Flask快速入门
Posted zhang_derek
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flask快速入门
1.1.三种框架比较
Django: 重武器,内部包含了非常多组件:ORM、Form、ModelForm、缓存、Session、中间件、信号等
Flask:短小精悍,内部没有太多组件,第三方组件非常丰富。路由比较特殊,是基于装饰器来实现,但是本质还是通过add_url_rule来实现的
Tornado:异步非阻塞
1.2.安装和运行
(1)安装
创建虚拟环境,然后直接安装
mkvirtualenv flask_project
pip install -i https://pypi.douban.com/simple flask
(2)运行
基本使用
from flask import Flask #实例化flask对象 app = Flask(__name__) #将\'/\'和函数index的对应关系加到路由中 @app.route(\'/\') def index(): return \'Hello World!\' if __name__ == \'__main__\': #监听用户请求 #如果有用户请求到来,则执行app的__call__方法,app.__call__ app.run()
浏览器访问:http://127.0.0.1:5000/
1.3.快速入门实例
(1)view.py
from flask import Flask,render_template,request,redirect,session,url_for app = Flask(__name__) app.debug = True
app.secret_key = \'abcdef\' USERS = { 1:{\'name\':\'derek\',\'age\':18}, 2:{\'name\':\'tom\',\'age\':20}, 3:{\'name\':\'jack\',\'age\':22}, } @app.route(\'/detail/<int:nid>\',methods=[\'GET\']) def detail(nid): # 没登录不能访问 user = session.get(\'user_info\') if not user: return redirect(\'/login\') info = USERS.get(nid) return render_template(\'detail.html\',info=info) @app.route(\'/index\',methods=[\'GET\']) def index(): #没登录不能访问 user = session.get(\'user_info\') if not user: # return redirect(\'/login\') #根据设置的别名反向生成url url = url_for(\'login11\') return redirect(url) return render_template(\'index.html\',user_dict=USERS) @app.route(\'/login\',methods=[\'GET\',\'POST\'],endpoint=\'login11\') #endpoint起别名 def login(): if request.method == \'GET\': return render_template(\'login.html\') else: user = request.form.get(\'user\') pwd = request.form.get(\'pwd\') if user == \'derek\' and pwd == \'123\': #添加session值 user = session[\'user_info\'] = user return redirect(\'/index\') return render_template(\'login.html\',error=\'用户名或密码错误\') if __name__ == \'__main__\': app.run()
(2)templates/login.html
<h1>用户登录</h1> <form method="post"> <input type="text" name="user"> <input type="text" name="pwd"> <input type="submit" value="登录"> {{error}} </form>
(3)templates/index.html
<h1>用户登录</h1> <table> {% for k,v in user_dict.items() %} <tr> <td>{{k}}</td> <td>{{v.name}}</td> <td>{{v[\'name\']}}</td> <td>{{v.get(\'name\')}}</td> <td><a href="/detail/{{k}}">查看详细</a></td> </tr> {% endfor %} </table>
(4)templates/detail.html
{{info.name}}
{{info.age}}
1.4.配置文件
flask中的配置文件是一个flask.config.Config对象(继承字典),默认配置为: { \'DEBUG\': get_debug_flag(default=False), 是否开启Debug模式 \'TESTING\': False, 是否开启测试模式 \'PROPAGATE_EXCEPTIONS\': None, \'PRESERVE_CONTEXT_ON_EXCEPTION\': None, \'SECRET_KEY\': None, \'PERMANENT_SESSION_LIFETIME\': timedelta(days=31), \'USE_X_SENDFILE\': False, \'LOGGER_NAME\': None, \'LOGGER_HANDLER_POLICY\': \'always\', \'SERVER_NAME\': None, \'APPLICATION_ROOT\': None, \'SESSION_COOKIE_NAME\': \'session\', \'SESSION_COOKIE_DOMAIN\': None, \'SESSION_COOKIE_PATH\': None, \'SESSION_COOKIE_HTTPONLY\': True, \'SESSION_COOKIE_SECURE\': False, \'SESSION_REFRESH_EACH_REQUEST\': True, \'MAX_CONTENT_LENGTH\': None, \'SEND_FILE_MAX_AGE_DEFAULT\': timedelta(hours=12), \'TRAP_BAD_REQUEST_ERRORS\': False, \'TRAP_HTTP_EXCEPTIONS\': False, \'EXPLAIN_TEMPLATE_LOADING\': False, \'PREFERRED_URL_SCHEME\': \'http\', \'JSON_AS_ASCII\': True, \'JSON_SORT_KEYS\': True, \'JSONIFY_PRETTYPRINT_REGULAR\': True, \'JSONIFY_MIMETYPE\': \'application/json\', \'TEMPLATES_AUTO_RELOAD\': None, }
