一定要和后面函数的形参相同;有名分组传参不依赖于位置顺序 ]
views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here. def special_case_2003(request): # request指请求对象 return HttpResponse("special_case_2003") # HttpResponse 指响应对象;参数是字符串,响应体的内容 def year_archive(request,year): return HttpResponse("year_archive_%s"%year) def month_archive(request,year,month): return HttpResponse("month_archive_%s_%s"%(year,month)) def article_detail(request,c,m,y): # 形参位置顺序无所谓 # y,m,c都是字符串;通过re_path(url)传过来的参数都是字符串格式 return HttpResponse(y+"-"+m+"-"+c)
2. 反向解析:
反向解析一:在模板中
urls.py
"""路由控制之反向解析 URL Configuration The `urlpatterns` list routes URLs to views. For more information please see: https://docs.djangoproject.com/en/2.0/topics/http/urls/ Examples: Function views 1. Add an import: from my_app import views 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path(\'\', views.home, name=\'home\') Class-based views 1. Add an import: from other_app.views import Home 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path(\'\', Home.as_view(), name=\'home\') Including another URLconf 1. Import the include() function: from django.urls import include, path 2. Add a URL to urlpatterns: path(\'blog/\', include(\'blog.urls\')) """ from django.contrib import admin from django.urls import path from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ path(\'admin/\', admin.site.urls), path("login/",views.login,name="log") # name=log 是这个url的别名(反向解析); path()的第一个参数是接口,用户需要知道 ]
app01/views.py
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse # Create your views here. def login(request): # request 是请求对象;所有的请求信息都在request里面 print(request.method) # request.method 表示获取 请求方式(GET/POST) if request.method ==以上是关于Django开发:django基础 & url控制器的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章