NET Platform Standard
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NET Platform Standard
相关博文:ASP.NET 5 Target framework dnx451 and dnxcore50
.NET Platform Standard:https://github.com/dotnet/corefx/blob/master/Documentation/architecture/net-platform-standard.md
.NET Platform Standard 是什么?直译过来就是 .NET 平台规范或标准,它的目的就是使 .NET 各个平台之间更加统一和规范,在之前的 .NET Core RC2 发布文章中提到了 .NET Standard Library,它其实就是 .NET Platform Standard 的体现之一,.NET Standard Library 现在有一个对应程序包NETStandard.Library
,它的作用是兼容各个 .NET Platform,这个后面有进行说明,现在只是一个临时方案,以后微软慢慢会把相关的程序包(比如基础类库等),按照 .NET Standard Library 的标准进行开发和发布。
.NET Platform Standard 列表:
Target Platform Name | Alias | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
.NET Platform Standard | netstandard | 1.0 | 1.1 | 1.2 | 1.3 | 1.4 | 1.5 | 1.6 |
.NET Core | netcoreapp | → | → | → | → | → | → | 1.0 |
.NET Framework | net | → | → | → | → | → | → | 4.6.3 |
→ | → | → | → | → | 4.6.2 | |||
→ | → | → | → | 4.6.1 | ||||
→ | → | → | 4.6 | |||||
→ | → | 4.5.2 | ||||||
→ | → | 4.5.1 | ||||||
→ | 4.5 | |||||||
Universal Windows Platform | uap | → | → | → | → | 10.0 | ||
Windows | win | → | → | 8.1 | ||||
→ | 8.0 | |||||||
Windows Phone | wpa | → | → | 8.1 | ||||
Windows Phone Silverlight | wp | 8.1 | ||||||
8.0 | ||||||||
Mono/Xamarin Platforms | → | → | → | → | → | → | * | |
Mono | → | → | * |
上面这些都是概念,我们在 ASP.NET Core 1.0 RC2 项目开发中,如何应用和体现呢?其实就是我们在project.json
中配置的frameworks
节点,我们先看一段配置(来自 Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore/project.json):
"frameworks": {
"net451": {
"frameworkAssemblies": {
"System.ComponentModel.DataAnnotations": "",
"System.Runtime": {
"type": "build"
}
}
},
"netstandard1.3": {
"imports": [
"portable-net452+win81"
],
"dependencies": {
"System.Collections.Concurrent": "4.0.12-*",
"System.ComponentModel.Annotations": "4.1.0-*",
"System.Linq.Queryable": "4.0.1-*",
"System.ObjectModel": "4.0.12-*",
"System.Reflection.Extensions": "4.0.1-*",
"System.Reflection.TypeExtensions": "4.1.0-*"
}
},
"netcore50": {
"dependencies": {
"Microsoft.NETCore.Platforms": {
"type": "build",
"version": "1.0.1-*"
},
"System.Collections.Concurrent": "4.0.10",
"System.ComponentModel.Annotations": "4.0.10",
"System.Linq.Queryable": "4.0.0",
"System.ObjectModel": "4.0.10",
"System.Reflection.Extensions": "4.0.0",
"System.Reflection.TypeExtensions": "4.0.0",
"System.Runtime": {
"type": "build",
"version": "4.0.20"
},
"System.Dynamic.Runtime": {
"type": "build",
"version": "4.0.10"
},
"System.Runtime.WindowsRuntime": {
"type": "build",
"version": "4.0.10"
},
"System.Runtime.Extensions": {
"type": "build",
"version": "4.0.10"
}
}
}
}
可以看到frameworks
配置了net451
、netstandard1.3
和netcore50
,这些是什么意思?从上面的 .NET Platform Standard 列表中,我们可以得到一些信息,但还是有些不太明白,我们看一下相关解释(来自 Project.json definition dnx451 vs .dotnet (4.51)):
dnxcore50
: DNX SDK running on CoreCLR/CoreFx (deprecated, usenetcoreapp1.0
instead).dnx451
: DNX SDK running on .Net 4.5.1 (Desktop CLR / Full BCL and FCL) (deprecated, usenet451
instead).net46
: .Net Framework 4.6 SDK running on Desktop CLR / Full BCL and FCL.uap10.0
: UWP Windows 10 SDK running on .Net Native/CoreFx.netcoreapp1.0
: .NET Core 1.0 SDK running on CoreCLR/CoreFx.netstandard1.5
: (RC2,dotnet
before) any pure IL code which declares its dependencies (System.Runtime (based) libraries instead of a PCL contracts). Framework dependencies are available for .Net 4.5.x onwards, .NET Core or UWP (System.Runtime based library set in different versions). As with RC2dotnet
is deprecated, usenetstandard
instead.
