11-[记录操作]--多表查询

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1、多表查询分类

  • 多表连接查询
  • 复合条件连接查询
  • 子查询
#建表
create table department(
id int,
name varchar(20) 
);

create table employee(
id int primary key auto_increment,
name varchar(20),
sex enum(\'male\',\'female\') not null default \'male\',
age int,
dep_id int
);

#插入数据
insert into department values
(200,\'技术\'),
(201,\'人力资源\'),
(202,\'销售\'),
(203,\'运营\');

insert into employee(name,sex,age,dep_id) values
(\'egon\',\'male\',18,200),
(\'alex\',\'female\',48,201),
(\'wupeiqi\',\'male\',38,201),
(\'yuanhao\',\'female\',28,202),
(\'liwenzhou\',\'male\',18,200),
(\'jingliyang\',\'female\',18,204)
;

 

    

 

2、多表连接查询

#重点:外链接语法

SELECT 字段列表
    FROM 表1 INNER|LEFT|RIGHT JOIN 表2
    ON 表1.字段 = 表2.字段;

 

   (1)交叉连接:不适用任何匹配条件。生成笛卡尔积

select * from employee,department;

  

 

 

  (2)内连接:只取两张表的共同部分

select * from 
employee inner join department
on employee.dep_id = department.id ;

  

 

  (3)外链接之左连接:优先显示左表全部记录

select * from 
employee left join department 
on employee.dep_id = department.id ;

 

 

  (4)外链接之右连接:优先显示右表全部记录

select * from 
employee right join department 
on employee.dep_id = department.id ;

 

 

 

  (5)全外连接:显示左右两个表全部记录

 

全外连接:在内连接的基础上增加左边有右边没有的和右边有左边没有的结果

  

#注意:mysql不支持全外连接 full JOIN
select * from employee full join department on employee.dep_id = department.id ;


#强调:mysql可以使用此种方式间接实现全外连接
select * from 
employee left join department 
on employee.dep_id = department.id
union
select * from 
employee right join department 
on employee.dep_id = department.id
;

#注意 union与union all的区别:union会去掉相同的纪录

 

 

 

 

3、复合条件连接查询

#示例1:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且employee表中的age字段值必须大于25,即找出年龄大于25岁的员工以及员工所在的部门
select employee.name,department.name from employee inner join department
    on employee.dep_id = department.id
    where age > 25;

#示例2:以内连接的方式查询employee和department表,并且以age字段的升序方式显示
select employee.id,employee.name,employee.age,department.name from employee,department
    where employee.dep_id = department.id
    and age > 25
    order by age asc;

 

 

4、子查询

#1:子查询是将一个查询语句嵌套在另一个查询语句中。
#2:内层查询语句的查询结果,可以为外层查询语句提供查询条件。
#3:子查询中可以包含:IN、NOT IN、ANY、ALL、EXISTS 和 NOT EXISTS等关键字
#4:还可以包含比较运算符:= 、 !=、> 、<等

  (1) 带IN关键字的子查询

#查询平均年龄在25岁以上的部门名
select id,name from department
    where id in 
        (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having avg(age) > 25);

#查看技术部员工姓名
select name from employee
    where dep_id in 
        (select id from department where name=\'技术\');

#查看不足1人的部门名
select name from department
    where id in 
        (select dep_id from employee group by dep_id having count(id) <=1);

 

 

 

  (2)带比较运算符的子查询

#比较运算符:=、!=、>、>=、<、<=、<>

 

  

#查询大于所有人平均年龄的员工名与年龄
select name,age from emp 
    where age > 
    (select avg(age) from emp);



#查询大于部门内平均年龄的员工名、年龄
select t1.name,t1.age 
from emp t1 
inner join 
    (select dep_id,avg(age) avg_age from emp group by dep_id) t2
on t1.dep_id = t2.dep_id
where t1.age > t2.avg_age;

 

 

  (3)带EXISTS关键字的子查询

EXISTS关字键字表示存在。
在使用EXISTS关键字时,内层查询语句不返回查询的记录。而是返回一个真假值。True或False
当返回True时,外层查询语句将进行查询;
当返回值为False时,外层查询语句不进行查询