(1)方式一
app.debug = True
(2)方式二
app.config[\'DEBUG\'] = True
(3)方式三(最常用)
app.config.from_object("settings.DevelopmentConfig")
settings.py
一个父类,其它子类继承,重写父类的某个方法
class Config(object): DEBUG = False TESTING = False DATABASE_URI = \'sqlite://:memory:\' class ProductionConfig(Config): DATABASE_URI = \'mysql://user@localhost/foo\' class DevelopmentConfig(Config): DEBUG = True class TestingConfig(Config): TESTING = True
1.5.路由系统本质
(1)常用路由系统有以下五种
@app.route(\'/user/<username>\') @app.route(\'/post/<int:post_id>\') @app.route(\'/post/<float:post_id>\') @app.route(\'/post/<path:path>\') @app.route(\'/login\', methods=[\'GET\', \'POST\'])
基本上这五种方式满足大多数需求,还可以自定制正则路由
from flask import Flask, views, url_for from werkzeug.routing import BaseConverter app = Flask(import_name=__name__) class RegexConverter(BaseConverter): """ 自定义URL匹配正则表达式 """ def __init__(self, map, regex): super(RegexConverter, self).__init__(map) self.regex = regex def to_python(self, value): """ 路由匹配时,匹配成功后传递给视图函数中参数的值 :param value: :return: """ return int(value) def to_url(self, value): """ 使用url_for反向生成URL时,传递的参数经过该方法处理,返回的值用于生成URL中的参数 :param value: :return: """ val = super(RegexConverter, self).to_url(value) return val # 添加到flask中 app.url_map.converters[\'regex\'] = RegexConverter @app.route(\'/index/<regex("\\d+"):nid>\') def index(nid): print(url_for(\'index\', nid=\'888\')) return \'Index\' if __name__ == \'__main__\': app.run() b. 自定制正则路由匹配
(2)路由系统的本质
from flask import Flask,render_template,request,redirect,session,url_for app = Flask(__name__) app.debug = True app.secret_key = \'abcdef\' #源码分析 \'\'\' 路由本质,通过看源码分析得出,其本质是通过add_url_rule来实现的 1.decorator = app.route(\'/\',methods=[\'GET\',\'POST\'],endpoint=\'index\') def route(self, rule, **options): #app对象(即self) #rule=/ #option = methods=[\'GET\',\'POST\'],endpoint=\'index\' def decorator(f): endpoint = options.pop(\'endpoint\', None) self.add_url_rule(rule, endpoint, f, **options) return f return decorator 2.@decorator decorator(index) \'\'\' @app.route(\'/\',methods=[\'GET\',\'POST\'],endpoint=\'index\') def index(): return \'Hello word\' def login(): return \'登录\' #通过分析源码,路由可以用下面这种方式实现 app.add_url_rule(\'/login\',\'login11\',login,methods=[\'GET\',\'POST\'],) #第二个参数是别名,第三个参数是视图函数,如果endpoint不写,则默认endpoint=\'视图函数名\' if __name__ == \'__main__\': app.run()
1.6.flask之CBV
from flask import Flask,render_template,request,redirect,session,url_for,views app = Flask(__name__) app.debug = True app.secret_key = \'abcdef\' def auth(func): def inner(*args, **kwargs): result = func(*args, **kwargs) return result return inner class IndexView(views.MethodView): methods = [\'GET\'] decorators = [auth, ] def get(self): return \'Index.GET\' def post(self): return \'Index.POST\' app.add_url_rule(\'/index\', view_func=IndexView.as_view(name=\'index\')) # name=endpoint if __name__ == \'__main__\': app.run()
1.7.add_url_role参数介绍
