CBV模式和model form组件
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一、CBV模式和FBV模式FBV模式(function base views):就是在视图里使用函数处理请求
CBV模式(class base views) 就是在视图里使用类处理请求
CBV模式的优点主要下面两种:
提高了代码的复用性,可以使用面向对象的技术,比如Mixin(多继承)
可以用不同的函数针对不同的HTTP方法处理,而不是通过很多if判断,提高代码可读性
urls.py文件:
from django.conf.urls import url from django.contrib import admin from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^login/', views.LoginView.as_view()), # view()===self.dispatch()===self.get() ]
views.py文件:
from django.shortcuts import render, HttpResponse from django.views import View class LoginView(View): def dispatch(self, request, *args, **kwargs): ret=super().dispatch(request, *args, **kwargs) #super():python3中继承父类的方法,否则会覆盖父类的方法 return ret def get(self,request): return render(request, "login.html") def post(self,request): user=request.POST.get("user") return HttpResponse(user) #视图类定义各种方法,代替了在视图函数的if请求方式判断, # 如果没有自定义dispatch方法,就执行父类的dispatch方法,然后执行对应的get或post方法, #如果有自定义dispatch方法,就执行自定义的dispatch方法,但是自定义的dispatch方法必须继承父类的方法
二、ModelForm
ModelForm用起来是非常方便的,比如增加修改之类的操作。但是也带来额外不好的地方,model和form之间耦合了。如果不耦合的话,mf.save()方法也无法直接提交保存。 但是耦合的话使用场景通常局限用于小程序,写大程序就最好不用了。
1、创建modelform
from django.forms import ModelForm #在视图函数中,定义一个类,比如就叫StudentList,这个类要继承ModelForm,在这个类中再写一个原类Meta(规定写法,并注意首字母是大写的) #在这个原类中,有以下属性(部分): class StudentList(ModelForm): class Meta: model =Student #对应的Model中的类 fields = "__all__" #字段,如果是__all__,就是表示列出所有的字段 exclude = None #排除的字段 #error_messages用法: error_messages = { 'name':{'required':"用户名不能为空",}, 'age':{'required':"年龄不能为空",}, } #widgets用法,比如把输入用户名的input框给为Textarea #首先得导入模块 from django.forms import widgets as wid #因为重名,所以起个别名 widgets = { "name":wid.Textarea(attrs={"class":"c1"}) #还可以自定义属性 } #labels,自定义在前端显示的名字 labels= { "name":"用户名" }
2、视图函数
views.py文件:
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse,redirect from django.forms import ModelForm from app01 import models def test(request): # model_form = models.Student model_form = models.Student.objects.all() return render(request,'test.html',{'model_form':model_form}) class StudentList(ModelForm): class Meta: model = models.Student #对应的Model中的类 fields = "__all__" #字段,如果是__all__,就是表示列出所有的字段 exclude = None #排除的字段 labels = None #提示信息 help_texts = None #帮助提示信息 widgets = None #自定义插件 error_messages = None #自定义错误信息 #error_messages用法: error_messages = { 'name':{'required':"用户名不能为空",}, 'age':{'required':"年龄不能为空",}, } #widgets用法,比如把输入用户名的input框给为Textarea #首先得导入模块 from django.forms import widgets as wid #因为重名,所以起个别名 widgets = { "name":wid.Textarea } #labels,自定义在前端显示的名字 labels= { "name":"用户名" } def student(request): if request.method == 'GET': student_list = StudentList() return render(request,'student.html',{'student_list':student_list}) else: student_list = StudentList(request.POST) if student_list.is_valid(): student_list.save() return render(request,'student.html',{'student_list':student_list}) def student_edit(request,pk): obj = models.Student.objects.filter(pk=pk).first() if not obj: return redirect('test') if request.method == "GET": student_list = StudentList(instance=obj) return render(request,'student_edit.html',{'student_list':student_list}) else: student_list = StudentList(request.POST,instance=obj) if student_list.is_valid(): student_list.save() return render(request,'student_edit.html',{'student_list':student_list})
3、student.html页面
<body> <div class="container"> <h1>student</h1> <form method="POST" novalidate> {% csrf_token %} {# {{ student_list.as_p }}#} {#可以用as_p显示全部#} {% for student in student_list %} <div class="form-group col-md-6"> {# 拿到数据字段的verbose_name,没有就默认显示字段名 #} <label class="col-md-3 control-label">{{ student.label }}</label> <div class="col-md-9" style="position: relative;">{{ student }}</div> </div> {% endfor %} <div class="col-md-2 col-md-offset-10"> <input type="submit" value="提交" class="btn-primary"> </div> </form> </div> </body> 现在还缺一个input框的form-contral样式,可以考虑在后台的widget里面添加 比如这样: from django.forms import widgets as wid #因为重名,所以起个别名 widgets = { "name":wid.TextInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'}), "age":wid.NumberInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'}), "email":wid.EmailInput(attrs={'class':'form-control'}) }