 

#department表中存在dept_id=203,Ture
mysql> select * from employee
    ->     where exists
    ->         (select id from department where id=200);
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
| id | name       | sex    | age  | dep_id |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+
|  1 | egon       | male   |   18 |    200 |
|  2 | alex       | female |   48 |    201 |
|  3 | wupeiqi    | male   |   38 |    201 |
|  4 | yuanhao    | female |   28 |    202 |
|  5 | liwenzhou  | male   |   18 |    200 |
|  6 | jingliyang | female |   18 |    204 |
+----+------------+--------+------+--------+

#department表中存在dept_id=205,False
mysql> select * from employee
    ->     where exists
    ->         (select id from department where id=204);
Empty set (0.00 sec)

 

 

 

 

5、完整的select执行顺序

http://www.cnblogs.com/linhaifeng/articles/7372774.html

 

  • 虚拟表举例
# 虚拟表
在这些SQL语句的执行过程中,都会产生一个虚拟表,用来保存SQL语句的执行结果(这是重点),我现在就来跟踪这个虚拟表的变化,得到最终的查询结果的过程,来分析整个SQL逻辑查询的执行顺序和过程。  
虚拟表
#查询来自杭州,并且订单数少于2的客户。
select a.customer_id, count(b.order_id) as total_orders
from table1 as a left join table2 as b
on a.customer_id = b.customer_id
where a.city = \'hangzhou\'
group by a.customer_id
having count(b.order_id) < 2
order by total_orders desc
limit 1;

 

   

 

 

 

 

  (1)执行FROM语句

第一步,执行FROM语句。我们首先需要知道最开始从哪个表开始的,这就是FROM告诉我们的。现在有了<left_table>和<right_table>两个表,我们到底从哪个表开始,还是从两个表进行某种联系以后再开始呢?它们之间如何产生联系呢?——笛卡尔积

关于什么是笛卡尔积,请自行Google补脑。经过FROM语句对两个表执行笛卡尔积,会得到一个虚拟表,暂且叫VT1(vitual table 1),内容如下:
总共有28(table1的记录条数 * table2的记录条数)条记录。这就是VT1的结果,接下来的操作就在VT1的基础上进行。  

    

 

 

  (2)执行ON过滤

执行完笛卡尔积以后,接着就进行ON a.customer_id = b.customer_id条件过滤,根据ON中指定的条件,去掉那些不符合条件的数据,得到VT2表,内容如下:

VT2就是经过ON条件筛选以后得到的有用数据,而接下来的操作将在VT2的基础上继续进行。

  (3)添加外部行

这一步只有在连接类型为OUTER JOIN时才发生,如LEFT OUTER JOIN、RIGHT OUTER JOIN和FULL OUTER JOIN。在大多数的时候,我们都是会省略掉OUTER关键字的,但OUTER表示的就是外部行的概念。

LEFT OUTER JOIN把左表记为保留表,得到的结果为:

 

添加外部行的工作就是在VT2表的基础上添加保留表中被过滤条件过滤掉的数据,非保留表中的数据被赋予NULL值,最后生成虚拟表VT3。

由于我在准备的测试SQL查询逻辑语句中使用的是LEFT JOIN,过滤掉了以下这条数据:

 

| baidu       | hangzhou |     NULL | NULL        |

  现在就把这条数据添加到VT2表中,得到的VT3表如下:

 

  (4)执行WHERE过滤

  (5)执行GROUP BY分组

  (6)执行HAVING过滤

  (7)SELECT列表

现在才会执行到SELECT子句,不要以为SELECT子句被写在第一行,就是第一个被执行的。

我们执行测试语句中的SELECT a.customer_id, COUNT(b.order_id) as total_orders,从虚拟表VT6中选择出我们需要的内容。我们将得到以下内容:

  (8)执行DISTINCT子句

  (9)执行ORDER BY子句

  (10)执行LIMIT子句

 

6、练习:查询每个部门最新入职的那位员工 

 

 

 