@app.route和app.add_url_rule参数: rule, URL规则 view_func, 视图函数名称 defaults=None, 默认值,当URL中无参数,函数需要参数时,使用defaults={\'k\':\'v\'}为函数提供参数 endpoint=None, 名称,用于反向生成URL,即: url_for(\'名称\') methods=None, 允许的请求方式,如:["GET","POST"] strict_slashes=None, 对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求, 如: @app.route(\'/index\',strict_slashes=False), 访问 http://www.xx.com/index/ 或 http://www.xx.com/index均可 @app.route(\'/index\',strict_slashes=True) 仅访问 http://www.xx.com/index redirect_to=None, 重定向到指定地址 如: @app.route(\'/index/<int:nid>\', redirect_to=\'/home/<nid>\') 或 def func(adapter, nid): return "/home/888" @app.route(\'/index/<int:nid>\', redirect_to=func) subdomain=None, 子域名访问 from flask import Flask, views, url_for app = Flask(import_name=__name__) app.config[\'SERVER_NAME\'] = \'wupeiqi.com:5000\' @app.route("/", subdomain="admin") def static_index(): """Flask supports static subdomains This is available at static.your-domain.tld""" return "static.your-domain.tld" @app.route("/dynamic", subdomain="<username>") def username_index(username): """Dynamic subdomains are also supported Try going to user1.your-domain.tld/dynamic""" return username + ".your-domain.tld" if __name__ == \'__main__\': app.run()
(1)最基本的url几种方式
from flask import Flask,views app = Flask(__name__) app.debug = True app.secret_key = \'abcdef\' #第一种 @app.route(\'/\',methods=[\'GET\',\'POST\'],endpoint=\'index\') def index(): return \'Hello World!\' def login(): return \'登录\' #第二种 app.add_url_rule(\'/login\',\'login\',login,methods=[\'GET\',\'POST\']) def auth(func): def inner(*args, **kwargs): result = func(*args, **kwargs) return result return inner #CBV的模式 class DetailView(views.MethodView): methods = [\'GET\'] decorators = [auth, ] def get(self): return \'Detail.GET\' def post(self): return \'Detail.POST\' #第三种 app.add_url_rule(\'/detail\', view_func=DetailView.as_view(name=\'detail\')) # name=endpoint if __name__ == \'__main__\': app.run()
(2)参数defaults
默认值,当URL中无参数,函数需要参数时,使用defaults={\'k\':\'v\'}为函数提供参数
(3)参数strict_slashes=None
#对URL最后的 / 符号是否严格要求,默认为False,如: @app.route(\'/index\', strict_slashes=False) #下面两种方式都可以访问 http: // www.xx.com / index / http: // www.xx.com / index #如果设为True @app.route(\'/index\', strict_slashes=True) #只能这样访问 http: // www.xx.com / index
(4)redirect_to=None
重定向到指定地址
@app.route(\'/index\',methods=[\'GET\',\'POST\'],endpoint=\'index1\',redirect_to="/index2") def index(): return \'公司旧网页\' @app.route(\'/index2\',methods=[\'GET\',\'POST\'],endpoint=\'index2\',) def index(): return \'公司新网页\'
访问:http://127.0.0.1:5000/index会直接重定向到http://127.0.0.1:5000/index2
1.8.模板语言
flask的模板语法和Django的语法差不多,下面一个简单实例
Markup等价于Django的mark_safe
前端也是用 |safe
from flask import Flask,render_template,Markup app = Flask(__name__) app.debug = True app.secret_key = \'abcdef\' def func1(arg): return Markup("<input type=\'text\' value=\'%s\' />"%arg) @app.route(\'/\') def index(): return render_template(\'index.html\',func1=func1) if __name__ == \'__main__\': app.run()
index.html
{{func1(\'zhang \')}} <!--传参数arg -->
1.9.请求与响应
from flask import Flask from flask import request from flask import render_template from flask import redirect from flask import make_response app = Flask(__name__) @app.route(\'/login.html\', methods=[\'GET\', "POST"]) def login(): # 请求相关信息 # request.method # request.args # request.form # request.values # request.cookies # request.headers # request.path # request.full_path以上是关于Flask快速入门的主要内容,如果未能解决你的问题,请参考以下文章