先看dnxcore50
的解释,DNX SDK 是什么?它其实是一种命令或工具,指向你的程序集使用的哪种目标环境,CoreCLR/CoreFx 就是说,程序集跑在 CoreCLR/CoreFx 上,dnxcore50
现在已经被弃用了,被 netcoreapp1.0
所替代,netstandard1.5
是一种新的平台规范,使用它必须引用NETStandard.Library
程序包,否则System
所有相关命名空间都找不到。
简单来说,frameworks
所配置的就是你程序集的运行环境或平台,如果配置了多个,就表示程序集可以跑在多个平台上,比如,上面Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore
配置了net451
、netstandard1.3
和netcore50
,也就是说Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore
可以被这三种平台的程序集引用,比如你的程序集frameworks
中只配置了net451
,照样可以引用Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore
程序集,只不过只能在 Windows 上运行,不能跨平台而已,一个程序集不同平台的代码写法:
#if DNX451
//Code here for dnx451
#elif DNXCORE50
//code here for dnxcore50
#endif
imports
的解释是(来自 Frameworks and imports sections in project.json: what are they?):imports
is a way to use packages that were not designed for that framework. Basically you tell it "Use those targets even though they don\'t seem to be supported. I know what I\'m doing". 简单来说,就是兼容本程序集配置平台所不支持的平台,有点绕,我们做一个测试就清楚了:
如上图的配置,为什么frameworks
配置了netcoreapp1.0
会出现错误?因为我们引用的Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore
程序包并不完全支持netcoreapp1.0
平台,所以我们需要在netcoreapp1.0
下增加"imports": ["net451"]
配置,其作用就是使之兼容,当然现在只是兼容平台的配置,以后完善之后,这个配置会去掉的。
imports
的一段配置:
"netcoreapp1.0": {
"imports": [
"net461",
"portable-net45+win81"
]
}
首先,imports
可以配置多个节点,portable-net45+win81
是什么意思?portable 的意思是便携式的,在之前的博文中有提及,意思就是自身发布不携带依赖的程序包,而是使用系统中安装配置的,net45
就是上面说的frameworks
配置,win81
是系统平台的意思,但不只是特指 Windows 8.1 系统。
Platform | NuGet identifier |
---|---|
.NET Framework 2.0 - 4.6 | net20 - net46 |
.NET Core | netcoreapp |
.NET Micro Framework | netmf |
Windows 8 | win8, netcore45 |
Windows 8.1 | win8, netcore451 |
Windows Phone Silverlight (8, 8.1) | wp8, wp81 |
Windows Phone 8.1 | wpa8.1 |
Universal Windows Platform 10 | uap10, netcore50 |
Silverlight 4, 5 | sl4, sl5 |
Monoandroid | monoandroid |
MonoTouch | monotouch |
MonoMac | monomac |
Xamarin ios | xamarinios |
Xamarin PlayStation 3 | xamarinpsthree |
Xamarin PlayStation 4 | xamarinpsfour |
Xamarin PlayStation Vita | xamarinpsvita |
Xamarin Watch OS | xamarinwatchos |
Xamarin TV OS | xamarintvos |
Xamarin Xbox 360 | xamarinxboxthreesixty |
Xamarin Xbox One | xamarinxboxone |
最后,再做一个测试,这个我们一般在 ASP.NET 5 Core 1.0 RC1 升级到 RC2 中会遇到的,两个程序集:
CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces
CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure
: 依赖于CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces
CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces
的project.json
配置:
{
"version": "1.0.0-*",
"description": "CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces Class Library",
"authors": [ "xishuai" ],
"frameworks": {
"netcoreapp1.0": {
"imports": [
"net451"
]
},
"net451": { }
},
"dependencies": {
"Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore": "1.0.0-rc2-final",
"Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer": "1.0.0-rc2-final"
}
}
CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure
的project.json
配置:
{
"version": "1.0.0-*",
"description": "CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure Class Library",
"authors": [ "xishuai" ],
"frameworks": {
"netcoreapp1.0": {
"imports": [
"net451"
]
},
"net451": { }
},
"dependencies": {
"CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces": "1.0.0-*",
"Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore": "1.0.0-rc2-final",
"Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore.SqlServer": "1.0.0-rc2-final"
}
}
几种测试情况:
CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces
中的netcoreapp1.0
去除"imports": ["net451"]
配置:出现错误,上面有过分析,因为Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore
并不完全支持netcoreapp1.0
。CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces
去除netcoreapp1.0
配置:出现错误,因为CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure
配置了netcoreapp1.0
,而引用的CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces
却支持net451
。CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces
去除net451
配置:出现错误,同上,因为CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure
配置了net451
,而引用的CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure.Interfaces
却支持netcoreapp1.0
。CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure
去除netcoreapp1.0
配置:成功,因为依赖的CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure
支持net451
。CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure
去除net451
配置:出现成功,同上,因为依赖的CNBlogs.Ad.Infrastructure
支持netcoreapp1.0
。
综合上面的测试,简单来说,就是程序包的运行平台或环境取决于底层的引用,底层的引用指的是你自己项目中的程序包,而不是基础类库和微软开发的程序包,因为它们都支持多平台,比如上面的Microsoft.EntityFrameworkCore
程序包。
另外,如果你的程序包frameworks
配置的是net451
,它其实和 .NET Core 没多大关系了,因为它使用的是 .NET Framework 和 Desktop CLR,而不是 CoreCLR 和 CoreFx,即使你项目中使用的是 .NET Core RC2 的程序包。
参考资料:
- Project.json definition dnx451 vs .dotnet (4.51)
- Target Frameworks
- Project.json Frameworks
- What frameworks are available in ASP.NET Core (ASP.NET 5) applications?
- .NET Platform Standard
- Frameworks and imports sections in project.json: what are they?
- All about httpRuntime targetFramework
- Project.json Usage
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