#创建表
create table employee(
id int not null unique auto_increment,
name varchar(20) not null,
sex enum(\'male\',\'female\') not null default \'male\', #大部分是男的
age int(3) unsigned not null default 28,
hire_date date not null,
post varchar(50),
post_comment varchar(100),
salary double(15,2),
office int, #一个部门一个屋子
depart_id int
);

#插入记录
#三个部门:教学,销售,运营
insert into employee(name,sex,age,hire_date,post,salary,office,depart_id) values
(\'egon\',\'male\',18,\'20170301\',\'老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使\',7300.33,401,1), #以下是教学部
(\'alex\',\'male\',78,\'20150302\',\'teacher\',1000000.31,401,1),
(\'wupeiqi\',\'male\',81,\'20130305\',\'teacher\',8300,401,1),
(\'yuanhao\',\'male\',73,\'20140701\',\'teacher\',3500,401,1),
(\'liwenzhou\',\'male\',28,\'20121101\',\'teacher\',2100,401,1),
(\'jingliyang\',\'female\',18,\'20110211\',\'teacher\',9000,401,1),
(\'jinxin\',\'male\',18,\'19000301\',\'teacher\',30000,401,1),
(\'成龙\',\'male\',48,\'20101111\',\'teacher\',10000,401,1),

(\'歪歪\',\'female\',48,\'20150311\',\'sale\',3000.13,402,2),#以下是销售部门
(\'丫丫\',\'female\',38,\'20101101\',\'sale\',2000.35,402,2),
(\'丁丁\',\'female\',18,\'20110312\',\'sale\',1000.37,402,2),
(\'星星\',\'female\',18,\'20160513\',\'sale\',3000.29,402,2),
(\'格格\',\'female\',28,\'20170127\',\'sale\',4000.33,402,2),

(\'张野\',\'male\',28,\'20160311\',\'operation\',10000.13,403,3), #以下是运营部门
(\'程咬金\',\'male\',18,\'19970312\',\'operation\',20000,403,3),
(\'程咬银\',\'female\',18,\'20130311\',\'operation\',19000,403,3),
(\'程咬铜\',\'male\',18,\'20150411\',\'operation\',18000,403,3),
(\'程咬铁\',\'female\',18,\'20140512\',\'operation\',17000,403,3)
;

#ps:如果在windows系统中,插入中文字符,select的结果为空白,可以将所有字符编码统一设置成gbk
View Code

 

 

#查询每个部门最新入职的那位员工
select post,max(hire_date)
from employee
group by post;


select * from employee as t1
inner join
(select post,max(hire_date) 
from employee
group by post) as t2
on t1.post=t2.post
where t1.hire_date=t2.hire_date;


select * from employee as t1
inner join
(select post,max(hire_date) as max_hire_date
from employee
group by post) as t2
on t1.post=t2.post
where t1.hire_date=t2.max_hire_date;
View Code

 

SELECT
    *
FROM
    emp AS t1
INNER JOIN (
    SELECT
        post,
        max(hire_date) max_date
    FROM
        emp
    GROUP BY
        post
) AS t2 ON t1.post = t2.post
WHERE
    t1.hire_date = t2.max_date;

答案一(链表)
mysql> select (select t2.name from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) from emp as t1 group by post;
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| (select t2.name from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| 张野                                                                                  |
| 格格                                                                                  |
| alex                                                                                  |
| egon                                                                                  |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select (select t2.id from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) from emp as t1 group by post;
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| (select t2.id from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|                                                                                  14 |
|                                                                                  13 |
|                                                                                   2 |
|                                                                                   1 |
+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

#正确答案
mysql> select t3.name,t3.post,t3.hire_date from emp as t3 where id in (select (select id from emp as t2 where t2.post=t1.post order by hire_date desc limit 1) from emp as t1 group by post);
+--------+-----------------------------------------+------------+
| name   | post                                    | hire_date  |
+--------+-----------------------------------------+------------+
| egon   | 老男孩驻沙河办事处外交大使              | 2017-03-01 |
| alex   | teacher                                 | 2015-03-02 |
| 格格   | sale                                    | 2017-01-27 |
| 张野   | operation                               | 2016-03-11 |
+--------+-----------------------------------------+------------+
rows in set (0.00 sec)