4、基于form组件和model form组件的对比
models.py文件:
from django.db import models class Author(models.Model): nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) name=models.CharField( max_length=32) age=models.IntegerField() authorDetail=models.OneToOneField(to="AuthorDetail",on_delete=models.CASCADE) def __str__(self): return self.name class AuthorDetail(models.Model): nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) birthday=models.DateField() telephone=models.BigIntegerField() addr=models.CharField( max_length=64) class Publish(models.Model): nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) name=models.CharField( max_length=32) city=models.CharField( max_length=32) email=models.EmailField() def __str__(self): return self.name class Book(models.Model): nid = models.AutoField(primary_key=True) title = models.CharField( max_length=32) publishDate=models.DateField() price=models.DecimalField(max_digits=5,decimal_places=2) publish=models.ForeignKey(to="Publish",to_field="nid",on_delete=models.CASCADE) authors=models.ManyToManyField(to='Author',) # 与Author表建立多对多的关系,ManyToManyField可以建在两个模型中的任意一个,自动创建第三张表
#执行下面python语句生成相关表(数据迁移)
python3 manage.py makemigrations python3 manage.py migrate
urls.py文件:
from django.conf.urls import url from django.contrib import admin from app01 import views urlpatterns = [ url(r'^admin/', admin.site.urls), url(r'^add_book/', views.AddBookView.as_view()), url(r'^edit_book/(\d+)', views.EditBookView.as_view()), ]
views.py文件:
from django.shortcuts import render,HttpResponse from django.views import View from django import forms from .models import Publish,Author,Book #########################################################之前学习的基于form组件######################################################### class BookForm(forms.Form): title=forms.CharField() price=forms.DecimalField() publishDate=forms.DateField() #state=forms.ChoiceField(choices=[(1,"已出版"),(2,"未出版")]) publish=forms.ModelChoiceField(queryset=Publish.objects.all()) authors=forms.ModelMultipleChoiceField(queryset=Author.objects.all()) #########################################################基于model form组件######################################################### from django.forms import ModelForm class BookModelForm(ModelForm): class Meta: model=Book ##对应的Model中的Book类 fields="__all__" class AddBookView(View): def get(self,request): form=BookModelForm() return render(request,"addbook.html",locals()) def post(self,request): form=BookModelForm(request.POST) if form.is_valid(): # print("cleaned_data:",form.cleaned_data) # form.cleaned_data.pop("authors") # Book.objects.create(**form.cleaned_data) #基于form实现的添加记录 form.save() #基于model form,会自动添加记录 return HttpResponse("OK") else: print(form.cleaned_data) print(form.errors) return HttpResponse("OK") class EditBookView(View): def get(self,request,id): edit_book=Book.objects.get(pk=id) form = BookModelForm(instance=edit_book) #编辑的时候需要一个instance,让instance=一个你要编辑的那个对象 return render(request,"editbook.html",locals()) def post(self,request,id): edit_book = Book.objects.get(pk=id) form=BookModelForm(request.POST,instance=edit_book) if form.is_valid(): form.save() return HttpResponse("OK") else: print(form.cleaned_data) print(form.errors) return HttpResponse("OK")html页面:
<!DOCTYPE html> <html> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Title</title> </head> <body> <form action="" novalidate method="post"> {% csrf_token %} {{ form.as_p }} <input type="submit"> </form> </body> </html>
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