答案二(子查询)
View Code
答案一为正确答案,答案二中的limit 1有问题(每个部门可能有>1个为同一时间入职的新员工),我只是想用该例子来说明可以在select后使用子查询

可以基于上述方法解决:比如某网站在全国各个市都有站点,每个站点一条数据,想取每个省下最新的那一条市的网站质量信息
View Code

 

 

7、 综合练习

 init.sql文件内容

/*
 数据导入:
 Navicat Premium Data Transfer

 Source Server         : localhost
 Source Server Type    : MySQL
 Source Server Version : 50624
 Source Host           : localhost
 Source Database       : sqlexam

 Target Server Type    : MySQL
 Target Server Version : 50624
 File Encoding         : utf-8

 Date: 10/21/2016 06:46:46 AM
*/

SET NAMES utf8;
SET FOREIGN_KEY_CHECKS = 0;

-- ----------------------------
--  Table structure for `class`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `class`;
CREATE TABLE `class` (
  `cid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `caption` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`cid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

-- ----------------------------
--  Records of `class`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `class` VALUES (\'1\', \'三年二班\'), (\'2\', \'三年三班\'), (\'3\', \'一年二班\'), (\'4\', \'二年九班\');
COMMIT;

-- ----------------------------
--  Table structure for `course`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `course`;
CREATE TABLE `course` (
  `cid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `cname` varchar(32) NOT NULL,
  `teacher_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`cid`),
  KEY `fk_course_teacher` (`teacher_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `fk_course_teacher` FOREIGN KEY (`teacher_id`) REFERENCES `teacher` (`tid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=5 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

-- ----------------------------
--  Records of `course`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `course` VALUES (\'1\', \'生物\', \'1\'), (\'2\', \'物理\', \'2\'), (\'3\', \'体育\', \'3\'), (\'4\', \'美术\', \'2\');
COMMIT;

-- ----------------------------
--  Table structure for `score`
-- ----------------------------
DROP TABLE IF EXISTS `score`;
CREATE TABLE `score` (
  `sid` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
  `student_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `course_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
  `num` int(11) NOT NULL,
  PRIMARY KEY (`sid`),
  KEY `fk_score_student` (`student_id`),
  KEY `fk_score_course` (`course_id`),
  CONSTRAINT `fk_score_course` FOREIGN KEY (`course_id`) REFERENCES `course` (`cid`),
  CONSTRAINT `fk_score_student` FOREIGN KEY (`student_id`) REFERENCES `student` (`sid`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB AUTO_INCREMENT=53 DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8;

-- ----------------------------
--  Records of `score`
-- ----------------------------
BEGIN;
INSERT INTO `score` VALUES (\'1\', \'1\', \'1\', \'10\'), (\'2\', \'1\', \'2\', \'9\'), (\'5\', \'1\', \'4\', \'66\'), (\'6\', \'2\', \'1\', \'8\'), (\'8\', \'2\', \'3\', \'68\'), (\'9\', \'2\', \'4\', \'99\'), (\'10\', \'3\', \'1\', \'77\'), (\'11\', \'3\', \'2\', \'66\'), (\'12\', \'3\', \'3\', \'87\'), (\'13\', \'3\', \'4\', \'99\'), (\'14\', \'4\', \'1\', \'79\'), (\'15\', \'4\', \'2\', \'11\'), (\'16\', \'4\', \'3\', \'67\'), (\'17\', \'4\', \'4\', \'100\'), (\'18\', \'5\', \'1\', \'79\'), (\'19\', \'5\', \'2\', \'11\'), (\'20\', \'5\', \'3\', \'67\'), (\'21\', \'5\', \'4\', \'100\'), (\'22\', \'6\', \'1\', \'9\'), (\'23\', \'6\', \'2\', \'100\'), (\'24\', \'6\', \'3\', \'67\'), (\'25\', \'6\', \'4\', \'100\'), (\'26\', 17-2 orm单表操作和多表操作

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